EDO? 12DDShfl 1
California State Library
tY.
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Accession No
Call
X
Mining »™« Press
VOLUME 115
JULY to DECEMBER, 1917
MINING sc E A N N T v PRESS
420 MARKET STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
(••'.•■ <:. '■■ M", '■ .- ■■■• ■
"8
Vol. 115
MINING and Scientific PRESS
INDEX
Page
Acieral aluminum steel 512
Active nitrogen 870
Advance in electric steel production 321
Agricultural land, minerals from Editorial.... 780
Alaska, chrome deposits 653
Engineering Commission 926
Gold mines Editorial .... 777
Government railroad Theodore Pilger. . . . 925
Lode-tin in 206
Placer mining 729
Allen, A. W Upflow clarification of solution.... 436
Allen, Milton A Supply of gasoline .... 511
Ditto Trinitrotoluene for mines. . . . 688
Alloys. British standard 684
Acid-resisting 282
Aluminum alloy, acieral 512
Cables 729
In cyanide solutions 358
Sulphate 726
War prices Editorial. ... 73
American Brass Co 308
American Institute of Mining Engineers, St. Louis meeting
Editorial 525
American peace Editorial .... 560
American Smelting v. Bunker Hill Editorial. .. .335, 847
Abstract of reply-affidavits 865
Affidavit by F. W. Bradley 829
Affidavit by E. L. Newhouse 797
Analyses, screen 344
Another Mexican crisis Editorial. . . . 414
Anticlines, petroleum in 243
Antimony Editorial .... 1S5
In China 904
In zinc 473
Argall, Philip Mill-tests v. hand-sampling. . . . 673
Argentina, oilfields in Patagonia 91
Arizona, leaching copper ore at Bisbee 749
Miami T. A. Rickard 157, 417, 457, 565, 679, 7S4
Producing mines 468
Artillery 233
Assaying, cupel-absorption with low-copper 124
Government surveys 134
Influence of base metals 124
Assessment work, exemption Editorial. . . .600, 631
Work, exemption for Army and Navy. . . .Editorial. ... 73
Work, form for exemption Editorial.... 777
Work on mining claims 468
Ditto Editorial 559
Assistance, financial to families of soldiers and sailors. . . . 3S5
Austin, L. S Recovery of converter-
fume at Tooele, Utah 611
Australian transcontinental railway Editorial...
Zinc
Austria, declaration of war Editorial. . .
Austrian Melchizedek Editorial . . .
Avicaya mill M. G. F. Sbhnlein . . .
B
669
95
S4S
527
343
Page
Bennett, Charles Mill-tests v. hand-sampling 529*"'
Bethlehem Steel Co., largest ingot mold 543
Bibles, war demand Editorial.... 297
Bille, G. C Water and mines in Paradise. . . . 851
Bi-metallism, international system 935
Bituminous coal, recovery of pyrite from 385
Blakemore, Leonard G Prospecting conditions
in California 783
Blast-furnace record 86
Blasting caps 133
Misfires 44
Missed holes in a wet shaft 783
Physiological effect of carbon monoxide 463
Troubles 828
Block, James A Flotation physics 675
Block-stoping and timbering in deep placer-mining
E. E. Fleming 378"^
Blue-sky law Editorial 149
Bolivia, Avicaya mill 343
Corocoro copper mines 461
Tin-silver district 57
Borax 684
Boron 243
Bourquin, Judge, decision in Minerals Separation
Editorial 297
Opinion in Butte & Superior case 464
Bradley, F. W Editorial 847
Ditto. .Affidavit, American Smelting v. Bunker Hill. . . . 829
Bradstreet's index-number 340
Brass 581
Brazil enters the War Editorial 632
St. John del Rey Editorial 37
Brick from coal ash 536
Brinsmade, Robert E Butte re-visited 79
Britannia Mining & Smelting Co Editorial. . . . 411
British export prohibitions 21
^ Standard alloys 684
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co Editorial 813
Brooks, L. W Graphite 391
Brown, J. Coggin Solubility of tungsten minerals. ... 303
Bunker Hill & Sullivan 802
Litigation with A. S. & R. Co 797, 829, 865
Ditto Editorial 335, 779
Smelter 275
Burch, Albert Extra-lateral right 303
Burma, Bawdwin mine 221
Tungsten 729
Butte labor troubles 305
Re-visited Robert E. Brinsmade 79
Butte & Superior case, flotation 130
Brief for defendant 168, 207
Opinion of Judge Bourquin 464
Decision Editorial 451, 4S7
Suit Editorial 185, 450
Bains, Jr., Thos. M Physics of flotation. . . . 921
Balaklala precipitating-plant 237
Barite 901
Barkdoll, I. H Electric blasting-caps
and delay-electric igniters 133
Barytes, price 718
Production 354
Uses of 91
Bauxite, fused, for furnaces 651
In 1916 864
Becker, Clyde M Secondary zinc deposits. . . . 530
Behavior of aluminum in cyanide solutions 358
Bemis Bros. Bag Co Editorial 813
Calcareous marl
Calcination of magnesite
California blue-sky law Editorial
Committee on petroleum
Compensation law
Field artillery W. G. Devereux
Hidden Treasure mine Editorial
Metal industry
Milling methods
Mineral resources for War Editorial. . . .
Mines in 1917
Paradise, water and mines in 456, 636,
Prospecting conditions in
Searles Lake potash
Sponge iron in
Steel Editorial
Tungsten
675
653
149
171
902
116
185
638
318
373
320
851
782
902
901
112
95
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Vol. 115
Page
Callow, J. M Pneumatic flotation. . . . 492
Canadian mines, war-tax 729
Mining regulations William Thomlinson 6
' Canadium, a new metal 932
Cananea, closure of Editorial 150
Carranza Editorial. . . . 185
Cast-iron pipe 764
Caustic soda, treating burns 536
Care deposits of nitrate 340
Cement, constitution and character 132
Effect of sulphides on 725
From beet sugar residue 75S
Mortars 719
Chase, Edwin E. . .Sampling large low-grade orebodies. . . . 453
Chemical engineers Editorial. . . . 1S5
Industry 5S.89S
Ditto Editorial 560
Industry Exposition Editorial 335
Ditto M. W. von Bernewitz 5S2
Research 124 I
Used in flotation O. C. Ralston and L. D. Yundt 545 \
Chemistry 505
Chile, Chuquicamata Editorial .... 37, 412
Chilean nitrate 5S1
China, antimony in 904
Effect of silver prices 802
Gold-production in Editorial .... 449
China-clay prices 54
Chrome deposits of Alaska W. P. Lass 653
Chromite J. S. Diller 92
Production 463
Chuquicamata, Chile Editorial. . . .37, 412
Clevenger. G. H. .Synthetic making of sodium cyanide. . . . 537
Coal deterioration in storage 802
Colby, William E Extra-lateral right. ... 42
Collins, Henry F Purity of selected copper
made in converters 3S6
Collins. J. H Editorial 297
Colloids, dispersion of alumina and silica 231 i
Slectric charges 198 I
Precipitation by electrolyte 35S ■*
.moke or fume 236
Ultra-violet light 279
imbia, Cauca Valley railroad 726
Platinum production 675
Colorado, Cresson bonanzas at Cripple Creek 3S1
Gold output of 654
School of Mines Editorial. . , .149, 374
Ditto CM. Eye. ... 377
Commerce, war extension of 221
With Spain 317
Compensation law in California 902
Compressed-air hose, drop in pressure 504
Ditto, Correction Editorial ... . 559
Concentration, magnetic 50S
Practice in south-east Missouri A. P. Watt 6S9
Concrete, proportions for mortars 719
Ships Editorial 186
Conner, E. T Editorial .... 670
Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co.'s furnace record 86
Contraband. British export prohibitions 21
Control of emulsions in flotation. .Courtenay De Kalb 227
Ditto Alfred Schwarz S53
Copper and magnetite 492, 818
Chuquicamata costs Editorial . . . .' 37
Companies dividends Editorial 335
Corocoro mines , , 461
Cost of producing 221
Cupel-absorption 124
Detrital deposits 281
Dividends 37
Ditt0 Editorial...! 631
Government price Editorial 411, 450, 525
Government purchase Editorial 111, 149
Government regulation Editorial 1
Hydro-metallurgy of sulphides . . . ' 713
Leaching Editorial 705 ,
Mines in Servia 723
Ore from Lake Huron ' 205
Ore, leaching 749
Oxidation from brass 5S1
Peruvian production S69
Precipitating from sulphate solutions S54
Precipitating plant at Balaklala mine
S. A. Holman 237
Price fixation Editorial 487
Page
Copper producers combining Editorial. . . . 561
Production 221
Ditto _. Editorial 373
Production in*1917 Editorial 883
Production, Japanese 618
Purity of, made in converters 3S6
Recovered by divers Editorial .... 185
Sheet, tinned 932
Smelting at Kalata 309
Speculation Editorial. . . . 777
Sulphate ore, basic 81S
Tailing, Michigan 757
Utah 595
Corliss, H. P Editorial 37
Corning. C. R Editorial 670
Corocoro copper mines Francis Church Lincoln. . . . 461
Corrosion of barbed wire 938
Corundum 652
Cost of war Editorial .... 525
Council of National Defense, work of 123
Cresson bonanzas at Cripple Creek. .Horace B. Patton. . . . 381
Crisis in manganese trade 264
Criticism Lester S. Grant .... 675
Currency, perils of inflation Editorial. . . . 920
Curtis, J. S Editorial 883
Cyanidation of flotation concentrate
James G. Parmelee 387
Oxidation of solutions Editorial. . . . 411
v. flotation at Pachuca 94
Zinc-dust as a precipitant in 428
Cyanide, aluminum in solutions 358
German 431
Manufacture Editorial .... 526, 706
Precipitating gold from copper solution 355
Synthetic making of sodium 537
Daniels, Wm. P Extra-lateral right. . . . 851
Deep placer mining 191
Deister. Emil Editorial 450
De Kalb, Courtenay. .Control of emulsions in flotation. . . . 227
Ditto Heap-leaching of copper-sulphide ore.... 749
Ditto What is a metalliferous metal?. . . . 225
Depreciation tables 352
Desert sign-posts 350
Deterioration of coal in storage S02
Determination of tungsten 389
Detrital copper deposits W. Tovote. . . . 281
Development of flotation A. Schwarz. ... 41
Devereux, W. G Editorial. ... Ill
Ditto California field artillery 116
Device for setting wagon tires 194
Diamond-drill, deepest hole 205
Diller. J. S Chromite 92
Displacement-tanks Walter S. Weeks 855
Ditches, velocity and discharge 280
Dividends, copper companies Editorial. . . . 335
Do we need gold Lester S. Grant 783
Ditto L. S. Ropes 924
Douglas. Walter Editorial 335
Ditto. .. .Increased wages and decreased efficiency in
the Clifton-Morenci district 339
Drafting technical undergraduates Editorial.... 91S
Draper. F. W Mining and smelting copper ore at
Kalata 309
Dredging at Oroville, California 221
Drill-steel, freight rates on 711
Drilling deepest drill-hole 205
Drop in pressure of compressed-air hose
Walter S. Weeks 504
Drucker, A. E Hydro-metallurgy of copper 713
Easton. Stanly A Mill-tests v. hand-sampling 636 *"
Economic disturbance of silver Editorial 599
Editorial:
American peace 560
American Smelting v. Bunker Hill 779
Another Mexican crisis 414
Another plea for labor S14
Austrian Melchizedek 527
Butte decision 451
Vol. 115
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Editorial, i con, l Page
Chuqutcamata 412
Concrete ships 186
Copper producere combining 56]
Economic disturbance of silver 599
Estimates of ore-reserves 838
Exemption from assessment work 600
Flotation 201. 850
Flotation litigation 223
flotation of silver minerals 815
Flotation unpleasantness 337
Food for the War TOT
Food law as a price regulator 300
Foods, metals, and labor (172
Geologic eccentricities 375
Grinding ore tor flotation 560
Harnessing a volcano S50
Hoover and sulphuric acid 528
I. W. \V. and Butte 299
Komspelter region 672
Labor and I. \V. W 706
Labor unrest 2
Labor v. mine production 4S9
Lady or the tiger 745
Let us help Mr. Hoover 222
Lynching at Butte 187
Making a career 633
Making of an American 884
Mexican menace again 75
Mine taxation 884
Mineral on agricultural land 780
Minerals Separation 632
Miners advance 670
Misfires 77
Misgoverned Mexico 3
Misuse of terms 223
More manganese needed 263
'Near-ore' — a new term 376
Never again 336
New copper district 526
New metallurgy 39
Nitrate fizzle 152
Oil legislation needed 151
Opportunity for small ore-producers 40
Our oil-supply 413
Perils of inflation 920
Phosphate outlook .' 708
Physics of flotation 76
Potash as a by-product of cement 816
Pro-American policy 596
Recruiting labor 745
Retrospect 919
Russia 596
Russian crisis 706
Sampling large low-grade orebodies 113, 451
School of experience 488
Silver 374
Spoils of war 671
St. Louis meeting '. 597
Steel on the Pacific Coast 112
Storms, W. H 261
Striking miners 38
Thanksgiving 745
Third anniversary 150
Threat to gold mining 849
War minerals 918
Why we fight : 187
Effect of mouthpieces on flow of water 727
Sulphides on cement 725
Egyptian mining rules and regulations Editorial.... Ill
Electric blasting-caps and delay -electric igniters
I. H. Barkdoll 133
Furnace A. H. Fahrenwald 232
Hoist, portable 356
Electrification of gases 921
Electro-metals Editorial 298
Ellis, George Henry. .Velocity and discharge in ditches. . . . 280
Emmons, W. H Secondary enrichment. ... 651
Engines, gas, foundations for 932
Estimates of ore-reserves Editorial .... 33S
Estimating ore G. L. Sheldon. ... 674
Examination of mineral resources, official. . .Editorial. .. . 559
Excess-profits tax 170
Exemption from assessment work 4S6
Ditto Editorial 600, 631
Explosives for coal mining 194
High, for mining 462
Licenses for use of 870
Explosives, liquid oxygen Editorial.... Tor,
Permissible list -i; i
Safety-orders t::o
Trinitro-toluene 688
Exports to neutral nations Editorial.... II
Exposition, chemical industries Editorial .
Extra-lateral right Albert Burch 303
Ditto William E. Colby 12
Ditto Win. P. Daniels B61
l>itto Leroy A. Palmer 14
Eye, CM Colorado School of Mines ::T7
Ditto Mining laws 530
Facing-sand for foundries ,",i;4
Factors in the production of electrolytic zinc
R. G. Hall 685
Fahrenwald, A. W An electric furnace. ... 232
Feeding the Mexicans J. A. Parker. . . . T4S
Feilding, Rowland C Editorial. . . . 412
Feldspar, California :;40
Potash from 200
Ferro, see manganese
Ferro-manganese 304
Price 762
Ferro-uranium 95
Fertilizer, sulphur Editorial .... 336
Filing drawings, method of 426
Finance, perils of inflation Editorial.... 920
Financial assistance to families of soldiers and sailors. . . . 3S5
Fire prevention 344, 436, 456
Protection in shafts Frank A. Madson 41
.First-aid instructions 395
''Fleming, E. C Block-stoping and timbering in deep
placer-mining
Flotation Editorial .
37S'
.261, S50
Alpha-naphthylaniine in Editorial. ... 37
American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co Editorial. . . . 631
At Cobalt, Ontario W. E. Simpson 819
Blow to mining companies 396
Butte & Superior case 130, 168, 464
Ditto, Argument by Henry D. Williams 207
Ditto, Decision Editorial 451, 487
Ditto, Suit Editorial 450
Chemicals used in 545
Concentrate, cyanidation of 387
Concentration in south-east Missouri 6S9
Control of emulsions in 853
Development of A. Schwarz. ... 41
Electric charges carried by gas 921
Emulsions in 227
Improvements Editorial. . . . 525
Launder machine .- 201
Litigation Editorial 223, 412
Minerals Separation Editorial. . . . 373
Notes on 156
Of gold and silver mineral T. A. Riekard. . . . 265
Of lead and zinc in the Joplin district
C. A. Wright 575
Of silver minerals Editorial .... 815
Patent 899
Physics 491
Ditto Thos. M. Bains Jr 921
Ditto James A. Block. ... 675
Ditto Editorial 76
Ditto Benjamin Rezas .... 225
Ditto Blarney Stevens .... 341
Pneumatic 492
Preferential 613
Ditto Editorial 595
Principles of T. A. Riekard 9, 45
Process E. P. Mathewson 472
Scott patent Editorial 884
Seale-Shellshear process 44
Solubility and orientation of molecules in surface of
liquids 357
Soluble frothing-agents 351
Tests on gold ores Edwin Joyce 199
Tests with hardwood oils
R. E. Gilmour and C. S. Parsons.... 763
Unpleasantness Editorial. . . . 337
Flume, concrete and timber construction 356
Fluorspar 350
Food for the War ' Editorial 707
Law as a price regulator Editorial 300
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Vol. 115
Page
Foods, metals, and labor Editorial.... 672
Pledges Editorial 411
Forest Reserve H. F. Melville 5
Ditto C. E. Racht'ord 6
Formation of zinc ferrate
E. H. Hamilton, G. Murray, and D. Mcintosh. . . . 195
1 Foundations for small gas-engines 932 >
Freight-rates on drill-steel H. D. Staley 711
Fume, converter, recovery of 611
Fused bauxite for furnaces 651
6
Gale, Hoyt S Origin of nitrates in cliffs and ledges 676
Gallium in zinc-blende 864
Garlichs, Herman Metallurgy of lead in lower
Mississippi valley 315
Gas engines, foundations for 932
Fires at wells 172
Gases, flammability of 456
Gasoline from natural gas 340
Supply of 511
Geologic eccentricities Editorial 375
Geology of San Sebastian mine, Salvador
C. Erb Wuenseh 345
Of Telkwa district. B. C 54
German cyanide 431
Propaganda Editorial 4S7
Giant, see mines
Gilmour, R. E Flotation tests with hardwood oils.... 763
Glass, Earl Stadia-reduction chart. . . . 279
Globules in zinc 473
Gold, basis for currency Editorial 920
Bullion assaying 124
Dredging, recovery of platinum in 825
Flotation 199. 265
In Montana, first discovery 89S
International monetary system 935
Milling 318
Mines, recruiting labor from 747
Mining companies excess-profits tax 934
Mining, threat to Editorial. . . . 849
Ditto F. L. Sizer 924
Mining, Transvaal Editorial .... 743
Need of large reserves Editorial.... 778
Need of reserves 783
Output of Colorado 654
Precipitation from coppery cyanide solution 355
Production in China Editorial .... 449
Reserve, need for L. S. Ropes.... 924
Reserve of United States 730
Goodner, Ivan E Water and mines in Paradise. . . . 456
Government copper regulation Editorial. ... 1
Lead purchase Clinton H. Crane. ... 24
Railroad of Alaska Theodore Pilger. . . . 925
Grant, Lester S A criticism ... . 675
Ditto Do we need gold .... 783
Graphite : L. W. Brooks 391
Prices of 468
Grinding ore for flotation Editorial. . . . 560
Guggenheim. Daniel Editorial 29S
Guild, F. N Editorial S4S
Ditto Microscopic features in silver-deposition. . . . 857
Gypsum prices Editorial 559
Hall, Edgar Magnetite and copper. . . . 492
Hall, R. G Factors in the production of electrolytic
zinc 685
Hamilton, E. C Formation of zinc ferrate. . . . 195
Hand-sampling v. mill-tests 529'
Ditto Morton Webber. ... 125
Hardwoods, fuel-value f 730
Hardy, Charles Tungsten .... 712
Harrington, J. F Missed holes in a wet shaft 783
Ditto Plea for labor. ... 712
Hastings, John B Sampling large low-grade
orebodies 379
Heap-leaching of copper-sulphide ore
Courtenay De Kalb.... 749
Heavy blow to mining companies 396
Hersam, Ernest A Outlook for-iron and steel on the
Pacific Coast 117
Page
Homestake mine production S69
Hess. Frank L Quality of tungsten ores. . . . 473
Hill. James M Prospecting for platinum. . . . 474
Hoist, electric .% 356
Holland. L. F. S Editorial S47
Hollis. Ira N Editorial 631
Holman. S. A Copper-precipitating plant at
Balaklala mine 237
Holt Manufacturing Co Editorial. . . . S13
Hookworm 684
Hoover, T. J Editorial 149
And sulphuric acid Editorial .... 52S
Help for Editorial 222
Howard. L. O Mining in Utah 189, 397
Ditto What is a metalliferous mineral. ... 55
Hubbard, J. D Water and mines in Paradise. . . . 636
Hydro-metallurgy of copper sulphides. .A. E. Drucker. . . . 713
Of lead-silver at the Bunker Hill smelter
Clarence L. Larsen 275
v. smelting .' A. E. Drucker. ... 44
Idaho, hydro-metallurgy of lead-silver at Bunker Hill.... 275
Mineral output 350
Phosphate lands in 314
Igawa, Takeo A method of mining. . . . S52
Ikeda, Kenzo Japanese copper production.... 618
Immigration 1916-17 Editorial 449
Increased wages and decreased efficiency in the Clifton-
Morenci district Walter Douglas. . . . 339
Index-number of Bradstreet's 340
Industrial romance 308
Ingalls, W. R Zinc-burning 432
Ingersoll-Rand Co Editorial .... S13
Inspiration mine Editorial .... 450
Iron, magnetic ores 7
Ore, lake output Editorial .... 259
Pacific Coast 117
Price fixing Editorial .... 449
Rusting of 828
Sponge in California 901
Italy, reverses on the Isonzo Editorial. . . . 919
I. W. W. and Butte Editorial 299
Sabotage 273
Janin. Charles Russian crisis. . . . 163
Japan, exports 678
Intentions of Editorial .... 186
Mineral output 432
Japanese copper production Kenzo Ikeda .... 618
Jennings. Sidney J Editorial 847
Jerusalem delivered Editorial .... 847
Johannesburg, new organization Editorial. . . . 670
Journalism and diplomacy Editorial .... 259
Judd, E. K Editorial C70
K
Kahn. Julius Editorial. . . . 77S
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia 724
Kansas, Komspelter region Editorial. . . . 672
Karri-Davies, Walter Editorial. . . . S47
Ditto New Canadian mining district. . . . 534
Kemp. J. F Editorial 221
Kies, W. S Chemical exposition 533
Kiliani. R. B Simple methods of finding density and
weight of solids in mill-pulp 390
King of Arizona Company 747
Ditto Epes Randolph 674
Kitts. J. A Proportions for cement mortars and
concretes 719
Knox. Newton B Solubility of tungsten 818
Komspelter region Editorial .... 672
Labor agitators, Mr. Roosevelt and others
T. A. Rickard 239
And I. W. W Editorial 706
Vol. 115
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Page
Labor. I. W. \v. and Muiic Editorial — 899
i. W, W. sabotage 273
Mexican In Arizona Editorial .
v. mine production 489
Plea for 712, 817
Ditto Editorial .... 815
Recruiting Editorial 746
Recruiting from gold mines 747
Troubles at Butte. . . .An Occasional Correspondent. . 305
Wages and efficiency 339
Lang. Herbert Sponge Iron 901
Largest ingot mold ever made 543
Larson. Clarence L Hydro-metallurgy of lead-silver at
the Bunker Hill smelter 275
Lass, W. P Chrome deposits of Alaska. . . . 653
Lassen, ML, California 20G
Launder flotation machine B. M. Snyder. ... 201
Law, oil legislation needed Editorial. ... 151
Leaching and purification of zinc sulphate
K. B. Thomas 724
Copper ore 749
Lead, antimonial 468
Flotation in the Joplin district 575
Government purchase 24
Hydro-metallurgy of Editorial 260
Metallurgy in Missouri 315
Missouri 93
Silver, hydro-metallurgy of 275
Leadville manganese resources 758
Ledoux, A. R Editorial 670
Liberty Bell mercury-trap Albert G. Wolf 206
Liberty bonds Editorial 185, 595
Loan Editorial 525, 595
Licenses for use of explosives S70
Life of cast-iron pipe 764
Lincoln. Francis Church Corocoro copper mines. . . . 461
Ditto Oruro tin-silver district, Bolivia 57
Lindsay, Robert Precipitating gold from coppery
cyanide solution 355
Lithium 356
Litigation, flotation Editorial. . . . 223
Loring, W. J Editorial 633
Ditto An interview by T. A. Rickard. ... 639
Lost mines 67S
Louisiana petroleum S6
Lucas, Anthony F Editorial. . . . S85
And the Beaumont gusher
An interview by T. A. Rickard 887
Lynching at Butte Editorial. . . . 187
M
Magmatic ore segregation J. A. Dresser 7
Magnalium 654
Ditto Editorial 374, 814
Magnesite, calcination of 653
Consumption in steel-making '. 380
Occurrence 460
On the Pacific Coast 203
Precipitation 432
Uses Editorial 335
Magnesium in magnalium Editorial. . . . S14
Price S27
Magnetic separation 508
Magnetite and copper Edgar Hall. . . . 492
Ditto H. W. Turner 818
Making a career Editorial .... 633
Of an American Editorial 885
Manganese Editorial .... 705
At Philipsburg, Montana 116
Crisis in trade 264
Deposits of Philipsburg, Montana 725
Ferro 304
Ferro, American requirements Editorial. ... 1
Ferro, prices 762
In furnace slags 617
Investigations 726
More needed Editorial. . . . 263
Output 578
Panama 233
Requirements Editorial. . . . 263
Resources at Leadville 758
Manitoba, new mining district 534
Marl, calcareous 675
Mason, F. H The nitrate fizzle 226
Pa i
Mason Valley Mines Co Editorial .... 777
Mathewson, B, P Flotation process.... 472
Mcintosh, D Formation of zinc ferrate. ... 195
McLaren, Alex Modern milling methods applied to
Callfornlan gold ores ::is
Mechanical ventilation Tor metal mines. . .George Rice. . . . 579
Mekler, L. A Russia in war time. ... Tin
Mellon Institute Editorial. ... 297
Mercury-trap 206
Metal, base, foreign trade Editorial. ... Ill
Government committees Editorial. . . . 669
Non-ferrous exports 543
Production by States 456
Scrap shipments Editorial 297
Metalliferous mineral 55
Mineral, definition 221
Metallurgy, hydro A. E. Drucker. ... 44
Of lead in lower Mississippi valley
Herman Garlichs. . . . 315
Method of construction of concrete and timber flume for
Cove power project 356
Of filing drawings Albert G. Wolf 426
Of mining Takeo Ikawa 852
Ditto George J. Young 637
Mexican labor in Arizona Editorial .... 559
Menace again Editorial .... 75
Mining difficulties Editorial 150
Postal facilities Editorial .... 37
Mexicans, food for 74S
Mexico, a refugee from Editorial .... 526
Another crisis Editorial 414
Bullion restrictions Editorial 595
Cash needed 221
Conditions in Editorial 847
Cyanidation v. flotation at Pachuca 94
Joint convention Editorial 373
Loans for food Editorial. ... 669
Lower California oil Editorial 260
Opportunity for reconstruction Editorial. . . . 745
Protection to American-owned mines Editorial 38
Recollections of By a refugee. ... 531
Restriction of gold and silver exportation
Editorial 847
Santa Eulalia S69
Villa still active Editorial 559
Miami, Arizona, the discovery — I T. A. Rickard 157
Mining of the ore— II T. A. Rickard 417
Mining of the ore— III T. A. Rickard 457
Milling of the ore— IV T. A. Rickard 565
Milling of the ore— V T. A. Rickard 679
Smelting oi the ore— VI T. A. Rickard 784
Miami Copper Co Editorial 297
Michigan copper-tailing 757
Microscopic features in silver-deposition. .F. N. Guild 857
Mill-pulp, determination of density 390
Mill-tests v. hand-sampling Philip Argall 673
Ditto Charles Bennett 529
Ditto Stanly A. Easton.... 636
Ditto L. A. Parsons 781
Ditto R. E. Raymond .... 635
Ditto F. F. Sharpless. ... 63S
Ditto H. R. Sleeman 5.63
Ditto E. P. Spaulding 301
Ditto Morton Webber 125, 453
Millman, John T Screen analyses 344
Mine, California 320
Found by thieves 86
Giant, Rhodesia Editorial 1
Lost 67S
Rescue apparatus, use and testing 234
Russian, American control Editorial .... 37
Sampling 301
Taxation Editorial SS4
Mine & Smelter Supply Co Editorial 813
Mineral, definition of metalliferous 221
For war Editorial .... 91S
Metalliferous 55, 225
Output of Idaho 350
Output of Japan 432
Production, Montana 2S2
Minerals Separation Editorial 259, 373, 412, 632
And Canadian patent law Editorial 778
Blow to mining companies 396
Criticisms at Cobalt Editorial 743
Miners advance Editorial 670
Regiment of 728
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Vol. 115
Page
Mining and smelting copper ore at Kalata. .
F. W.
Companies, and excess tax.
Draper.
309
903
Dividends and income tax 71S
Engineers in French coal mines Editorial. . . . 670
Engineers in the War Editorial.... 373
In Utah L. O. Howard. .. .23. 189. 397
Ditto Benjamin F. Tibby 895
Laws CM. Eye 530
Law decision in Sudbury district Editorial.... 73
Law, exemption from assessment work 116, 46S
Ditto Editorial 559, 631
Law, extra-lateral right 303, S51
Law. Philippine Islands 75S
Methods 637, 852
Practice in the Joplin district H. I. Young.... 506
Simple head-frame 544
Skip-changing devices at Butte 607
Ventilation for metal mines 579
Mining and Metallurgical Society Editorial 37, 526
Misfires Editorial .... 77
Ditto Miner .... 44
Missed holes in a wet shaft J. F. Harrington. . . . 7S3
Missouri, flotation concentration in south-east 689
Joplin district, flotation of lead and zinc 575
Joplin district mining practice 506
Komspelter region Editorial .... 672
Metallurgy of lead 315
School of Mines Editorial 335
Zinc and lead 1915-16 93
Misuse of terms Editorial 223
Modern milling methods applied to Californian gold ores. .
Alex McLaren. .. . 31S
Molybdenum, some of its uses 200
Use in munitions Editorial 449
Monazite 503
Montana, first gold discovery 898
Manganese 116
Manganese deposits of Philipsburg 725
Mineral production 282
Motor-trucks relieving railroads Editorial.... S14
Murray. G Formation of zinc ferrate .... 195
N
Nason, Frank L Principles governing zinc-ore
deposits
Near ore, a new term Editorial ....
Need of chemical research
Neill, James W. .Recovery of platinum in gold-dredging
Nevada, Packard, development at Editorial
Never again Editorial. . . .
New Canadian mining district. . .Walter Karri-Davies
Copper district Editorial
Newhouse, Edgar L.. affidavit, American Smelting v
Bunker Hill
Ditto Editorial ....
New York Engineering Co Editorial. . . .
New Zealand quicksilver
Nickel, Brazil
For Germany
Nicol, John Patents! ! '. !
Nissen, Peter N Editorial
Nitrate, cave deposits
Chilean
Fizzle Editorial.!!!
Ditto F. H. Mason. . . .
Origin in cliffs and ledges
Potassium
Prices
Nitre, origin of Editorial! ! ! !
Nitric acid, Sweden Editorial ....
Nitrogen, active
Non-ferrous metal exports
Norris, G. L Properties of vanadium steel. . . .
Norris. R. V Editorial....
Notes on flotation Paul T. Bruhl.
647
376
124
825
88
336
534
526
797
S47
S13
904
718
74 S
153
412
340
581
152
226
676
610
231
669
1
870
343
274
670
156
Page
Oil. Argentina 91
Burning 654
Hardwood, for flotation 763
Legislation »eeded Editorial .... 151
In Lower California Editorial. . . . 260
Sands, protection by mud-laden fluid 238
Sulphur in 85
Supply Editorial 412
Oklahoma, Komspelter region Editorial. . . . 672
Ontario, Cobalt, flotation at 819
Ore deposits, secondary enrichment 652
Deposits, silver deposition 857
Genesis, see magma
Sampling Editorial .... 113
Oregon mines in 1917 757
Origin of nitrates in cliffs and ledges. . . .Hoyt S. Gale. . . . 676
Oroville Dredging Co 221
Oruro tin-silver district. Bolivia
Francis Church Lincoln.
Our oil-supply Editorial .
Outlook for iron and steel on the Pacific Coast
Ernest A. Hersam.
Oxide of zinc George E. Stone.
Ozokerite
57
413
117
759
Obituary. W. H. Storms Editorial 261
Occasional correspondent Labor troubles at Butte 305
Official list of technical men 574
Pacific Coast magnesite 203
Paint materials 757
And painting in the tropics 762
Removal from iron 236, 543
Panama manganese 233
Paper, price of Editorial .... 744
Paraffin with sulphur 238
Parker, J. A Feeding the Mexicans. . . . 748
Parmelee. James G Cyanidation of flotation
concentrate 3S7
Parsons, C. S Flotation tests with hardwood oils. . . . 763
Parsons, L. A Editorial .... 777
Ditto Mill-tests v. hand-sampling. . . . 781
Patents John Nicol. ... 153
Patton, Horace B..Cresson bonanzas at Cripple Creek.... 381
Perils of inflation Editorial .... 920
Perkins, C. L Soluble frothing-agents. . . . 351
Pershing, General Editorial .... 449
Peru, copper output S69
Petroleum, Californian committee on 171
Development in Louisiana 86
In anticlines 243
Report of committee on 433
Philippine Island mine legislation 758
Phillips, W. B Quicksilver industry of Texas 93
Phosphate, double acid 617
Lands in Idaho 314
Outlook Editorial 708
Rock 901
Ditto R. W. Stone 8
Photo-micrographs in color 610
Physical research 24
Physics of flotation Thos. M. Bains Jr 921
Ditto Benjamin Rezas 225
Ditto H. Hardy Smith 491
Picric acid 282
Pig-iron from scrap-steel 936
Pilger. Theodore Government railroad of Alaska 925
Ditto. . . .Skip-changing devices at the Butte mines. . . . 607
Pine Mountain tunnel, methods of driving
H. Devereux .... 16
Pipe, cast-iron 764
Pittsburgh, Mellon Institute Editorial. . . . 297
Placer-mining 191
Alaska 729
Block-stoping, and timbering 378
Platinum Editorial 259
Colombia 675
Consumption and uses 460
From Russia Editorial 8S3
On Pacific Coast Editorial 814
Prospecting 894
Ditto James M. Hill 474
Recovery in gold-dredging 825
Plea for labor Editorial S14
Ditto J. F. Harrington. ... 712
Ditto A Miner S17
Pneumatic flotation J. M. Callow 492
Vol. 115
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Page
Political economy 492
Portable electric hoist :'..">ii
Potash 504, S98
As a i "i cement Editorial.... 816
Disposal of lands 221
Exploration, text of acl authorising exploration 509
Extraction L29
From cement-kiln gases - I
From Feldspar 200
Market 238
Production 503
Refining 549
Searles Lake 344, 902
Ditto Editorial 487
Potassium nitrate 610
Power, Harold T. . . .Timbering in deep placer mining. . . . 191
Precipitating gold from coppery cyanide solution
Robert Lindsay ... . 355
Preferential flotation W. Shellshear. . . . 613
Presidio silver mine 172
Price of graphite 468
Regulator Editorial 300
Rubber 5S2
Principles governing zinc-ore deposits
Frank L. Nason .... 647
Principles of flotation — II T. A. Rickard 45
Pro- American policy : Editorial .... 596
Production of pyrite 536
Properties of vanadium steel G. L. Norris. . . . 274
Proportions for cement mortars and concretes
J. A. Kitts 719
Prospecting conditions in California
Leonard G. Blakemore. . . . 7S3
For platinum James M. Hill 474
Publications, taxation of Editorial.... 335
Purity of selected copper made in converters
Henry F. Collins 3S6
Pyrite 757
Domestic 854
Explosion on roasting 279
For sulphuric acid 194
In the Appalachians 894
Production of 536
Recovery from coal 3S5, 57S
Quality of tungsten ores
Quicksilver in New Zealand.
Industry of Texas
. ..W. B. Phillips.
473
904
93
R
Railroad freight rates Editorial 336
Freight service 460
Government, in Alaska Theodore Pilger. . . . 925
Ralston, O. C. and L. D. Yundt Chemicals used in
flotation 545
Rand mines Editorial .... Ill
Randolph, Epes King of Arizona Company. . . . 674
Rapid shaft-sinking 132
Rau-Roesler, S. E Recruiting labor from the gold
mines 747
Raymond, R. E Mill-tests v. hand-sampling. . . . 636
Ditto Sampling large low-grade orebodies. . . . 301
Raymond, Robert M Editorial .... S47
Recent vulcanism in Salvador C. Erb Wuensch 22
Recollections of Mexico A refugee. . . . 531
Recovery of converter-fume at Tooele, Utah
L. S. Austin 611
Of platinum in gold-dredging James W. Neill. . . . 825
Recruiting labor Editorial .... 745
Labor from the gold mines S. E. Rau-Roesler. . . . 747
Red-beds, cause of dryness _ 156
Refugee Recollections of Mexico .... 531
Regiment of miners 728
Report of committee on petroleum 433
Research laboratory in Japan 354
Retrospect Editorial .... 919
Rezas, Benjamin Physics of flotation .... 225
Rickard, T. A. . . .Flotation of gold and silver mineral. . . . 265
Ditto .... Labor agitators, Mr. Roosevelt and others .... 239
Ditto W. J. Loring; a Calif ornian engineer. . . . 639
Ditto. .Anthony F. Lucas, and the Beaumont gusher. . . . 887
Rickard, T A Miami. Arizona, the disrowrj I
Ditto Miami, Arizona, minim.; of the ore — II
I Hit,. Miami. Arizona, mining of the ore — III
Ditto Miami, Arizona, milling Of the ore — IV
Ditto Miami. Arizona, milling of the ore — V
Ditto Miami, Arizona, smelt Ing Of the ore — VI
Ditto Principles of llotaliou. .
Ditto. . .D. M. Riordan and the school of experience
Rice, George. .Mechanical ventilation for metal mines
Riordan, D. M Editorial
And the school of experience T. A. Rickard
Road-building over wet soft ground
Roasting zinc ore
Roeber, E. F Editorial.
Rogers. G. Sherburne Sources of sulphur in oils.
Roosevelt, Theodore
Ropes, L. S Do we need gold.
Rubber prices
Russia Editorial .
Affairs Editorial .
Copper at Kalata
Crisis Editorial .
Ditto Charles Janin .
Disintegration Editorial .
Exchange in Editorial .
In war time L. A. Mekler.
Ditto Horace V. Winchell .
Political situation Editorial.
Politics Editorial .
Rusting of iron
Page
. . . 1 57
... 417
. . . 457
. . . 565
. , 679
. . . 784
.9, IE
. .. 193
. , 579
. .. 488
. .. 193
. . . X24
. .. 58
. .. 705
. . . S5
... 239
... 924
... 582
... 596
. . . 149
... 309
. . . 706
. . . 163
... 919
. . . 449
... 710
... 601
... 449
705
S2S
Safety-orders for explosives 730
Sale, A. J Survey of inclines without auxiliaries S7
Saltpetre, origin of Editorial .... 669
Salvador, geology, San Sebastian mine 345
Sampling large low-grade orebodies. .. .Albert Burch.... 115
Ditto Edwin E. Chase 453
Ditto Editorial 113, 451
Ditto John B. Hastings 379
Ditto T. H. Leggett 5
Ditto R. E. Raymond 301
Mill-tests v. hand 453, 563, 632, 63S, 673
Scheelite 692
School of experience Editorial .... 4SS
Of experience, and D. M. Riordan. . . .T. A. Rickard. . . . 493
Schwarz, Alfred Control of emulsions in flotation. . . . 853
Scott, Walter A Editorial 884
Ditto Argument in Butte & Superior case. . . . 130
Ditto Flotation patent .... S99
Screen-analyses 236
Ditto John T. Millman 344
Seale-Shellshear cascade process 44
Flotation apparatus 353
Searles Lake potash 344, 902
Ditto Editorial 487
Secondary enrichment 652
Zinc deposits Clyde M. Becker 530
Servia, copper mines 723
Shaft-sinking, rapid 132
Sharpless, F. F Mill-tests v. hand-sampling. . . . 63S
Sharwood, W. J Editorial 411
Ditto Zinc-dust as a precipitant in cyanidation. . . . 428
Sheldon, G. L Estimating ore .... 674
Shellshear, Seale, flotation apparatus 353
Ship-plates, Japanese demand 24
Silicon in steel, tensile strength ; 279
Silver Editorial 374
Average price in New York 1865-1916 472
Deposition, microscopic features in 857
Effect of prices in China 802
Flotation 265
Ditto Editorial .... S15
International monetary system 935
Price Editorial 73, 411, 778
Price control Editorial .... 525
Price of, Guggenheim on Editorial. ... 298
Simple head-frame 544
Methods of finding density and weight of solids in mill-
pulp R. B. Kiliani 390
Simpson, W. E Flotation at Cobalt S19
Sizer, F. L Threat to gold mining. . . . 924
Skip-changing devices at the Butte mines
Theodore Pilger 607
10
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Vol. 115
Page
Sleeman, H. R Mill-tests v. hand-sampling 563
Smelting v. hydro-metallurgy A. B. Drucker. ... 44
Smith, H. Hardy Physics of flotation 491
Snyder, B. M Launder flotation machine 201
Soda, nitrate of 231
Siihnlein, M. G. F Avicaya mill 343
Solubility and orientation of molecules in surface of
liquids 357
Of tungsten Newton B. Knox 81S
Of tungsten minerals J. Coggin Brown 303
Soluble frothing-agents C. L. Perkins 351
Sources of sulphur in oils G. Sherburne Rogers.... 85
South Dakota, Homestake mine 869
Spain, coal development Editorial 84S
Commerce with 317
Government laboratories Editorial 559
Spaulding, E. P Mill-tests v. hand-sampling 301
Spelter, see zinc
Purchases by Government SIS
Replacing iron roofing-sheets 796
Spoils of war Editorial 671
Sponge iron in California 901
Spurr, J. E Editorial 450
Stadia-reduction chart Earl Glass 279
Staley. H. D Freight-rates on drill-steel. . . . 711
Steel, de-oxidizing by carbohydrates 72S
Electric 238, 321
Great Britain's output Editorial .... 559
Pacific Coast 117
Ditto Editorial 112
Ditto W. H. Whittier.... 301
Pig-iron from scrap 936
Price fixing Editorial .... 449
Tungsten Editorial S13
Vanadium 274
War production 652
Stellite, uses of 651
Stevens, Blarney Flotation physics. . . . 341
Stokes, Ralph : Editorial 412
St. Louis meeting Editorial 597
Stone, George E Editorial 743
Ditto Oxide of zinc. ... 759
Storms, W. H Editorial 261
Submarine Editorial. . . .111, 451
And kindred problems 469
Memoranda on 21
Sullivan, Mark Editorial 111
Sulphides, dissociation-pressures 210
Sulphonic acid 612
Sulphur 431
As fertilizer Editorial 336
Dioxide for precipitating copper 854
Importations 1916 543
In paraffin 238
In Sicily 536
In waste gas, utilization 783
Reduction by petroleum Editorial .... 73
Soluble in petroleum 210
Sources in oils S5
Thiogen process 273
Sulphuric acid production 5S2
Acid, pyrite 194
Acid resources Editorial 596
Supply of gasoline Milton A. Allen. . . . 511
Survey of inclines without auxiliaries A. J. Sale. ... .87
Sweden, see nitric acid
Switch-tongue 317
Synthetic making of sodium cyanide. .G. H. Clevenger. .. . 537
Tax, excess on mining companies 903
Excess-profit 933
Income and mining dividends 718
On Canadian mines * 729
Taxation of mines Editorial .... 8S4
Of publications Editorial. . . . 335
On excess profits Editorial .... 374
Technical hand-hooks Editorial .... 848
Writing Editorial .... 260
Telkwa. B.C., district 54
Texas. Anthony F. Lucas and the Beaumont gusher 887
Presidio silver mine 172
Quicksilver industry 93
Thanksgiving Editorial. ... 745
Page
Thiogen process 273
Third anniversary Editorial. . . . 150
Thomas, K. B Leaching and purification of zinc
sulphate I 724
Thomlinson, William. . . .Canadian mining regulations. ... 6
Thomson, J. J. .Discharge of electricity through gases. ... 921
Thomson. S. C Editorial 670
Threat to gold mining Editorial. ... 849
Ditto F. L. Sizer 924
Tibby, Benjamin F Mining in Utah. . . . 895
Timbering in deep placer mining. . . .Harold T. Power. . . . 191
Tin, Alaska 206
Bolivia 57
Plate 684
Tinned copper 932
Tonopah Mining Co Editorial 450
Tovote, W Detrital copper deposits. . . . 281
Transvaal, deep-level mining Editorial 883
Decpreciation in mining Editorial. . . . 743
New financing Editorial. . . . 744
Trinitro-toluene for mines Milton A. Allen.... 688
Tripoli 612
Tungsten Charles Hardy 712
Brazil 688
Burma 729
Concentrate 134
Determination of 389
In outcrops 302
Ditto Editorial 298
In Rhodesia 617
Minerals, solubility Editorial. . . . 813
Mines of Inyo county, California 95
Ores, quality of 473
Prices Editorial ... . 449
Scheelite 692
Solubility of 818
Surreptitious exportation Editorial.... 560
Tunnel, methods of driving Pine Mountain
H. Devereux. ... 16
Turner, H. W Magnetite and copper 818
u
United Eastern Mining Co Philip Wiseman. . . . 917
Use and testing of oxygen mine-rescue apparatus 234
Of stellite 651
Useful chart 395
Utah copper profits Editorial .... 595
Mining in 189, 397, 895
Ditto L. O. Howard 23
Utilizing pyrite in coal 578
Vanadium 274, 564
Vanderlip, F. A Editorial 525
Velocity and discharge in ditches. .George Henry Ellis. . . . 280
Ventilation for metal mines 579
Volcano, harnessing a Editorial. . . . S50
von Bernewitz, M. W Chemical exposition. . . . 582
w
Wagon tires, device for setting 194
War, cost of Editorial 525
Excess-profit tax Philip Wiseman. . . . 933
Extension of commerce 221
Food for Editorial 707
Joffre and Viviani Editorial .... 259
Minerals Editorial .... 91S
Miners' regiment Editorial. . . . 670
Official list of technical men 574
Opportunities in Editorial. . . . 297
Spoils of Editorial 671
Steel production 652
Tax on Canadian mines 729
Third anniversary Editorial .... 152
Wasting ore-values 802
Water and mines in Paradise G. C. Bille. . . . S51
Ditto Ivan E. Goodner 456
Ditto J. D. Hubbard.... 636
Flow, effect of mouthpieces on 727
Velocity and discharge in ditches 2S0
Ditto 395
Watt, A. P Concentration practice in south-east
Missouri 689
Vol 115
MINING and Scientific PRESS
11
Webber, Morton. .. .Mill-testa v. hand-sampling in valuing
mines 125. 453
Weeks, Walter S Displacement-tanks.... 855
Ditto Prop In pressure of compressed-air hose 504
What is a metalliferous mineral. .Courtenay De Kalb.... 225
Ditto L. 0. Howard 65
Whittler. W. H Editorial 298
Ditto Steel on the Pacific Coast 301
Whv we fight Editorial 187
Wilbur, R. L Editorial 488
Williams. Henry D Flotation. Butte & Superior
case— I II 207
Winehell. Horace V Russia in war time 601
Wire, corrosion of barbed 938
Wiseman. Philip United Eastern Mining Co. . . . 917
Ditto War excess-profit tax 933
Wolf. Albert G Liberty Bell mercury-trap 206
Ditto Method of filing drawings. . . . 426
Wolframite 688, 692
Ditto Editorial 298
Work of the Council of National Defense 123
Wright. C. A Flotation of lead and zinc in the
Joplin district 575
Wuensch, C. Erb Geology of the San Sebastian mine.
Salvador 345
Ditto Recent vulcanism in Salvador 22
Young, George J Editorial.... 297
Ditto Methods of mining 637
Page
Young. II. I Mining practice in the Joplin district. .
Yundt. L. D. and O. C. Ralston Chemicals used in
flotation 546
Z
Zinc, antimony and, globules in 473
Blende, gallium si;-t
Burning W. R. Ingalls 432
Concentrate composition 474
Curtailment of production , 544
Decline in production 705
Deposits, secondary 530
Dust as a precipitant in cyanidation
W. J. Sharwood 428
Electrolytic 492
Electrolytic, factors in production 685
Exports from Atlantic ports Editorial 631
Ferrate 195
Flotation in the Joplin district 575
From low-grade complex ores 827
Missouri 93
Ore deposits, principles governing 647
Oxidation from brass 581
Oxide of 759
Prices Editorial 259
Prices for July 190
Production Editorial .... 37, 259
Roasting ore 5S
Situation in Australia 95
Sulphate, leaching and purification 724
Volume 115
Number 1
Edited by T. A. RICKARD
SAN FRANCISCO, JULY 7, 1917
AN INDEPENDENT PAPER OWNED, EDITED, AND MANAGED BY ENGINEERS
15 Cents per Copy
$4 per Year
"KEWANEE" Flange Unions
fj Brass-to-iron ground ball joint insures a non-leaking connection
even when the pipe is out of alignment.
^ Flange is loose on the collar — the bolts match the holes in
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*I "KEWANEE" Flange Unions are tested with extreme
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1 The brass ground-in seat is not loosely inserted, but is made
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NATIONAL TUBE COMPANY
General Sales Offices, Pittsburgh, Pa.
District Sales Offices in the Larger Cities
Note Brass Seat Screwed In
In This Issue:
Principles of Flotation
Methods of Driving Pine Mountain Tunnel
Buyers' Guide, page 54
Advertisers' Index, page 60
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1317
THE OLIVER
has never been replaced by another
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continually being replaced by Olivers.
The OLIVER is made in sizes to
meet any condition involving the
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The OLIVER can lower the percentage of
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lower cost than by any other method or
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1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM
f Why Trust to Luck to Save Gold I
But take such pains to save the concentrates?
In tests made by the Gen-
ii eral Engineering Co. the
Senn Batea Amalgamator,
H Jr., amalgamated 97% of
1 the gold from Neill Jig
J concentrates. Of this gold
g 55% passed 100 mesh.
I Can You "Pan" Free Gold in Your Plate Tailings? |
H The Victor recovered 14 ounces of amalgam on the Senn Batea H
H Amalgamator from stationary plate tailings to 20 ounces on the §|
M plates. H
M An increase of 25 cents per ton means an increase of M
M $375.00 per month for each Senn Batea. |§
| Why Not "Pan" the Gold into the Amalgam? |
H In tests by Chas. Butters Co. on a silicified shale carrying free =
H gold, the best of four laboratory bottle amalgamation tests |{
W gave 58.5% recovery. Two mill runs on the Senn Pan-Motion ||
H Batea Amalgamator gave 78% and 82.5% respectively. =
H We are furnishing 4 Bateas for the first unit of the mill to M
!§ handle this ore. M
jj Why Not Grind Fine and Save All the Free Gold? J
H 63% of the gold in the latter tests passed through 150 mesh, fl
=| while 91% of it passed 40 mesh. H
| Senn Pan -Motion Batea Amalgamators |
M are made in two sizes — a 50-ton machine for general mill installations, =
== and a 20 to 25-ton Batea (shown above) for test plants, small mills, clean- |§
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z= Cor. Post and Montgomery Streets ==
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 7. 1917
DUPLEX RESERVE POWER
ASSURES Dl
IN EXTREME
miiiUBiiii
THE tremendous reserve power of
the Duplex — the original 4-Wheel
Drive 3f-Ton Truck — is applied
four times more effectively than is pos-
sible with any other type of motor truck.
That is why the Duplex is known through-
out the country — in industrial centres, log-
ging camps, gravel pits, mining districts,
deserts and oil fields — as a super-strength
motor truck that hauls capacity loads any-
where.
One source of Duplex dependability under
most adverse road conditions is found in the
Duplex-Adler self-locking differential, which
automatically throws the power to the wheel
or wheels having traction.
Another source of Duplex effectiveness of
reserve power lies in the range of gear reduc-
tion made possible with the Duplex Chain Case
— an exclusive Duplex truck feature.
The Duplex Chain Case reduction gives the
Duplex a draw-bar pull four times greater
than that of any rear-wheel drive truck, and
makes it practically impossible to stall the
Duplex even when trailers are being pulled
through hub-deep mud and up embankments.
The Duplex Chain Case, by means of a silent
chain belt, transmits the power from the main
propeller shaft to the shafts driving the front
and rear axles. A reserve chain provides an
additional two to one gear reduction whenever
needed. This chain case reduction practically
doubles the power applied to the four wheels.
It provides a tremendous leverage of G4 crank-
shaft turns to every revolution of each of the
four wheels, and makes it possible for the
Duplex to haul three and one-half ton loads
under up-grade conditions that any rear-wheel
truck would find difficult to negotiate when
unloaded.
Our 1917 catalog explains in detail the many
exclusive mechanical features of the Duplex,
while our engineers will give you facts and
figures for your particular business. If you
would reduce your haulage costs to the abso-
lute minimum, let us send you complete in-
formation about the Duplex — the truck that
hauls capacity loads anywhere.
The Duplex Si-Ton Truck, shown above, hauled this large oil tank over country
roads a distance of nearly SO miles. The tank, which is 7 feet in diameter and 28$
feet long, weighs Si tons. The Duplex hauled its burden through sand and mud and
up steep hills, and clearly demonstrated that it is equal to any hauling emergency.
Address All Communications to Department 139
DUPLEX TRUCK COMPANY
LANSING
MICHIGAN
.lulv 7. 1!U7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
•X*
♦♦♦V
♦♦♦♦>♦♦♦
♦ ♦♦♦♦♦
♦ ♦"-
MRS
D T QU BPEffcRIM RED?
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ■
oc
For Stamps
■inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiii
Stamp-milling is the supreme test of stamina in a
screen. Five stamps in a single mortar, weighing 1000
pounds and more, dropping from a height of 6 inches
at the rate of 100 times per minute, drive with great
force particles of rock against the screens. Imagine
this constant battering against the screens — the wear
and tear and consequent short life. It is not surprising
that punched metal was considered the only prac-
ticable thing until the advent of
PERFECT
Double - Crimped Woven -Wire Cloth
The double - crimping process not
only produces a structure excep-
tionally strong and stiff, but also
gives a large percentage of effect-
ive screening area, a point of great
importance when the desirability
of a quick discharge is consid-
ered.
Ludlow - Saylor
Wire Company
General Offices and Factory
ST. LOUIS, MO.
Branch Offices
20 East Jackson Street, - Chicago
Mills Building, - - El Paso, Texas
Felt Building, - Salt Lake City, Utah
Try the effect of PERFECT
screens when you make your
next replacement.
Our data book is yours for
the asking. Send for it.
^m^^^^mm^m^
This illustration used by courtesy of Joshua Hendy Iron Works
San Francisco
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
COMPOUND HINGE
MATTESON
MATTESON CARS were introduced in 1908. Since
then they have replaced practically all other
makes in Pacific Coast and adjacent territory. They
are 'investment' cars, the cars of exclusive design
and workmanship.
These are the
that distirv^vjisK
from All
Thro^BTthis device, Jj^Kody of the ear may be
tij^BFl to an angle o^Hrdegrees from a centre com-
lably back of^^re centre of gravity when the
Jaded body ^fln rest. The car may then be
P&umped witi^Pase from any position, swiveling
being poss^^without release of the door latch.
STANDARD TRUCK
is made of a one-piece steel channel frame, ac-
rately formed. The Hendy dust-proof axle-
Sousings are bolted on with U bolts. The live axles
r float and are readily replaceable.
TURNTABLE
This is not like ordinary swivels. It revolves on
roller bearings in a dust-proof housing, the upper
and lower plates being made of steel. The mini-
mum exertion thus required to swivel the loaded
car is obvious.
There is a HENDY -MADE mine-car
to suit your requirements
r MM OMt^^^ - l
.lulv 7. KMT
MINING and Scientific PRESS
NINE CARS
HENDY-MADE means something. It means the com-
bination of the latest manufacturing methods,
modern, up-to-date shop equipment, superiority in
design, and the best available material for the pur-
pose used.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
m
i: K -
|.r
H
if
m
-i^mmmm^^m m^^^m mm^mMm^mM
S!
TUNNELING COSTS REDUCED 40%
tLEXO/D IUBINO,
Trade Mark Registered
Solves one of the biggest problems in tunnel driving — maximum results
are now possible.
No more expensive time losses. Men can return to the face imme-
diately after blasting. Smoke and fumes removed in less than three
minutes. Air conditions equal to those above ground — results more and
better work — no bonuses necessary. Also used in shafts, raises and
winzes.
Flexoid Tubing is low in cost and easy to handle. One man can
carry and install one or two hundred foot sections in three minutes.
Suspended from timbering or laid along floor.
Leading mine operators and superintendents proclaim it the greatest
improvement in tunnel driving and mining equipment in years.
60 Days FREE Trial. To any responsible mining concern we will
furnish enough Flexoid Tubing to give it a thorough trial for 60 days,
with the understanding that it may be returned and no charge will be
made if it is not entirely satisfactory.
Ask for further particulars. You will be under no obligations whatever.
BEMIS BRO. BAG CO.
371 Poplar St.,
Selling Agencies in Principal Cities and Mining
Camps Tliroughouf the World.
St. Louis, Mo.
Kj
^■■.^'■■ ' " ' :^ ' ^-' :^'^'-^^T 7^^T'>^' ;'%»-',- '.-.;:" "„>'■■> ?y^-£A [
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July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
HEADQUARTERS FOR MINE- MILL AND SMELTER EQUIPMENT
Latest Mode] No.9 Wilfley
Two Concentrators in One—
Where floor-space is limited or where conditions seem to warrant
doubling the capacity without increasing the number of tables, it
is easy to meet conditions by simply installing the new No. 9
DOUBLE DECK—
FOR "
CONCENTRATION product
The actual result obtained from such instal-
lation is two efficient concentrating tables in
the space formerly occupied by one.
And when we have told you that this new
No. 9 Wilfley is, in reality, two number six
Wilfleys — that it actually doubles the well-
know advantages of this justly famous table
— you will realize the importance of this new
development. The No. 9 is rapidly finding
its way, in large quantities, into the largest
and most important concentrating plants.
The same superior principles, great care, ex-
cellent workmanship and materials that have
made the Wilfley Table famous are embodied
in the new No. 9 Double Decker.
Of large capacity, depending upon the char-
acter of the ore, it gives the service that
mining men have learned to expect from all
MASSCO products.
Bulletin 30 explains in detail. "Successful Purchasing 1 " is the title
of another booklet which means all that its name implies. Both
booklets will be sent, without obligation, upon request.
^THE MlrSTXlTsMELTER SUPPLY COMPANY
A SERVICE STATION WITHIN REACH OF YOU
DENVER, ■ SALT LAKE CITY - EL PASO
NEW YORK OFFICE - 42 BROADWAY
I
HL-M.mjiMJ .»n.m.nw^gs
■WILFLEY TABLE-
MARCY MILL- ASSAY
*KD LABORATORY EQUIP
KENT AND SUPPLIES*
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
• GENERAL MINING
MACHINERY- MILL
EQUIPMENT
10
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
MM
^31 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 ! J I II IIIH^^^^^SIIU J J 1 II I II I 111 J 1 1 1 1 1 @^
m VULCAN STEAM HOIST =
FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT =
WE OFFER
1 — 14 n xl6 n Vulcan Single Drum Geared Steam
Hoist. Tangye Frame — Post Brakes — Balanced
Valves— Load 8000 to 9000 pounds— Speed 700
feet per minute.
A low price will be made on this hoist.
WE CAN ALSO MAKE QUICK DELIVERIES ON
ELECTRIC HOISTS AT THIS TIME
^henprie&bqlthoff
MANUFACTURING fie SUPPLY CO.
PIONEER MACHINERY AND SUPPLY HOUSE OF THE WE5T j
DENVER* COLO-
July 7, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
11
"Calyx" Core DrilU— Catalog 9201
"Little Twreer" Hoists— Bulletin 4 1 33
The experience of thousands of users of
Ingersoll-Rand Rock Drills
shows that, because of superior design, selected metals and
expert workmanship, more work is secured at a lower main-
tenance cost — and the equipment lasts longer.
Send for the Bulletin
Ingersoll-Rand Company
11 Broadway
NEW YORK
165 Q. Victoria St.
LONDON
Offices the World Over
For Canada, address Canadian Ingersoll-Rand Co., Montreal 27-JtD
12
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Make Yours a "Safety* First" Mine
By Using
No. 5 MACHINE
BLASTING
MACHINES
FIRING loaded bore holes with electrical currents de-
creases the liability of accidents, increases the efficiency
of explosives and reduces the cost of blasting operations.
SIMPLICITY of design, compactness and dependability
in operation make Du Pont Blasting Machines practical
and popular with blasting crews.
SAFEGUARD life and property by requiring the use of blasting
machines for detonation of explosives.
ASK FOR DESCRIPTIVE FOLDER
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Powder Makers Since 1802.
WILMINGTON,
DELAWARE
Eccleston Periphery Discharge Ball Mill
Concentrators,
Tube Mill Linings
and Balls,
White Iron Castings,
Screens, Etc.
ADJUSTABLE
STEEL LINERS
Mining Men
The mineral contents of your ore are hard to save if slimed. Why not crush your ore in the only
Periphery Discharge Ball Mill on the market and save sliming? In this mill the product is discharged
as soon as it is crushed fine enojigh. The discharge is in the natural place and for the full length of the
mill. Wouldn't it be wise to at least investigate?
Write for Bulletin TODAY
ECCLESTON MACHINERY COMPANY
162 SOUTH ANDERSON ST., LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
•Inly 7. 1917 MINING and Scientific PRESS 1:>,
nnnirmrmnniniiTiinntiniimir mitnnimnTmiiniriimiiMiTiinniMiMiMmiiiiiiriiniMniniMiiiniiiiiiinniinsiiiTiiMUMiiiiriinitiimiimniniiiiuii! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
THE FLOTATION PROCESS
All patent and other rights to this process
in North America are now controlled by
MINERALS SEPARATION NORTH AMERICAN CORPORATION
On December 11, 1916, the SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES adjudged our
basic patent for air-froth flotation to be valid, holding that this patent covers any process of froth
flotation- wherein the results obtained are secured by the use of a fraction of one percent., on
the ore, of an oily frothing agent in an ore-pulp, with agitation. Three of the thirteen claims
which specified the use of "a small quantity of oil" and which the Court held to be invalid have
since, by proper disclaimer, been brought within the scope of the Supreme Court's decision and, at
a recent trial in the United States District Court at Butte, Montana, Judge Bourquin admitted
these claims as amended.
On May 24, 1917, the UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS at Philadelphia,
in the ease of Minerals Separation, Ltd., against Miami Copper Company, unanimously sustained
the validity and broadly construed a second basic patent, owned by us, for the use of all "Soluble
Frothing Agents." In the same opinion, the Court also validated a third patent for the use of
cresols and phenols in the cold and without acid. The defendants, Miami Copper Company en-
deavored to avoid infringement of these patents by using Callow pneumatic cells, but the Court
held that the operations of the defendant company infringed all three patents.
Prospective users of our flotation processes are earnestly requested not to be misled by the
mistaken views disseminated by interested parties that any of these BASIC PROCESS PATENTS
can be evaded by a mere variation of apparatus for agitating and aerating the pulp, or by the
simple addition of oils or other materials in excess of a fraction of one percent, on the weight of
the ore treated.
NOTICE
Notice is hereby given that we will enforce our patents and stop all infringements,
but are prepared to grant licenses for the right to use all or any of our processes to
those who wish to use them.
To those who infringe or have infringed our patents, notice is given that A SET-
TLEMENT FOR SUCH INFRINGEMENT MUST PRECEDE THE GRANTING OF
LICENSES FOR THE FUTURE USE OF SAME.
Notice is further given that no one is authorized to introduce our processes or
apparatus into the United States, Canada, or Mexico.
All applications should be made direct to
MINERALS SEPARATION NORTH AMERICAN CORPORATION |
■ Head Office Engineering Office ^
I 61 Broadway Merchants Exchange Building J
I New York, N. Y. San Francisco, California ■
14
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 191T
Single Friction Drum Gasoline Hoist
Exceptional utility is presented in these
light, compact, self-contained hoists for mine
service.
The drums are of the best quality of cast
iron and fitted with renewable bronze bush-
ings; they are controlled by the well known
Cone Friction type of Clutch and Steel Band
Brake, both lined with hard wood blocks.
The gears are accurately cut from the
solid on automatic machines, thus insuring
smooth, quiet running and long life. Gear
Guards (not illustrated) are furnished.
The Motors are vertical, double cylinder,
4 cycle, giving a steady stream of power.
These engines are throttle governed. They
are fully enclosed, all moving parts running
in a bath of oil. Glass oil-gauge is fitted on
side.
Shebler carburetor, jump spark ignition,
also high tension, gear driven magneto fur-
nished.
Water Pump is direct driven and non-
chokable. A double screen cooling tank is
furnished.
Two Sizes 8 H. P. and 15 H.P.
THE ENGLISH IRON WORKS COMPANY
Kansas City, Mo., U. S. A.
STEEL TANKS
FOR MINES, CYANIDE PLANTS, OIL REFIN-
ERIES, SUGAR REFINERIES, TANKS OF
PACHUCA TYPE, FILTERS, ZINC BOXES, ETC.
10,000 bbl. Storage Tank with Globe Root
Top Rind and Submerged Root 25,000 bbl Gasoline Storage Tank.
HAMMOND
IRON WORKS
WARREN, PENNA., U. S. A.
CABLE ADDRESS: HAMONDTANIC
WARREN, PA.
NEW YORK:
2728 Whitehall Building
LOS ANGELES:
414 Grosse Building
LONDON REPRESENTATIVES :
Wonhan, Bates & Goode, Inc.
No. 3 London Wall Building!, London
Jul
1!U7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
15
Vordbi ra Vote
Haiti wit/I General Nee
trie Motor Generator Set
and direct current motor
/>»■ Mm Orht Minim
Co., Butte, Wont, Load
8»,000lb., depth 3600 /I,
Typical Large Electric Hoist—
Built by NORDBERG
This hoist is of the large double drum, first motion type, driven by
a direct current motor, operated by Ward-Leonard control in con-
junction with a fly-wheel motor generator set
The clutches are of the celebrated
Nordberg balanced axial plate type, op-
erated by the hydraulic engine shown
clearly in the large photograph. These
clutches have great power and once used
by mining men, are always demanded.
The brakes are of the Nordberg gravity
operated, post brake design with levers
and suspensions to give parallel motion
and prevent binding. Brakes are applied
or relieved evenly and gradually. With
the oil operated hydraulic engine behind
NORDBERG
and to the right of the clutch engine, the
degree of braking can be regulated with
greater delicacy than by hand brakes.
A feature of this installation is the ar-
rangement of rods from operator's plat-
form to brake and clutch engines, in
trenches covered by floor plates. This
makes the installation exceptionally neat
of appearance.
If you are not fully posted on these
aud other features of Nordberg Hoists,
ask for Bulletins 23 and 24.
T
MAOKNEQf
Nordberg Manufacturing Company
1449 Chicago Avenue - Milwaukee, Wis., U. S. A.
Manufacturers of High Efficiency Corlis8 Engines: TJniflow Engines; Poppet Valve Engines; Oil
Engines: Nordbergr-Carels Diesel Type Engines; Air Compressors; Blowing- Engines; Hoisting- Engines;
Pumping- Engines and other machinery.
NORDBERG
T
MACBJNM
16
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
HERE IS SOMETHING NEW— seamless aluminum
The LITTLE GIANT c fS E
A true JUSTRITE product in
every sense of the word — It is
called the "LITTLE GIANT" be-
cause it is the lamp of LITTLE
weight and trouble, and a GIANT
for economy and efficiency.
It weighs only 30 ounces — has the
famous JUSTBITE Spiral Water
Feed with the Removable Spiral
Valve Stem — Fish-Tail Burner
with Tip Protector (protects the
flame from wind) and in fact
everything that a perfect lamp
ought to have.
Come back from the dark age of candles and
use the light of the JUSTRITE. We can
help you save big money. AVrite us
Vrw^og M/\KK ,
CARBIDE
Mine Lamp
A LAMP FOR EVERY
MINING PURPOSE
"When a better carbide lamp is
made it will be a JUSTRITE"
lllllilllllllllllll
Justrite Manufacturing Company
2075 Southport Ave. Dept. M Chicago, U. S. A.
No. 110
Made of %-inch Seamless Aluminum —
6-hour capacity. Reflector is part of
the lamp; cannot be broken off. Equip-
ped with steel bail and hook and has
large screw threads for fastening the
top and bottom together. It is "wonder-
fully simple, sturdily constructed and
easy to operate. Has only a few extra
parts which makes the maintenance
cost much less than other large lamps.
Krogh Sand Pumps are lower in first
cost and in maintenance than others —
Krogh Lined Band Pumps will give you greater satisfaction for the very good reason that, compared
with any other pump of equal efficiency, they are much lower in first cost and in upkeep expense.
Other pumps of equal price cannot equal Krogh Lined Sand Pumps in work or in low operating cost.
Simple, sturdy, and with common sense
built into every part, these pumps are de-
signed by men who know mining and
milling conditions. "*»*»«» 9
Notice, in the illustration, how the liners
are easily removed and replaced. They
are made from special chilled car-wheel
iron, harder than steel, yet less costly;
no through bolts used to hold the liners
in place.
Regularly made in 2", 3", 4", 6", and 8"
sizes; special types designed to meet ex-
traordinary conditions.
We shall be glad to mail you descriptive
Bulletin No. M-79 or other bulletins de-
scribing Krogh Sinking Pump, Krogh
Horizontal and Vertical Automatic Cen-
trifugal Pump, Horizontal Motor Driven
Pump, Krogh Dredge Pump, Krogh High
Pressure Centrifugal Pump — write.
Krogh Pump Manufacturing Company
K
M O M E Y SAV I M G
SandPumlDs
159 Beale Street
H
San Francisco
Julv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
17
Sullivan Drill Sharpeners
FOR HOLLOW DRILL STEEL
Sullivan Sharpeners are particularly adapted for
working hollow steel —
1. The heat required is short and does not close
the hole. No danger of burning.
2. The method of dollying keeps the hole well
opened, making a long hole. No danger of splittin g.
3. The gripping dies hold the bit or shank in
perfect alignment with the dolly pin, so that the
hole is in the exact center of the steel.
4. The hammer process permits slow or fast, light
or heavy blows to be delivered at will, assuring
careful handling.
Described in Bulletin 1372.
The photo shows the Sul-
livan Sharpener at the
Republic Mine, Cleveland
Cliffs Iron Co., Republic,
Michigan.
1% in. round hollow steel
is used, with 4-point bits.
A day's work is 500 bits,
but on a consecutive run,
400 bits have been made
in 4 hrs. 15 min. by the
smith and one helper,
who did the heating.
Hammer Your Drill Bits
Sullivan Machinery Company
123 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago
451 Market St., San Francisco
Amsterdam
Denver
Juneau
New York
Salt Lake City
Boston. Mass.
Butte
El Paso
Knoxville
Paris, France
Seattle
Ishpetning:, Mich.
London, Eng\
Petrograd
Shanghai
Cobalt, Ont.
Joplin, Mo.
Nelson, B. C.
Pittsburgh
Spokane
St. Louis
Sydney, N. S. W.
Toronto
Turin, Italy
Vancouver. B. C.
18
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
The Sauerman Dragline Cableway Excavator
During the past seven years it has been on the
market has demonstrated its high efficiency and
great economy of operation.
Among the many uses of this machine in exca-
vating work has been that of excavating and con-
veying material in wet and dry placers, reclaiming
mine tailings, reclaiming ore from storage piles, etc.
Low cost «of operation has been made possible
with this excavator by the elimination of interme-
diate labor and machinery between pit and plant.
The entire operation of Digging, Conveying,
Elevating, and Pumping is accomplished by one
machine operated by one man.
Put your problem up to us and we will advise you.
No obligations. Catalog on request.
SAUERMAN BROS., 1141 Monadnock Blk., CHICAGO, ILL.
Mfgrs. Cableway Excavators, Power Scrapers, and Cableway Accessories
DEANE
of Holyoke
Gathering
Pumps
Pump, motor and controller compactly
mounted on one bedplate.
Valves, boxes and other parts readily accessible.
Doesn't require expert attention — stands rough
usage and hard knocks.
Write lor Mine Pump Bulletin D218-32.
Portable
Simple
Strong
Compact
Accessible
WORTHINGTON PUMP AND MACHINERyCORPORATION
115 Broadway, New York
Deane Works : Holyoke, Mass.
Branch Offices in all the Principal Cities
■niiiNUiiiiii nillllllllllllll in i i i.'i.ii i ■ : i iiiiui nun
D326.4
hi 1. 1 1 mi i nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiniil
July T. 191'
MINING and Scientific PRESS
19
225 Pages— 1400 Illustrations
THIS book will be sent
gratis to any truck user
if the request is made on his
business letter head and
signed by a responsible
official.
White Trucks predominate in this country
in total number of trucks in actual
service — regardless of price.
A GRAPHIC RECORD
of
WHITE TRUCK
PREDOMINANCE
^pHIS new White Truck Book is
■*- the largest and most comprehen-
sive catalogue of truck installations
in this country — virtually an official
Handbook or Directory of truck uses
in all lines of industry and commerce.
It illustrates over fourteen hundred separate
truck units, with a wide variety of bodies classi-
fied and grouped for each line of business
represented.
Body designs and equipment are shown for
both standard and special uses, embracing the
entire field of truck operation, from the massive
dump body to the finest delivery vehicle.
THE WHITE COMPANY
816 EAST 79th STREET
CLEVELAND, OHIO
20
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 1917
THE UNITED FILTERS is organized
for the purpose of establishing selling
purpose or estaonsning
service.
The United Filters is sole owner of all patents cov-
ering the Kelly Filter Press, the Sweetland Filter Press, and
the American Continuous Suction Filter.
We maintain extensive laboratory equipment where
filtration tests are made and will gladly assist you with
your filtration problems.
Our organization includes a complete consultation
staff composed of engineers and chemists who have
been for years successfully engaged in solving the many
vexatious problems in filtration which are now confront-
ing modern industries.
Hundreds of United Filters are in use in large pro-
gressive plants where economy counts.
Special Filters
We build lead-lined filters for acid solutions : copper and wood-
lined filters and many other special types used in the Sugar. Chem-
ical. Metallurgical. Color, and Oil Industries.
Prices and Capacities upon application
UNITED FILTERS
CORPORATION
Main Office: Felt Building, Salt Lake City, Utah, U. S. A.
Brooklyn Office:
36 FlatbusK Avenue Extension
Chicago Office:
Peoples Gas Building
Export Trad*- Agents: The Allied Soger Machinery Corporation
120 Broaa\aag> New York C:r,. U. S. A
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
21
Sweetland Self-Dumping Filter
Because of special sluicing mechanism it is especially suited
to handling materials which form a cake that is difficult to
remove from the filter leaves. Can be readily constructed to
permit handling acid or caustic solutions. Combines a maxi-
mum of filter area with minimum of floor space.
^s/vy/eet/
/1?/T*s far
6//7f//?eret/
/n/x£cres
American Continuous
Vacuum Filter
Type A
The ultimate word in Contin-
uous Vacuum Filtration. Rec-
ommended for dewatering of
concentrates, for filtration and
washing of all cake building
mixtures that are easy to filter
and where heat losses do not
have to be taken into considera-
tion. Particularly adapted to
filtration of saccharate cake in
Steffens Houses.
Particularly adapted to the filtration of all liquors and pulps that yield a cake
that is difficult to wash. Positive pressure insured, thorough replacement wash, and
by drying with compressed air remarkably low cake moistures can be obtained. ShellB
can be readily insulated with asbestos, making it an ideal filter for hot solutions.
22
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
'TIMBER FRAMING'
By H. D. DEWELL, C. E.
275 PAGES, FULLY ILLUSTRATED. PRICE POSTPAID, $2
This book, just completed by one of the foremost structural engineers and designers,
covers the subject of Timber Framing completely for the first time.
Mine managers and engineers are
frequently called upon to design and
build surface-structures at mines, ore-
bins, mills, head-frames, trestles,
flumes, and other structures. It is
desirable that the structures be as
simple in design as possible, while
meeting the demand for safety and
efficiency. There is a very common
lack of the appreciation of the strength
of timber-structures properly framed,
and this results in much unnecessary
expense and waste of materials by
building a structure in which the
timbers are of far greater size than the
condition demands. By knowing how,
the designer builds neither too ex-
pensively, nor is his structure weak.
It is for the determination of these
questions that 'Timber Framing' will
be of great value.
IT CONTAINS: Rules for Grading
Lumber — Unit Stresses of Tension,
Compression, Shear and Bending — Co-
ordination of Tests — Truss Detail and
End Connections — Nailed, Screwed
and Bolted Joints — Intermediate
Joints and Tension Splices — Founda-
tion, and Columns and Connections —
Design and Construction of Head-
frames, Flumes, Ore-bins and Mill
Buildings, Specifications for Timber
Framing.
Gel this book at a special reduced
price with a year's subscription to the
MINING and Scienfific PRESS.
The Only Modern Timber Framing Book Published
For a limited time 'Timber Framing' will be sent in combination with a year's subscription to
MINING and Scientific PRESS, either on new subscriptions or renewals, for $5.00. Use the coupon.
SPECIAL OFFER COUPON
MINING and Scientific PRESS, 420 Market St., San Francisco p -
ENTER my subscription to MINING and Scientific PRESS beginning with the current issue.
RENEW my subscription to MINING and Sceintific PRESS at the expiration of my present sub-
scription. Also send the new book 'Timber Framing,' by H. D. Dewell. For this I enclose $5, to be
divided as follows : $4 for the MINING and Scientific PRESS and $1 for the book.
Name Vocation
Address Employed by
July 7, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
23
Westinghouse
Sherardized
Mine Trolley Line Material
Type FP Ear
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
East Pittsburgh, Pa.
Altaota. Ga.
Baltimore, Md.
Eirming-ham, Ala.
Bluefield. W. Va.
Boston, Mass.
Buffalo. N. T.
Butte, Mont.
•W. E. & M. Co. of Texas
Charleston. W. Va.
Charlotte. N. C.
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Chicago, HI.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
"Dallas, Texas
Dayton. Ohio
Denver, Colo.
Detroit, Mich.
Duluth, Minn.
•El Paso, Texas
Indianapolis, Ind.
Joplin, Mo.
Kansas City. Mo.
Louisville. Ky.
Los Angeles, Cal.
Memphis. Tenn.
Milwaukee. Wis.
Minneapolis, Minn.
New Orleans, La.
New York, N. T.
Omaha, Net>.
Philadelphia. Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Portland, Ore.
Rochester, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
Salt Lake City. Utah
San Francisco, Cal.
Seattle. Wash.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Toledo, Ohio
Washing-ton, D. C.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
24
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
!;:-::.: iiu tin
CRUSHING ROLL TYPE
WOOD PULLEY
(SPLIT)
The resiliency of the wood
structure successfully resists severe
shock loads which quickly crys-
tallize and destroy the best of
metallic pulleys.
Note the massive rim, arms
and keyed hub.
Worth remembering as a cure
for troublesome drives.
See your Dodge Catalog for
details.
Dodge dales and Engineering Company
Distributor of the Products of Dodge Manufacturing Co.
"Ecery''"'ng tor the Mechanical Transmission of Power"
General Office and Works: Mishawaka, Ind.
Sale? and Engineering Service Station:
814 Newhouse Bldg. , Salt Lake.
Saves from 15% to 25% of
every letter- writing hour
SELF STARTING
REMINGTON
TYPEWRITER
"This new invention permits your
A typist to keep her eyes on her
copy. The machine doesn't have
to be looked at, or the scale
watched. The time saving is auto-
matic. There is no other type-
writer like this. Fully protected
by Remington patents.
The Self Starter, while adding
to speed, adds nothing to the cost
of the typewriter. It is part of
the machine.
Try the time saver on your own
letters. We are constantly making
demonstrations throughout the
city — they involve no obligation
on your part. Shall we put you
on the list ? Write, or phone
Garfield 2400. Descriptive folders
also mailed on request.
REMINGTON TYPEWRITER CO.
\ Incorporate d )
Mills Bldg., 238-240 Bush St.
San Francisco, Cal.
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
26
A Complete Mine Power Plant
Engineer's Talk No. 4
The inherent power in the water is applied in the Hill
Air Compressor by using- the surge effect or semi-ram
action. During- the first part of the stroke tlie water
column gains speed and stores up energy, and during:
the latter part of the compression stroke the moving-
weig-ht of water is retarded and returns the energy
stored up in the first part of the stroke. The velocity
of the water in the pipe fine constantly changes, but the
flow never stops entirely. The longer the pipe line used,
the smaller the change of velocity of the water. The
machine compresses a volume of free air equal to the
amount of the water used.
From a comparative initial and ultimate cost this
compressor is the most economical manufactured.
\p
1AM.
, COUPOH
\ VJ-Ofcy\
INFORMATION
Easy to install, light in weight,
economical. Six sizes to fit all
requirements, from small pros-
pecting outfit, that may be mule-
backed, to larger machines for
the biggest properties.
NATIONAL ENGINEERING & EQUIPMENT CO.
25th Floor, L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash.
Dear Sirs: Please send free booklet descriptive of Hill
Automatic Hydraulic Air Compressor.
Name
Address
HILE=° AIR
COMPRESSOR
Delivers 50% more compressed
air at the point of use than the
ordinary combination of water
wheel and compressor using same
water power.
This powerful automatic compressor is a complete
mine power plant all in one machine — and it operates
continuously, day and night, without watching. Re-
quires no technical knowledge to operate.
THE EXCELSIOR
AIROMETER
They make it easy for the modern miner to
know the exact condition of each rock drill
being used, also where air is sold ; they make
settlements with your power users simple,
equitable and satisfactory to both parties.
We are manufacturing The Sentinel Auto-
matic Valve for the conservation of com-
pressed air. They are the bete noir of the
fellow who wastes three or four times the
requisite amount of air for ventilation. These
Sentinels are sold under guarantee to please
and often amuse the fair-minded superintend-
ent or shift boss. They don't interfere with the
legitimate use of air, but when they begin to
buck— there is something wrong— look it up !
The Denver Hydro Company
No. 1520 18th St., Denver, Colorado
Cable Address : HYDRO DENVER
Usual Codes
MINING and Scientific PRESS
INFORMATION BULLETIN
WESTERN DEPARTMENT
July 7, 1917
SECOND, OFFICERS' TRAINING CAMP, AUGUST 27 - NOVEMBER 26, 1917
THE PRESIDIO, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL
GENERAL PLAN
To provide officers for the drafted forces of the National
Army the War Department has adopted the policy of commis-
sioning all new officers of the line (Infantry, Cavalry, Field
and Coast Artillery) purely on the basis of demonstrated
ability after three months' observation and training in the
Officers' Training Camps.
A second series of Officers' Training Camps will be held
beginning August 21th, 1917, with the definite mission of
producing a body of line officers (Infantry, Cavalry, Field and
Coast Artillery) capable of filling all places in the grades
above lieutenant and many of the places in the grade of lieu-
tenant in the second 500,000 troops.
DATE AND LOCATION OF CAMP
The second Camp for the Western Department will be held
at the Presidio Reservation, San Francisco, Cal., and will
open on August 27th, 1917, and close November 26th, 1917.
QUALIFICATIONS
Classes eligible to Apply. Age limits
(a) Members of the Officers' Reserve Corps (line sections)
who, through no fault of their own, were unable to attend the
first series of camps; also Reserve Officers of Staff Corps un-
der 50 years of age with at least two months' service in war
and who have had experience in Infantry, Cavalry or Artillery.
(b) Non-commissioned officers of the Regular Army recom-
mended in March, 1917, for temporary appointment in case of
war, and who, through no fault of their own, were unable to
attend the training schools for Regular Army non-commis-
sioned officers in April 1917. Maximum age limit 50 years.
(c) Resigned officers of the Regular Army. Maximum age
limit 50 years.
(d) Men of proper qualifications made eligible for the
Officers' Reserve Corps by the Army Appropriation of May 12,
1917. Maximum age limit 50 years.
(e) Men who have qualified for commissions under Gen-
eral Orders No. 42, War Department, 1915. Maximum age
limit 50 years.
(f) Citizens of the United States who have had war service
in the present war as officers or non-commissioned officers of
the line in the armies of allied Powers. Maximum age limit
44 years.
(g) Men of exceptional qualifications who tendered their
services to the Government prior to June 5, 1917, and who
have been listed under G. O. 37, War Department. Maximum
age limit 50 years.
(h) Citizens with valuable military experience and adapta-
bility for commissioned grade, or citizens who have demon-
strated marked ability and capacity for leadership, and are
clearly adapted for military service in commissioned grade.
Maximum age limit 44 years.
Employees of the United States must inclose the signed
recommendation and consent of their chiefs.
Note. — Men who applied for the first series of camps must
re-apply whether or not certified as suitable for the first
camps. They will have no preference in selection for these
camps but will be on an equal basis with other applicants.
The minimum age limit for all applicants is 20 years and
9 months. However, in order to obtain the experienced class
of men desired, preference will be given to men over 31 years
of age, other things being equal. Because of the anticipated
large number of applicants, it will probably be difficult for
men under that age to qualify except in instances where the
applicant has pre-eminent qualifications or unusual military
experience.
NO LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION
Note particularly that letters of recommendation are not
wanted, but only the names of three responsible citizens who
know the applicant best. Each applicant must be examined
physically at his own expense by a reputable physician who
will fill out the physical report forming part of the official
application blank. This preliminary examination is subject
to review and the examining officer may require another ex-
amination. Men who submitted physical examination on the
Army blank for the first series of camps may submit these
reports in lieu of a new examination.
Applications will be received up to July 15, 1917. Under
no circumstances will an application be considered if received
after July 15.
OBLIGATION
Accepted applicants, unless they are reserve officers or mem-
bers of the Regular Army or National Guard in Federal
Service, will be required to enlist for a period of three months,
under Section 54, National Defense Act, and will agree to
accept such commission in the Army of the United States as
may be tendered by the Secretary of War. The enlistment
obligates one to service in the training camp only.
PAY AND EXPENSES
The Government will pay the men in training $100 per
month during the three months' course and will provide
transportation, uniforms and subsistence except that Reserve
Officers in training will receive the pay of their grades and
will provide uniforms and subsistence at their own expense.
CHARACTER OF MEN DESIRED
Since the special object of these camps is to train a body
of men fitted to fill the more responsible positions of command
in the new armies, every effort will be made to select men of
exceptional character and proved ability in their various
occupations. While it is desired to give full opportunity for
all eligible citizens to apply, no man need make application
whose record is not in all respects above reproach and who
does not possess the fundamental characteristics necessary to
inspire respect and confidence.
HOW TO MAKE APPLICATION
Every candidate must file his application in person
with the Local Committee of the Military Training
Camps Association in the town in which he resides. A
Military Training Camps Association Committee will
be appointed in every town having a population of
not less than 2500 within the eight states from which
candidates are to be drawn for the Presidio Camp.
From these Committees application blanks can be se-
cured. Information as to the identity and address of
the above mentioned Local Committee can be had from
the cashier of any bank. Do not mail your application.
The headquarters of the Military Training Camps
Association for the Western Department can be ad-
dressed below.
P. M. Lansdale,
Executive Secretary,
Military Training Camps Association of the
United States. Western Department,
201 Pine Street, San Francisco, Cal.
June 25th, 1917.
.Inly 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
27
NEW YORK ENGINEERING CO.,
We Do Only One Thing, But We Do It Well—
That is, we design and build placer mining machinery,
specializing in
Gold Dredges
Prospecting Drills
Hydraulic Tailing Elevators
Bucket Tailing Elevators
Pipe Lines, Sluices, Etc.
and all and any Placer Equipment
EMPIRE
Empire Cold Dredge Operating in Siberia
Empire catalogs on gold dredges and prospecting drills give interesting
details of what we have done for others, and what we can do for you.
Empire Placer Mining Apparatus is Successfully Used in All Parts of the World.
NEW YORK ENGINEERING COMPANY
2-RECTOR STREET,- NEW YORK
V. A. Stout* Western Representative. Balboa Building, San Francisco, California
KEEP THE WORK GOING
Nothing is more important in min-
ing than the prompt and certain
movement of material.
Delays affect the whole work. To
avoid delays locomotives must be re-
liable and always ready for service.
Our standard mining locomotives are
built to insure reliability and constant
service. Only tested materials are
used in their construction. All wearing parts are made to templates and gauges.
Interchangeability of like parts is guaranteed, and long delays waiting for duplicate
parts avoided, as duplicate parts are kept in stock at our works for prompt shipment.
AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY
30 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK
McCormick Building, Chicago, Illinois. A. Baldwin & Company, New Orleans, La.
Dominion Express Building, Montreal, Canada,
N. B. Livermore & Company, San Francisco and Los Angeles, California.
Northwestern Equipment Company, Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Oregon.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
ODUGT
Readers of the Mining and Scientific Press
will be interested in the view shown below. It represents a section
of PACIFIC redwood-stave PIPE under construction for the United
States Reclamation Service, Sun River Project, near Gilman, Mon-
tana. It is part of a siphon, eight feet diameter, which crosses a
steel bridge and then up a steep, rocky canyon. Inspection of this
illustration will convey an idea of the construction difficulties
encountered, and, at the same time, direct attention to the adapta-
bility of PACIFIC PRODUCTS to meet any set of conditions,
however severe.
An experienced, competent engineering staff is at your disposal
without obligation on your part. Your correspondence is solicited.
PACIFIC TANK AND PIPE COMPANY
SAN FRANCISCO, 302 Marlcel Streel.
903 Savings and Trust Bdg., LOS ANGELES
EDITORIAL STAFF:
T. A. RICKARD - - Editor
COURTENAY DE KALB.
Aaociftte Editor
W. H. STORMS - New. Editoi
Mining *s. Press
ESTAIiUSIIBD 1860
PuMiltud .11 JJll M.irt.-i St.. San Francisco, In; tin- Dowry PuMilhinj Comi v
Bl SINESS SI wi .
C. T. HUTCHINSON. IVWger
«/
E. H. LESLIE
600 Ftiher Bdi.. Chic.no
V
A. S. BREAKEY
1760 Woolworth Bda.. New York
Science has no enemy save (he ignoranl
Issued Every Suturday
San Francisco, July 7, 1917
$4 per Year — 15 Cents per Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
Page.
1
Notes
labob i'.nkkst 2
Strikes at Butte, Bisbee. Globe, and Clifton; some just
causes of dissatisfaction; error in method of paying
bonus: difficulties of the managers; labor troubles
must be settled in the interest of the country. M. &
S. P., July 7, 1917.
MISGOVERNED Mexico 3
Confiscation of American-owned mines near the bor-
der; motive behind these acts; may portend interfer-
ence with the oil-shipments; need of drastic action by
our Government. M, & S. P., July 7, 1917.
DISCUSSION
Sampling Large Low-Grade Orebodies.
By Thos. H. Leggett 5
Mill-tests v. moil-sampling; representative mill-tests.
M. & S. P., July 7. 1917.
Forest Reserve Again.
By Henry F. Melville and C. E. Rachford 5
Grazing permits on Forest Reserve; divergence in
practice from principles of the Use Book. Troubles
over cattle must be adjusted under the State law.
M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
"Canadian Mining Regulations.
By Wm. Thomlinson 6
Order in Council restricting rights of aliens in holding
Canadian mining property; Revised Order in Council
No. 1268 curing such defects. M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
Magmatic Ore Segregation.
By John A. Dresser 7
Confirmation of statements of Dr. J. T. Singewald by
observations on a chromite deposit in Quebec; mag-
matic segregation retarded by solvent action of min-
eralizers in the magma. M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
ARTICLES
Phosphate Rock.
By R. W. Stone S
Distribution of phosphate rock; neglect of Western
deposits; total available resources. M. & S. P., July 7,
1917.
Principles of Flotation — I.
By T. A. Richard 9
The soap-bubble and the floating needle; cause of
Page,
buoyancy of the needle; surface-tension defined and
illustrated; attractive forces acting on a molecule;
experiments to explain surface-tension; capillarity;
effect of contaminants on surface-tension; oils and
their influence in lowering surface-tension; simple
qualitative test for presence of minute quantities of
oil; phenomenon of wetting; relation of liquid cohe-
sion to phenomena of wetting and flotation; functions
of oil in floating metals and minerals. M. & S. P.,
July 7, 1917.
Methods of Driving Pine Mountain Tunnel.
By H. Devereux 16
Details of Pine Mountain tunnel, Marin county, Cali-
fornia; section S ft. by 8 ft.; average speed of driving
11.5 ft. per diem; total cost per foot $16.12; compari-
sons with other tunnels. M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
Memoranda on Submarines 21
Maneuvering of the submarine; radius of action; lit-
toral and submerged bases; sounds made by the sub-
marines. M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
Recent Vulcanism in Salvador.
By C. Ero Wuensch 22
History of the volcano Izalco; prophecy of the erup-
tion that has just occurred; cause of the eruption.
M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
Mining in Utah.
By L. 0. Howard 23
Labor difficulties; details of activity in mining dis-
tricts; tax assessment on tailing dumps; wash-out on
D. & R. G. Ry. ; smelters may suspend for want of
coke. M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
Government's Lead Purchase
M. & S. P., July 7, 1917.
24
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Mining 25
Special Correspondence from Cripple Creek, Colorado;
Treadwell, Alaska; Toronto, Ontario; Porcupine, On-
tario; Cobalt, Ontario; Sudbury, Ontario; Eldora,
Colorado; Kirkland Lake, Ontario; and Mexico.
The Mining Summary 29
Personai 33
Obituary 33
The Metal Market 34
Eastern Metal Market 35
Established May 24. I860, as The Scientific Press; name changed October
'20 of the same year to Mining and Scientific Press.
Entered at the San Francisco poBt-office as second-class matter. Cable
-■address: Pertusola.
Branch Offices — Chicago. 600 Fisher Bdg\: New York. 1760 Woolworth
Bdr.: London. 724 Salisbury House. B.C.
Price. 15 cents per copy. Annual subscription, payable in advance:
United States and Mexico, S4: Canada. $5: other countries in postal union.
25s. or S6.
30
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 191T
Speed up withiElectric Power
G-E Equipment is reliable and economical
HERE are some of the ways in which modern
industry has been speeded up by putting
electric power to work in the right place.
Metal mines have boosted output to meet world-
wide demands. Great central power plants in
place of small local plants in coal mining areas
now supply cheaper electric power per ton out-
put for each mine. All tonnage records have
been smashed in the steel industry. Greater
automobile output has lowered prices and given
better road transportation. More and better
cloth has been produced at lower power costs.
The engineering problems solved in putting
electric power to work in these and other indus-
tries were many and intricate.' Production of
electrical equipment suited to this work and in
quantities required is an important part of this
company's service to American industries.
Any problem involving the use of power can
be simplified by the application of electricity. The
General Electric Company is well equipped to
lend valuable assistance in working out* such
problems and is glad to co-operate with manu-
facturers and engineers in every possible way.
C-E Motor Drive
| General Electric Company]
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scienti6c PRESS
E
©
11
"J""
I&
II
^
J_l
T . A
a
■i - 'J
K A B
D ,
3 il
1 1 K
A TTKNTION is directed to the sub-heading on our
-**• cover-page. Some readers may not have noticed it.
We are glad to be able to assert that this is "an inde-
pendent paper, owned, edited, and managed by en-
gineers. ' '
/~\UR British friend The Mining Magazine informs us
^-* that the Board of Inland Revenue has been induced
to regard a mine as a wasting asset, and in accordance
with this decision some allowance for amortization of
•capital will be made in connection with the assessment
for the excess-profit tax. Thus the British tax-collector
has learned a fundamental truth. War is an effective
teacher of economics.
IVTITRie ACID to the extent of 7000 tons per annum
-*- ' will be manufactured at a new plant being erected
at Trollhiittan, Sweden. The Birkeland-Eyde process
will be employed. The new company is being financed in
part by Germans, and the output, naturally, will be
"utilized in the manufacture of explosives, some of which
will likely be directed to the destruction of Americans.
This brings home to us anew the impossible position of a
nation pretending neutrality in a world-racking war.
Tj^ROM New York it is reported that the Government
-*- has placed an order for 60,000,000 pounds of copper
at 25 cents per pound. Meanwhile arrangements are
being made for a much larger contract at a price not
yet determined. There is talk of higher market quota-
tions owing to the curtailment of output at the mines due
to labor troubles, but any rise at this time would only
give aid to the labor agitator and draw attention to the
artificial methods by which the high price of copper is
maintained.
"TVTEWS comes from London that the Giant mine, in
H
Rhodesia, has been closed because "there is no hope
of running the property at a profit." This sepulchral
announcement may be compared with the recklessly op-
timistic statements that sent the shares of the Giant to
$32.50 in 1909, giving the mine a valuation at that time
of $8,500,000. Only $5 per share has been paid in
dividends since then. This was one of the mines that
brought discredit not so much on Rhodesia as upon
Rhodesian finance, and more particularly on the stock-
jobbing methods of the Consolidated Gold Fields of
South Africa.
nnUNNEL-DRIVING at Pine Mountain is the subject
■*• of a highly informing article in this issue, written
by Mr. H. Devereux. It will interest every engineer to
follow the close analysis of detail given to show in what
manner, during this period of high costs, Mr. M. M.
O'Shaughnessy, the engineer in charge, succeeded in
driving and lining an 8700-ft. tunnel, with a section of
8 by 8 feet inside the timbers, at the average rate of 19
feet per diem and at a total cost per foot of $16.12. In-
teresting comparisons with adits driven by the Alaska-
Gastineau Mining Company, the Arizona Copper Com-
pany, and others form a measure of the successful work
accomplished at Pine Mountain.
Tj^ERRO-MANGANESE requirements in this country
-*- for the remainder of the current year have been
subjected to critical analysis by The Iron Age, which
shows, first, that a steel output in 1917 of 45,000,000
tons almost certainly will be realized. This would be an
increase of 45% over the production in 1913. Of that
total, 40,320,000 tons would require ferro-manganese at
the average rate of 17 pounds per ton of steel, indicating
306,000 long tons of ferro-manganese required. To meet
that demand the calculated output of our own furnaces is
240,000 tons, and the anticipated imports will add 70,000,
making a total of 310,000 tons. Any decrease in the
productivity of foreign mines would easily produce a
shortage. It is important to investigate further the pos-
sibilities of developing domestic deposits, in conjunction
with concentration to meet the market standard.
/"CIRCULARS have been issued from the head office of
^ the American Institute of Mining Engineers for the
purpose of eliciting opinions in regard to a new defini-
tion of eligibility for membership. We note, with pleas-
ure, that no attempt is to be made to disturb the status
of those already members. Some years ago sundry reac-
tionary members suggested the idea of creating a special
class of superior persons to be called 'Fellows', who were
to be placed on a plane above the run-of-mine 'Mem-
bers'. That would, we hope, have provoked a riot, for
once a man is a full member of a society he has a right to
object to any later sorting and stratification. The plan
now proposed is something quite different; it is to ren-
der the election of members more selective and so auto-
matically to improve the average of the whole member-
ship, making the Institute more truly representative of
the profession.
T> ECENTLY one of our readers wrote to protest, vigor-
•*-*- ously, against the use of pounds, shillings, and
pence, instead of American currency, in an article on
mining in South Africa. It annoyed him. We replied
that the rate of exchange between pounds and dollars
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
had ranged from $7 to $4.60 during the last three years
and that it might vary considerably between the date of
writing an article and the date of publication. The same
holds true for Mexican economics; who shall state the
equivalent — in cents — of the peso at a given moment?
Uniformity is admirable, but it may be the cause of eon-
fusion. The article to which our protestant referred was
written by an American mining engineer, Mr. H. Foster
P.ain, and it was intended for the reading, among others,
' of American engineers on the Rand. They would have
been annoyed, at least as much as our kicker, if we had
given them our criticisms, through Mr. Bain, in terms of
dollars and cents. Gentlemen, think of the other fellow
sometimes.
WE publish a short statement issued by the National
Research Council concerning submarines and their
capabilities. This summary of facts is intended to guide
inventors and engineers now at work in devising a means
to overcome the assassin of the seas. Most of the ideas
transmitted to Washington emanate from fanatics. Mr.
Lawrence Addicks confessed recently that the Naval
Consulting Board, of which he is a member, is "over-
whelmed with people who have fantastic ideas of hang-
ing nets and magnets on ships to stop torpedoes." We
feel confident that an invitation for suggestions from our
engineering friends will not add to the burdens of those
at Washington, but that any ideas presented by them
will be sane and scientific. The submarine is still a
menace. We must find some way of circumventing it.
Vice-Admiral Sims, now in command of our destroyer
flotilla on the other side, has laid emphasis on the fact
that the submarine must come to the surface at intervals
to breathe, as it were, or, more technically, to recharge its
batteries. That requires from three to five hours. It is then
that the patrol-boats have a chance to hunt their quarry.
The nets used to entrap a submarine when moving
under water are made of steel wire a quarter of an inch
thick in meshes 12 feet wide. Already the Germans have
invented a tool to cut such nets ; therefore it remains for
us to devise a kind of net that they cannot cut in the
limited time available. Mr. Arthur H. Pollen, a British
naval expert of high standing, advocates an active search
for submarine bases and the destroying of them. Un-
fortunately the Germans use neutral coasts, such as those
of Spain and Norway, as a rendezvous, and until these
neutrals join us it will be impossible to carry out such
a policy with any degree of completeness. Rear- Admiral
Goodrich, writing in The Nation., advocates this same
idea of tracking the enemy to his lair. The stretching
of a steel net from Scotland to Norway, across 240 miles
of shallow water, has been suggested as a costly but
feasible means of defence, the «dea being based on the
successful use of similar netting for protecting traffic
from England to France. Such fine and large schemes
are less likely to prove effective than the research now
being made into means for detecting the submarine by
sound or exposing it to attack by light. Once the secrecy
of the submarine's movements has been pierced its power
for harm will he enormously decreased. The only idea
that ever came to us on the subject was to use oil to
cover the surface of the sea and thereby obscure vision
through the periscope, but we decided that we would not
bother our friends on the Naval Consulting Board with
such a proposal, because the ocean is wide and oil is
costly. At one time the aeroplane, more particularly the
hydroplane, was expected to ferret the marine vermin,
but apparently this method of hunting has proved dis-
appointing. It is too much like looking for a needle in a
haystack. A vigilant patrol by small boats supple-
mented by destroyers appears to be the one sure method.
It is a great and honorable sport in which thousands of
gallant men are now engaged. Meanwhile it is incum-
bent upon American ingenuity to devise something more
directly effective.
Labor Unrest
Work is being stopped at the copper mines of Montana
and Arizona. At Butte, a strike, started by the Metal
Miners Union, has spread among the electrical workers,
crippling the operation of the mines to a point where the
entire local industry is paralyzed. In Arizona the strike
at Jerome had no sooner been adjusted than demands
were made upon the companies operating in the Clifton-
Morenei district, where a bitter strike was ended only a
year ago. Serious trouble has developed at Globe, Miami,
and Bisbee. Apparently the labor population of a num-
ber of important mining districts is seething with unrest,
and unless some measure of patriotic spirit is shown on
both sides the supply of copper will be seriously dimin-
ished. We have received copies of the bulletins issued
by the strikers at Butte. They are written intelligently
and forcibly. We have also received a copy of the
Arizona Labor Journal containing a statement by Mr.
J. L. Donnelly, president of the Arizona State Federa-
tion of Labor. This also is a clever brief for the workers.
The demand for higher wages, despite the drop in the
price of copper, is based upon the increased cost of living.
For instance, Mr. Donnelly claims that "$3.50 per day
eighteen months ago would purchase the equivalent of
$5.50 today." Even if this be a slight exaggeration, it
is more than likely that the taste for luxury excited by
the sudden rise in wages has caused the miner to be so
reckless in his purchasing that today he is saving less
than lie did eighteen months ago. Our own recent ob-
servations of life in several mining districts would tend
to confirm this inference. The copper-mining companies
made a great blunder, of course, in not paying the bonus
separately from the wages: they should have given the
regular pay in one cheek and the bonus, based on the rise
in the price of copper, in another check. That would have
reminded the men of the temporary nature of the big
advance in their income. But, say the leaders of organ-
ized labor, the increased pay, even with the bonus, is not
enough, now that the cost of living has advanced faster
that the bonus dependent upon the price of copper.
Copper may have fallen in price, they say, but it is still
July 7, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
S
selling »t ii figure more than twice the cost of producing
it: the companies are making enormous profits; we are
doI profiting at all, owing to the high eosl of living; bo
we demand another increase of wages. Nol content with
thai the Arizonan unions insist thai the contracl system
sliull be abandoned, and they even murmur something
about a 6-hour day. Sere bad faith becomes manifest ;
for these further demands have nothing to do with the
high cost of living and are merely clubs shaken at the
managers with the idea of intimidating them. At Butte
the demand for higher wages, based on vital conditions,
is tied to a protest against t he 'rustling card,' meaning
the exercise of discrimination by the companies in giving
employment. Protest is also made against the unsafe
conditions underground, this last heing prompted by the
recent Speculator disaster. If the loss of life was due, as
is asserted, to the existence of concrete bulkheads that
blocked the necessary exits, then the men have a legiti-
mate grievance not only against the companies but
against the State Mine Inspector ; but the charge of
black-listing means merely that the employer tries to
keep out men that are known to be trouble-makers. Of
the secondary issues, the contract system is much the
most important because it goes to the root of the question
whether the employer is to have a fair deal ; whether he
is to pay for what service he gets, or whether he must
distribute uniformly high wages for a varying return
in work, giving equal pay to the incompetent and the
competent, the lazy and the energetic among his em-
ployees. We believe that the contract system is fair to
all concerned and the only system that upholds the self-
respect of the working-man ; we recognize, however, that
it is not always fairly applied and that it then becomes
vicious. Here we come to the root of the whole matter :
fair dealing as between men. "We sympathize sincerely
with the managers of mines, for they are often, placed
between the devil of the greedy capitalist and the deep
sea. of the workman's ignorance; it needs — always — a
man of strong character and high principle to safeguard
the interests of a company and yet protect the welfare
of the men on the pay-roll. The mining profession as a
whole is more than willing to be fair to the toilers under-
ground, and its keen interest in the welfare movement is
an indication of that fact, so that the use of the high
cost of living as an argument for higher pay would be
received sympathetically if it did not come on top of a
period of extravagance in the mining communities and
if it were not made at such a time and in such a manner
as to suggest a 'hold-up.' The strike bulletin at Butte
exclaims joyously that the companies cannot furnish metal
to fulfill their contracts now that so many men are idle.
Who will suffer ? The companies ? No ! The Nation ; the
Great Cause to which we are committed ; these are the
ones to suffer, and when the public awakens to this fact we
expect to see a popular demand for a speedy settlement of
this sinister attempt to clog the wheels of industry at a
period of great crisis. Thus we started with unconcealed
sympathy for the predicament in which economic con-
ditions, due to the War, had placed the miner and his
comrades, hut we arrive fcevitabbj ;ii the conclusion thai
sympathy must, lie withheld if advantage is in he taken
<<( the Nation's necessity in order uol only to obtain a
reasonable concession bul to enforce an unreasonable de-
mand. One word more. We have referred In the propa-
ganda of union labor. It is well prepared and likely to
he effective. The labor element is organized and articu-
late. The employers, namely, the mining companies and
the resident, managers for the companies, are deficient in
these two respects. Only too often pelly jealousies in-
terfere with united action and the differences of policy
prevent an outspoken statement of purpose. We believe
that the companies should take the public into their con-
fidence, for, in the end, public opinion is the arbiter, just
as public opinion is the power behind the law. The
propaganda of the labor agitators should be met with a
frank explanation of the case as it seems to the mine
managers, and the explanation ought to be put in printed
form so that everybody in the mining community can
read it. In some localities the companies control one or
more local papers ; they should acknowledge the fact
frankly so that the control may lose any sinister suggest-
iveness. Nobody thinks it improper for the union to run
a paper. Let both sides come into the open and argue
their contentions at the bar of public opinion. This is a
democracy. The methods of the Star Chamber and those
of the Black Hand are equally repugnant to good citi-
zens. Publicity is the anti-toxin of wrong.
Misgoverned Mexico
Mexico is testing our mettle. The wholesale confisca-
tion of Mexican mines owned by citizens of this country
may be regarded as a deliberate challenge. Abandon-
ment of the copper mines and smelters at Cananea has
been forced by executive orders with which it was im-
possible for the owners to comply. At the same time the
Department of Finance in Mexico City is proceeding to
confiscate 7702 mining claims belonging to the Cananea
company on the ground of its refusal to re-pay taxes that
had been paid once to other officials, but which the Car-
ranza administration insists must be forthcoming again,
with extravagant penalties accrued under arbitrary de-
crees skilfully contrived to work the ruin of alien in-
vestors. The plain logic of the situation is ignored. For
years no constitutional government has existed in Mexico.
Carranza was not in line of succession to the presidency
after the forced resignation of Madero. He had no legal
status as a Federal officer under the constitution of
1857. He took up arms ostensibly to re-instate a govern-
ment that would adhere to the terms of that constitution,
and he was entitled to the credit of good intentions while
he continued to pursue that purpose. Nevertheless, this
did not entitle him to revenue from such Mexican ter-
ritory as he did not effectively hold and administer.
Administration involves protection, and the Cananea
company was not protected by Carranza while it was
being robbed by Maytorena's looters. Moreover, May-
torena had a sounder title to executive authority in
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Sonora than Carranza, because he was actually there,
aud he was likewise iu arms professedly for the re-es-
tablishment of a stable government under the old con-
stitution. He had declined to co-operate with the First
Chief for reasons that were honorable. In the mean-
time, the question of the right to rule and to collect
duties and taxes was being rudely discussed on the
battle-field. It is preposterous for Carranza to claim
that he represents a government that has suffered by loss
of the revenues wrested by officers in control before he
had established his authority. The United States has
treaties with the government created under the constitu-
tion of 1857, and those treaties concede no right to penal-
ize American property-owners for having paid moneys
under duress to revolutionary upstarts. Carranza does
not represent the Mexico of the old constitution with
which we entered into treaty-relations, for he did not re-
establish that constitution ; he evaded it while acting as
dictator, and he ended by discarding it altogether and
framing a new constitution, written with intent to win
the adherence of the rabble by means of labor-clauses
that express the principles of the I. W. W., while it re-
serves powers to the executive that make him in effect
an autocrat. Such an international situation has been
created by these confiscatory acts of the Carranza govern-
ment as to call for more astute diplomacy on our part
than has characterized our previous dealings with revo-
lutionary Mexico.
Not only has Cananea suffered, but the El Tigre silver
mine, belonging to the Lucky Tiger-Combination Com-
pany, has been obliged to close, as well as the rich Ped-
razzini silver property near Arizpe, at which point the
manager, an Englishman, has been placed in confinement.
It is not the mines alone that have suffered. The im-
portant agricultural project in the Yaqui valley, belong-
ing to the Richardson Construction Company, in which
Messrs. John Hays Hammond and Harry Payne Whit-
ney are the chief shareholders, has been seized by the
Mexican officials for refusal to pay confiscatory taxes
and to comply with impossible regulations. This form
of Turkish justice is being administered to corporations
belonging exclusively to non-Teutonic Americans whose
properties lie comparatively near the border. While
arbitrary proceedings have hampered aud oppressed
foreign corporations operating elsewhere in the republic,
the most conspicuous violations of alien rights have taken
place where they would attract the most attention in the
United States. This implies an ulterior motive. It is
clearly meant to ascertain the strength and decision of
the United States in the first instance ; to see whether in
the face of the German peril we dare risk hostilities with
Mexico. We know, and Carranza knows, that a war with
him would ultimately absorb more soldiers than we
now have trained and ready. If we hesitate, if we fail
to send an ultimatum that would involve armed interven-
tion in case of a diplomatic rebuff, he will be emboldened
to increase the embarrassments and financial burdens of
the oil-producers. Evidently he is feeling us out under
the direction of his German advisors. Meanwhile he is
preparing for aggressive action by rushing the construc-
tion of new munition-plants furnished by the Japanese.
The latest of these is being erected near the City of
Mexico. If we continue our time-worn policy of reason-
ing and coaxing»he may be indiscreet enough to under-
take to prohibit the exportation of oil. That is what his
new-found friends desire. It might wreck Mexico, but
Mexico could also wreck the oilfields before the Allied
fleets could take possession. It is even possible that the
marines could not cope with the situation, and the inter-
ruption of oil-deliveries for a few weeks might imperil
the operation of the British fleet. We ought to take
drastic action. We have on hand the business of crush-
ing the Enemy, and he who is not with us is against us.
Carranza is not only not with us. but by every act and
word he has shown himself hostile ; nevertheless, he un-
derstands plain English when spoken in no uncertain
tone. He does not wish to be dealt with as we and his
own people will deal with him if he falls from power in
a clash with us. He is less loved even than Santa Ana,
and would less easily resist the general opprobrium that
would follow an unnecessary and calamitous conflict with
the United States. Had he played fair with Villa he
might have ridden into power with the support of all
classes remaining in Mexico, and he would not at the
present time be defied by Zapata in Morelos, by Felix
Diaz in Puebla, by Meixueiro in Oaxaca, by Villa and
Salazar in Chihuahua, and by the brothers Cedillo in San
Luis Potosi. Had he played fair with the United States
and respected the treaty-rights of our citizens such a
flood of American capital would have poured across the
Rio Grande to develop the resources of that marvelous
store-house of mineral riches that he would not now be
floundering in financial quagmires, nor would he have
had to resort to the looting of the Mexican banks in a
last desperate effort to retain the loyalty of his soldiers
by paying them with specie that should have been jeal-
ously guarded in the interest of the banking-credit of the
country. Evidently the question now before him is
whether he can borrow from the United States to keep
himself going, or whether, failing in this, he can so cripple
us and our Allies as to promote the triumph of Prussian-
ism. Germany cannot finance him at the moment; we
can if we will ; and, being a shrewd man, he is naturally
weighing the chances of ready American coin against
Teutonic promises to pay him if he turns the trick. If
we finance him once we shall have to administer the same
medicine repeatedly. It is for this country to decide
whether to pay tribute to Carranza or, if he prove re-
calcitrant, whether the hour be propitious for putting
some worthy Mexican in power charged to maintain a
respectable and self-respecting government. We do not
want Mexico ; we merely desire a decent administration
in Mexico, representative of the finer intelligence and
spirit of the republic and true to its constitution. We
believe there are men in Mexico as capable of bringing
this about as were Mitre and Sarmiento in Argentina,
whose courage and wisdom started that country on its
triumphant career of genuinely democratic progress.
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
ID
c u
f f~J r- J
a © m
Our readers are incited to use this department for the diacussi/m of technical and other matters pertaining to
mining and metallurgy. The Editor welcomes expressions of views contrary to his own, believing thai careful
criticism is more mluublc titan casual compliment.
Sampling Large Low-Grade Orebodies
The Editor:
Sir — This matter seems to have reduced itself to the
question as to whether such bodies can be better sampled
by mill-tests or by ordinary moil-sampling, and anent this
you ask several pertinent questions in your issue of
May 26.
I believe Mr. L. A. Parsons has struck the keynote
when he says: "representative — that is the crucial
point." If mill-tests could be made representative of the
ore-blocks or of the mine from which they are taken, I
believe the results arrived at would in many cases be
nearer the correct value than that obtained by moil-
sampling, but this necessitates a large number of mill-
tests from any given block of ore, in a wide deposit, and
a great number of such tests from the various cross-cuts,
drifts, and raises, that so frequently expose but two of
three sides of a block.
In order therefore to make a mill test 'representative'
there must be at least several hundred, perhaps a thou-
sand, of them, each a separate run with a separate clean-
up. Has any one ever heard of such a thing having been
done? Yet in the examination of large ore deposits by
moil-sampling it is a common thing to take anywhere
from 1500 to 3000 samples, while during the exploration
and development of the low-grade copper deposits the
number of small samples derived from both drilling and
moiling runs into the tens of thousands.
It is evident then that the small-sample method has and
always will prevail over the mill-test, chiefly because it is
far more 'representative' of the ore-mass. In either case
when the deposit is a large one an enormous amount of
development work is required, involving heavy cost. If
to this be added the far greater expense, as compared
with moil-sampling, of cutting hundreds of small stopes
and making an individual test on each lot of ore the pre-
liminary outlay is too great to be practicable.
In some of the large deposits of low-grade gold ore even
the development work necessary to expose enough faces to
make moil-sampling fairly 'representative' has not been
done, not only because of the great expense involved but
because the resultant work cannot be used in the subse-
quent ore extraction on account of the mine having to be
worked in huge stopes of unusual height, in order to re-
duce the cost of mining.
In the case you refer to where 375,000 tons of ore were
milled before the value of the ore was considered to be
established, most of us, I think, would have considered
the mining and milling of such a huge amount to have
been a 'representative' test of the mine. But subsequent
results have shown that it was not, and the natural con-
clusion is that driving, cross-cutting, etc., on several
levels and for long distances would have paid in the end.
It is easy to be wise after the event, but I think this ex-
perience should teach one the almost insuperable diffi-
culties in sampling a large and very low-grade mass of
gold ore. As Mr. Jackling has pointed out, the expense
involved makes it impracticable financially.
Again, we have all met the mine-owner who says,
"This mine cannot be sampled ; only a mill-run will give
you accurate and dependable values." Such a mine is
almost sure to be a good mine — for the owner to keep.
Moil-sampling, done with care and judgment, can and
should be more 'representative' of the ore behind the
sample, because of the greater number of samples that
can- be taken, because of the greater elasticity of the
method where the metal contents occur in streaks and
patches, because the method is readily applicable to re-
mote places and workings more difficult of access, and be-
cause it is far cheaper than mill-tests made in sufficient
numbers to make them 'representative.'
After all, what is the sampling of a mine other than a
means of obtaining "the best possible approximation" of
its value. In the nature of the case it can only be an
approximation due to several causes into which it is not
necessary to enter here. Enough to say that no perfect
sampling method has yet been advised. That moil-sam-
pling comes closest to this "best possible approximation"
has, I think, been definitely proved by practical experi-
ence.
New York, June 20. Thos. H. Leggett.
Forest Reserve Again
The Editor :
Sir — I send you an open letter addressed to H. G. Mer-
rill, supervisor of the Monterey National Forest Reserve.
King City, California, revealing a situation that is detri-
mental to operators of mines on Forest Reserves. , It is a
subject that deserves attention. The letter follows :
Mr. H. G. Merrill, King City, California.
Dear Sir : I would respectfully call your attention to
the following facts: Since 1906 annually the officers of
the reserve have caused to be issued grazing permits for
the section of country known as 'Gold Ridge', which is
private property, being located as mineral land. The
stock is turned loose without herders, fences, or corrals,
with the result that they destroy the trails, roads, ditches,
and reservoirs every year, that have been built at great
6
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
expense. It is impossible to make headway without pro-
tection against the above acts. We have protested in
vain to the officers ; and the Government is practising the
same method, in that they sued Messrs. Shannon and
Little for the State of Montana and Colorado. The
county of Monterey passed the 'no fence' law to check
the very acts that the officers of the reserve are commit-
ting. You leave us no feed upon our own ground for our
stock to work our mine. The hue and cry now is, where
has the prospector gone ? He is not in evidence upon the
public domain any more. Get the records in the case of
U. S. v. Copper Mountain Mining Co., and study them
well, and you won't ask the reason why. Never a forest
ranger comes around to ascertain what damage is being
done. You say in your USE BOOKS "we foster the
small home-builder, mining not interfered with", and
the like. The records here and in the Pinnacles and
National Monument Reserve do not show it ; it is the
reverse. See the protest filed at Washington in the In-
terior Department against the unlawful acts of the above
officers ; ; it will show how business has been done in the
above reserves, and so far there has not been any redress.
The above protest was filed by Wm. D. MacPhie, of Sole-
dad, on behalf of the above copper company some 34
years ago. For full particulars apply to the under-
signed, at Gold Ridge.
Henry F. Melville.
Jolon, California, March 31.
The Editor:
Sir — Upon examining the records of this office I find
that a similar protest to the one transmitted by Mr. Mel-
ville was filed on December 18, 1909, and that nearly
each year since that date a similar protest has been
submitted. Upon receipt of each one of these protests
the local Forest officers have endeavored to make an
adjustment between the mining claimants and the stock-
men who grazed their stock under permit in that par-
ticular locality of the Monterey National Forest. From
the records it appears that there are between 25 and 30
head of stock under permit in this locality, the owners of
which own ranch property and grazing-land near the
Forest. These permittees have occupied the Forest ever
since its establishment and have gained what we term a
preference in the use of National Forest range ; how-
ever, our regulations provide specifically that subsisting
mining locations are not taken into consideration when
grazing permits are granted for National Forest land.
I quote from our instructions to local Forest officers the
followipg: "Mining claims — Persons holding unpat-
ented mining claims within a National Forest have the
right to the grass or other forage upon such claim needed
for stock used in connection with the development of the
claims, but they have no right to dispose of the forage to
any other person or to collect rental for the use of the
claims for grazing purposes. Such unperfected mining
claims, therefore, cannot be accepted as the basis for a
permit under this regulation." In view of the fact that
we have no jurisdiction over these claims, and, further,
from the fact that the permit issued to each stock-man
states specifically that it does not grant the right to the
use of any other than National Forest lands, you will see,
I believe, that we have no jurisdiction in this matter, and
if the damage done by the grazing of this stock actually
occurs it is a matter that must be handled under the
State law between the mining claimants and the owners
of the stock. In the past we have endeavored to have all
parties interested come to some agreement so that the
proper drift-fences could be constructed, or other means
devised by which this complaint would not be continually
coming up. Our efforts along this line have been unsuc-
cessful, and the only course left open for us to pursue is
to withdraw from the controversy entirely and let the
mining claimants and the owners of the stock adjust
their differences.
C. E. Rachford,
Assistant District Forester.
San Francisco, California, June 13.
Canadian Mining Regulations
The Editor:
Sir — on March 5, 1917, under the provisions of the
War Measures Act, 1914, the Canadian Government en-
acted, by order-in-council, certain regulations restricting
the rights of aliens as to holding or acquiring, directly or
indirectly, mining and other property in Canada ; where
such rights, lands, and so on, were vested in or admin-
istered by the Federal Government. As aliens who were
not enemies of Canada were also included, mining men
and others deemed the regulations too severe ; therefore
they induced the Government to rescind the objection-
able clauses and substitute others bearing only on alien
enemies, companies and corporations.
The revised order-in-council, No. 1268, is dated May
8, 1917, and a copy of the same is herewith enclosed.
As you published a summary of the regulations dated
March 5, 1917, I hope you will be agreeable to give the
same publicity to the revised copy now enclosed.
Wm. Thomlinson.
New Denver, B. C, June 20.
Clauses 3, 4. and 5 of the Regulations established by Order
in Council ot the 5th of March, 1917, (P.C. 572), are hereby
rescinded and the following Clauses are hereby made and en-
acted In lieu thereof:
"3. No company shall acquire or hold any of the rights,
powers or benefits hereinbefore referred to if such company
be an alien enemy company, or registered in an alien enemy
country, or having its principal place of business within such
country, or if the chairman of such company or any of the
directors are subjects of an alien enemy country, or if such
company is controlled, either directly or indirectly, by an
alien enemy or alien enemies, or by an alien enemy corpora-
tion or alien enemy corporations.
"4. Any alteration in the Memorandum of Articles of Asso-
ciation, or in the constitution, or in the laws of any company
holding any rights, powers or benefits hereinafter referred to
shall be reported by the proper officer of the company to the
Minister of the Interior, and two months previous notice in
writing shall be given to the Minister of the Interior of the
.lulv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
intention to make any alteration which might conceivably,
either directly or Indirectly, affect the character or control of
any such company, and if, In the opinion of the Minister of the
Interior, the said alteration shall he contrary to the cardinal
principal that the said company shall be and remain a company
not of alien enemy origin or control, the Minister of the
Interior may refuse his consent to such alteration, and if his
refusal Is not obeyed, may declare such company to be an alien
enemy company and may cancel the said rights, powers and
benefits under the provisions of the next following regulation.
"5. If any company which has acquired any right, power or
benefit hereinbefore referred to shall, at any time, become
subject to the control of an alien enemy, or alien enemies, or
an alien enemy corporation or corporations, or shall assign any
of the rights, powers or benefits aforesaid, without the con-
sent in writing of the Minister of the Interior being first had
and obtained, or if the said right, power and benefit has been
acquired through error, misrepresentation or fraud, the Min-
ister of the Interior may cancel the grant of such right, power
or benefit and thereupon the same shall ipso facto be can-
celled and any moneys or fees paid to or deposited with His
Majesty shall be ipso facto forfeited to His Majesty.
Magmatic Ore Segregation
The Editor:
Sir — In view of a suggestive article by Dr. J. T. Singe-
wald in the Mining & Scientific Press for May 26,
where the mode of occurrence of chromite is referred to,
a review of the conditions under which chromite occurs
in southern Quebec may be of interest. The examination
of the Quebec chromite deposits has not yet been com-
pleted, and further investigation may throw new light
on their origin. A preliminary report (Memoir 22,
Geological Survey of Canada) covering this area was
prepared by myself in 1911 and published in 1913.
Since that date a topographic map of the district has
been drawn and Dr. R. Harvie of the Geological Survey
staff is preparing to make a final report. It is therefore
suitable to confine this communication to an interim
description, mainly of the features bearing on the sub-
ject of Singewald's article. The ehromite-producing
district of Quebec lies south-east of the St. Lawrence
river, and is distant by rail about 80 miles from the
City of Quebec and 160 miles from Montreal. The main
production has been from a small area about 6 by 12
miles in extent, but other occurrences have been found
outside of this area which, in the present favorable mar-
ket, are being developed with good prospects of success.
The production since 1886 has been somewhat more than
100,000 tons.
The ore occurs in a complex of basic igneous rocks,
intrusive into folded and altered sediments consisting of
slates and quartzites of Cambrian and Ordovician age.
The principal types of igneous rock are peridotite partly
altered to serpentine, pyroxenite, and diabase. Other
allied rock-varieties appear in places as gabbro and por-
phyrite. Granite, also, is present in the form of dikes
and small bosses. The basic rocks are plainly differen-
tiates from a single intrusion, while the granite has been
intruded later, though probably while the wall-rocks
were still heated. The basic rocks occur in the form of
stocks and of sills that in places show laccolithic thicken-
ing. The different rocks are arranged in the sills in the
order of decreasing basftity and density, that is, perido
lite, pyroxenite, and diabase, with the peridotite Oil the
bottom, while iii the stocks the order of basicity is from
the centre outwards.
Chromite occurs widely, almost universally, dissem-
inated throughout the peridotite and the pyroxenite as
an accessory constituent. Microscopic evidence shows
that it is a primary mineral and has been one of the
earliest to crystallize in these rocks. It also occurs in
masses, often forming single orebodies containing sev-
eral thousand tons. These occur usually, if not only, in
the transition-rock between the peridotite and pyroxen-
ite. Without recounting the evidences at length, it may
safely be said that the field-relations indicate thai the
orebodies are primary members of the igneous complex.
The walls are frequently ill defined, irregular, and not
bounded by structural features. There is no evidence
adequate to prove either solution and re-deposition in
masses of this difficultly soluble mineral, nor its injection
in its present position after the solidification of the coun-
try-rock. Certain minerals denoting pneumatolytie ac-
tion, such as garnet, vesuvianite, and molybdenite are
found at some of the deposits, but they are associated
with later granite dikes. In brief, the ore deposits seem
to be phases of the rock in which they occur.
The place in the igneous complex in which the chromite
occurs in mass, between peridotite and pyroxenite, is the
principal point of interest. It neither agrees with the
arrangement of the rocks of the complex in order of
density, nor with its own place where disseminated as an
accessory mineral in these rocks, in which it was one of
the first minerals to crystallize. While chromite shows
a strong tendency toward early crystallization, its maxi-
mum development seems to have taken place near the
close of the period of crystallization of the olivine.
This seems to imply a retarded crystallization of the
chromite in mass, such as Singewald has noted in ilmen-
ite and magnetite deposits, and which, with apparent
good reason, he ascribes to the physical action of the
mineralization agents of the French petrologists. Broadly
speaking, the chromite-concentrations in Quebec seem to
be best described as products of magmatic segregation
occupying a position in the series of differentiates that
has been influenced by the action of the mineralizers.
Montreal, June 9. John A. Dresser.
Magnetic-iron ores often contain large amounts of
manganese ; also many manganese deposits are mixtures
of iron sequi-oxide, or of limonite, with manganese di-
oxide. The iron in these can be removed, when not pres-
ent in a pulverulent form, by various types of magnetic
separators, such as the Wetherill. The residue contain-
ing the manganese can then be further concentrated, if
necessary, to eliminate silicious minerals so as to bring
the manganese product within the limits set by the mak-
ers of ferro-manganese, which are a minimum of 40%
metallic manganese, and a maximum of 12% silica. Also
the maximum permissible phosphorus content is 0.225%.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Phosphate Rock
By R. W. STONE
*Prior to 1914 the United States was producing an- tucky lie between Frankfort and Lexington, and consid-
nually close to 3,000,000 tons of phosphate rock, of erable quantities of rock have been mined near Wallace,
which over 99% came from Florida, Tennessee, and Deposits occur interruptedly for a distance of SO miles
South Carolina. With the beginning of the war the in the north-central part of Arkansas, and a small quan-
facilities for shipping phosphate rock to Europe were tity is produced at Anderson, Independence county,
greatly decreased. Many Florida plants were shut down, Four of the Western States possess vast deposits of
and they have not resumed operations. In 1916 the in- high-grade rock phosphate, but the western production
dustry was in some areas practically demoralized, but amounts to less than 5000 tons per year. Idaho, Utah,
there was nevertheless a gain over 1915. The total out- and Wyoming are the producers. Montana is not yet a
put in 1916 was 1,980,000 tons, valued at $5,897,000. producer, although at Blliston, Garrison, Philipsburg,
Tennessee, in spite of decreased production, has yielded and Melfose are extensive deposits easy of access and
a larger proportion of the country's output since the close to rail transportation. In the southeastern part of
War began. It would seem that the Tennessee industry, Idaho an extensive supply of high-grade phosphate
not having been so related to the export trade, and being occurs along both sides of Blackfoot river, in Fort Hall
equipped in part with modern 7nachinery, should develop Indian Reservation, near Montpelier, and north of Bear
while the European trade is restricted and while the lake. The Utah deposits are east of Great Salt lake, in
industry in Florida and South Carolina is more dormant, the Wasatch and Uinta ranges, and east of Bear lake.
The deposits of phosphate rock in the United States are These deposits are extensive, but the material averages
confined very definitely to the southeastern part of the only about 60% tricalcium phosphate. Western Wyom-
country and to the Rocky mountain region from the lati- ing also is rich in rock phosphate, the deposits being
tude of Salt Lake City. Utah, to that of Helena, Mon- mostly in the Owl creek, Wind river, Gros Ventre, and
tana. Although by far the largest deposits are in the Salt river ranges. Some of them are thick beds carrying
Western States, the production from that region is less 80% tricalcium phosphate and extending for many miles,
than 1% of the whole, owing to the lack of a nearby large and they constitute a reserve supply that is almost inex-
market at present and to high freight rates on the crude haustible.
rock. The western rock-phosphate deposits are so ex- Estimated quantity of phosphate rock in the United
tensive that, even if the entire world depended on them States:
for its supply, they would not be exhausted in many Eastern States: Long tons
generations. The Florida phosphate deposits comprise Florida 227,000,000
three classes— hard rock, land pebble, and river pebble. Tennessee 88,000,000
The hard rock is the highest grade, the land pebble is South Carolina 9.000,000
-,-,.,,, , j . , , , , Kentucky 1,000,000
produced in the largest quantity, and the river pebble is Arkansas ..*... 20 000 000
not mined at present. The area of hard-rock deposits '
forms a narrow strip along the western part of the . 345,000.000
Florida Peninsula from Suwannee county to Pasco Western States (Montana, Idaho, Utah,
county, a distance of approximately 100 miles. The and Wyoming) 5,367.000,000
land-pebble phosphate area lies east of Tampa and is noonoo
about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. The South Caro-
lina output consists of land-rock phosphate mined in the Although the total reserves as shown by this estimate
vicinity of Charleston. River-pebble phosphate occurs are ex * r emely large, the supply of high-grade rock is
in the same area but is not mined. The Tennessee de- mueh less and sh °"M not be considered inexhaustible,
posits of rock phosphate are in the west-central part and While t]w War eo "t in ues phosphate rock cannot be
extreme northeast corner of the State. The latter have sent to the la rgest consumer, Germany, and high cceau-
not been mined. Three types are recognized and known frei g ht rates practically stop shipments to other Euro-
by their colors as brown, blue, and white rock. The P ean eouutries - Th e demand for sulphuric acid for
brown rock comes from Maury. Giles. Hickman, Le\vis. maki "g munitions has raised the prices of acid so that
and Sumner counties and is sold under a guaranty of 70 manufacturers of acid-phosphate have been obliged to
to 80% tricalcium phosphate. The blue rock is mined in purtail production. It seems reasonable to believe that
Lewis and Maury counties and varies considerably in its at the end of the War European nations will need in-
phosphatic content. The phosphate deposits of Ken- erea sed quantities of phosphate, as their stores of food-
stuffs will be low. and intensive cultivation of the soil
*U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 666-J. will be necessary.
July 7. 1!H7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Principles of Flotation
By T. A. RICKARD
•Introduction. The understanding of the principles
governing notation has been delayed mainly because the
explanation of the phenomena — or appearances — char-
acteristic of the process is to be found in physics rather
than in chemistry. Modern metallurgy has been in the
hands of men primarily chemists, rather than physicists.
Cyanidation and chlorinatkm, for example, may be ex-
plained by chemical formulas, even if the)' cannot be
expressed in their entirety by the language of elemental
symbols; but flotation is not to be interpreted in that
way; it is controlled by physical laws that are obscure
and that hardly came within the cognizance of the
metallurgist until the need for study was felt by him
within a period so recent that the full results of scientific
research are not yet available.
To understand the rationale of the flotation process we
must return to the amusements of our boyhood ; in the
soap-bubble and in the greased needle we shall find an
inkling of the forces at play in the flotation machine.
Everybody knows the trick of the greased needle. If a
needle be greased and then placed carefully on the sur-
face of tap-water in a bowl it will float, despite the fact
that steel is eight times heavier than water. Even the
natural oil on the fingers, or that obtainable by passing
the fingers through the hair, will suffice for the purpose
of assisting the needle to float.
The first idea is that the buoyant effect of the oil ad-
hering to the needle prevents it from being drowned.
However, the quantity of oil thus attached to the needle
is not enough to buoy it; the specific gravity of the oil
is, say, 0.9 as compared with water, which is the unit of
specific gravity; therefore the flotative margin is only
one-tenth, and for the oil to float a piece of steel, having
a specific gravity of 8, its volume would have to be more
than 80 times that of the steel. So the buoyancy of the
oil does not do it. Moreover, an ungreased needle also
will float. This experiment must be conducted carefully.
To be certain that the needle was free from grease 1 I held
it in metallic pincers, dipped it in a solution of washing-
soda (sodium carbonate, which is a solvent for grease),
and then dried it, taking care to use a clean cloth and
not to touch it with my fingers. Then T placed a piece
of tissue-paper on the water in a cup and laid the needle,
held in the pincers, upon the paper, which was depressed
gently into the water by the point of a wooden match,
until the paper became soggy and finally sank, leaving
This is an attempt to re-state the fundamental principles
of notation. The author will welcome corrections or criticisms.
'New needles are slightly greasy, as I ascertained by means
of the camphor test, described later. The grease protects the
needles from rusting.
the needle floating. It lay in a depression of the water-
surface, which appeared to he bent under it.
The needle that will float after being greased is larger
than the one that floats without being greased, 2 so the
oil seems to aid flotation ; but when the needle is too
large it cannot be made to float, greased or not. It is too
SURFACE ,
* >
.
—
V
Fig. 1
heavy ; that is, the force of gravity multiplied by mass
is sufficient to overcome the peculiar resistance offered by
the surface of the water. What causes that resistance?
Surface-Tension. The force responsible for the float-
ing of the needle is called 'surface-tension.' It is a man-
iURFlCE
Fig. 2
ifestation of cohesion, which is the attraction that binds
molecules of like kind to each other. Each molecule
within the interior of the liquid is imagined as surround-
ed by molecules like itself to which it is attracted and
which it attracts equally in every direction, whereas the
molecules at the free surface of the liquid are attracted
only by those internal to themselves, the result being to
constrict the free surface of the liquid. In consequence,
the surface acts as if it were a stretched membrance or
an elastic film. These molecular conditions may be rep-
resented graphically. See Fig. 1. The attractive forces
acting on a molecule (A) in the body of the liquid may
be represented by four resultant axial components, which
are equal, so that the molecule is perfectly free to move,
2 1 tried five large greased needles, all of which floated: then
I tried the same needles after they had been washed in the soda
solution and wiped dry on a clean cloth. One time all five
sank; the other time four sank.
10
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
except for viscous resistance. At the surface itself the
upward component disappears and the pull downward
on the molecule (B) is uncompensated, any extension of
the surface being opposed by a force the horizontal com-
ponent of which is 'surface-tension'.
This can be illustrated in another way. Each particle
of water is attracted by all the particles that lie within
its range, which is definitely small, about 0.00000015 cm.,
therefore the scope of molecular attraction may be con-
sidered as a sphere of influence. Thus A in Fig. 2 is
attracted, and attracts, within a definite sphere, while B,
which is close to the surface, is more attracted inward
than outward, since a part of its sphere of attraction lies
outside the water.
Such a hypothesis is largely an abstraction ; a concrete
idea of the nature of surface-tension can be obtained by
noting some of its various manifestations.
1. The drawing, or 'soaking up', of water by a sponge.
2. The penetration of wood by varnish.
3. The rising of oil in a lamp-wick.
4. The clinging of ink to a pen.
5. The running of the ink from the pen to the paper.
6. The absorption of the excess of ink by blotting-
paper.
7. The cohesion between two plates that have been
wetted.
8. Dip a camel's hair brush in water, remove it from
the water, and observe how the hairs cling together. Im-
merse the brush in the water and note how the hairs sep-
arate.
9. Watch the water-spiders running over a pool, like
boys skating on thin ice. H. H. Dixon actually measured
the pressure exerted by the spider's feet on the water.
He photographed the shadow of the dimple, then mount-
ed one of the spider's feet on a delicate balance, and
made it press on the water until it made a dimple of the
same depth as that previously recorded.
10. Pour colored water in a thin layer over the bottom
of a white dish ; then touch a part of its surface with a
glass rod that has been dipped in alcohol. The colored
water shrinks from the part touched, leaving an irregular
patch of white bottom dry. This is due to the tension of
the pure water being greater than that of the alcoholized
water, so that the liquid is pulled away from the place
where the tension is weak to the place where it is strong. 3
The lively movements of the particles of dye in the water
indicate the conflict between the forces of diffusion and
surface-tension.
11. The formation of a drop at the end of a tube or
from the small mouth of a bottle is another example of
surface-tension. Note how the drop grows slowly until it
has attained a definite size, and then breaks away sud-
denly. The size of the drop is always the same for the
same liquid coming through the same orifice. It hangs as
if suspended in an elastic bag that ruptures when the
weight becomes excessive. The contractile character of
3This simple experiment is a fascinating exhibition of sur-
face-tension and it should be made by every student of flota-
tion.
surface-tension is manifested in the formation of the
drop,. the force tending to draw the fragment of liquid
into the most compact form, that presenting the least
surface in relation to volume, namely, a sphere.
Similarly, if Ve admit air through a glass tube of
given size into various liquids, we shall obtain the big-
gest bubble in the liquid with the highest surface-tension.
If various liquids in succession are allowed to run out
of an opening of given size, the largest drop will be that
of the liquid having the highest surface-tension.
12. When an iron ring is dipped into a solution of soap
'_"?^- Rl«&
and then taken out, it will be seen that a film of solution
stretches across the ring, covering the whole interior cir-
cular space. If a small loop of cotton, previously moist-
ened in the soapy solution, is placed on the film stretched
across the circle of the ring, this loop can be made to
Fig. 4
assume, and to retain, any form, such as is shown at A
in Fig. 3. If, however, this film within the. loop is
broken, the loop immediately assumes the form of a per-
fect circle, as shown at B ; and if it is now deformed in
any way, it springs back at once to a circle as soon as it
is released. Evidently the surface of the solution as-
sumes the shape covering the smallest area. The surface-
tension of the liquid acts equally on both sides of the
cotton so long as it is wholly immersed, but when the film
of liquid inside the loop is broken, the tension acts on one
side only — on the open side, where it is in contact with
air — and hence draws the loop into a circle, which in-
volves the minimum of extension.
13. The contractile force of surface-tension is shown
.lulv
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
11
in a simple way by blowing a Boap-bubble on the large
end of a pipe and then holding the other end of the pipe
to a candle, whereupon the air escaping Erom the shrink-
ing bag of the bubble will extinguish the flame, as in
Pig. 4/
14. When water is sprinkled on a dusty floor, the dust
prevents the wetting of the floor by obstructing the coal-
escence of the drops, that is. the spreading of the water
over the floor. The water draws itself into rolling
spherules that become armored by particles of dust.
They are nearly round, the larger ones showing a flatten-
ing, because the gravitational stress overcomes the con-
traetibility or sphericity of the film. This flattening is
shown by a drop of mercury on glass or by the beads of
gold on an assayer's cupel.
15. The globular form assumed by water when spilled
on a hot stove is another manifestation of these forces.
The water is protected from the hot iron by a film of
steam, which, as it is formed, decreases the size of the
globule until it disappears. If the iron is not sufficiently
hot, it becomes cooler and therefore wetted, by spreading
of the water, which is instantly converted into steam.
16. Some of the physics of flotation can be illustrated
at the dinner-table.
A. Fill a tumbler little over full of water and note the
convex surface, indicating the play of a force that pre-
vents the liquid from spilling. It is a contractile force.
B. Fill a wine-glass half-full with port and observe
how the wine climbs up the side of the glass, forming a
meniscus around the circumference of the surface. This
liquid consists of alcohol and water, both of which evap-
orate, the alcohol faster than the water, so that the sur-
ficial layer becomes watery. In the middle of the glass
the surficial layer recovers its strength by diffusion from
below, but the film adhering to the glass, being more
exposed to the air, loses its alcohol by evaporation more
quickly and therefore acquires a surface-tension higher
than that of the undiluted wine. It creeps up the side
of the glass dragging the strong wine after it, and this
continues until the quantity of fluid pulled upward col-
lects into drops — called the 'tears of wine' — that run
back into the glass.
C. Fill a glass two-thirds full from a 'siphon' contain-
ing water that is effervescent because it contains gas in
solution. Take three or four small grapes, preferably of
the Californian seedless variety. The grapes will sink
to the bottom of the glass, but soon they become restless
and rise to the surface, one after the other. They do not
remain there long; first one and then the other sinks.
They will continue the performance for half an hour,
bobbing up and down ; their activities slowly diminish,
and eventually they are left inert at the bottom of the
glass. What happens is simple enough. The siphon has
come from the refrigerator ; the warmth of the room and
the lowering of pressure release the carbonic-acid gas,
which, in the form of minute bubbles, attaches itself to
the grapes, buoying them to the surface as mineral par-
ticles are raised to the surface of a pulp in the Potter
*C. V. Boys in 'Soap Bubbles'.
pro. 'ess. There the bubbles burst, causing the grapes to
fall back. If a couple of grapes collide, the bubbles he-
come detached, dropping their freight, and themselves
rising to the surface. At first the grapes rise rapidly
and rebound from the surface of the water as if it were
an elastic membrane. This is a remarkable effect and
should he noted carefully. After the evolution of gas
has diminished the bubbles become too few to buoy the
grapes, and the performance ends.
Surface-tension is identified with ' capillarity ', because
it is so marked in a tube the bore of which is only large
enough to admit a capiUus, or hair. When the lower end
of a wide tube is held in w-ater, the water inside rises to
about the same level as that outside the tube, in accord-
ance with the law of hydrostatic pressure ; but when the
lower end of a glass tube of small bore, say, 1 mm., open
at both ends, is inserted into water, the water rises within
the tube and stands at a level higher than the water out-
side. If, again, the tube be held vertically with its lower
end immersed in mercury, the liquid metal inside the
tube sinks to a level below that of the mercury outside.
See Fig. 5. This is explained by saying that the molecu-
Fig. 5
GLASS TUBE IN WATER
GLASS TUBE IX MERCURY
lar attraction of water to glass is greater than that of
water to water; whereas the attraction of mercury to
glass is less than that of mercury to mercury. The forces
of cohesion in a substance and of adhesion between vari-
ous substances have been measured. Quincke and others
have ascertained by experiment that the effect is sensible
within a range of one thousandth and one twenty-thou-
sandth of a millimetre. Such is the scope of molecular
attraction. The liquid rises in a capillary tube until the
weight of the vertical column between the free surface
and the level of the liquid in the tube balances the result-
ant of the surface-tension.
The surface-tension of liquids can be modified. It is
decreased by a rise of temperature. For example, place
two matches an inch apart on the surface of pure water
in a bowl and then touch the water between them with a
hot wire. They draw apart promptly, because the sur-
face-tension of the water between them has been lowered
relatively to that of the rest of the liquid in the bowl, so
that the pull of the water-surface under normal tension
is stronger than that of the surface of the warm water
between the matches.
The addition of an impurity or contaminant will lower
the surface-tension of water. We have seen how this
effect is caused both by alcohol and soap. Distilled water
has a maximum surface-tension, which is lowered by
12
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
almost any substance that is soluble or miscible in it.
The soluble substance, or solute, modifies the tension
directly, whereas the minutely divisible substance, form-
ing an emulsion, creates a great number of interfaces, or
surfaces of contact, each having a lower tension. The
particular contaminant, or modifj'ing agent, associated
with the early history of flotation was oil, which is partly
soluble and readily dispersible. The oil generally used
at first was a heavy oil, like oleic acid. e By the addition
of sufficient oil the surface-tension of water is lowered
from 73 to 14 dynes per linear centimetre. The follow-
ing experiment illustrates this fact. If a wooden match
be laid on the surface of tap-water in a pan, so that it
remains at rest, and if then a drop of olive-oil be placed
on the surface of the water near the match, the match
will draw away smartly, because the oil has reduced the
tension of part of the water-surface and caused the un-
contaminated water to pull away. This modification of
the surface-tension of water by a contaminant is one of
the fundamental factors in flotation, as we shall see.
Let us now go back to the floating needle. If it is
greased, does the grease lower the surface-tension of the
water? That can be ascertained by a pretty experiment.
If camphor is whittled with a knife above a bowl of
water the shavings, dropping on the water, will dance on
the surface in a life-like manner suggesting insects in a
fit. This phenomenon, as shown by Marangoni, is due to
the dissolving of the camphor — a crystalline vegetal dis-
tillate — preferably at the pointed end, where the largest
area per unit of volume is presented for solution. The
dissolving of the camphor lowers the surface-tension of
the water in contact and thereby causes the uncontam-
inated water, with its stronger tension, to pull away from
the spot affected by the camphor — as in the colored water
and alcohol experiment, No. 10. This causes the chips of
camphor to turn and move spasmodically. In order to
incite such activity the surface-tension of the water must
be greater than that of the camphor solution. As soon
as enough camphor has dissolved to modify the whole
surface of the water in the bowl or cup, the chips become
inert. Likewise if the surface-tension be lowered by the
addition of grease the camphor remains quiet. For ex-
ample, if, while the chips of camphor are lively, the
water be touched by a greasy finger — all fingers are
slightly greasy — the camphor is quieted immediately.
No ordinary 'clean' cooking-utensil is sufficiently free
from grease to allow an exhibition of the camphor dance.
Here we have a simple means of detecting the presence
of grease or oil in the water upon which the needle is
floating. I introduced some camphor chips into the
water on which the ungreased needle was floating and
they became lively. Then I repeated the experiment with
a needle that was slightly greased, by rubbing it with the
fingers that had touched my hair, «nd the camphor ap-
peared unaffected thereby ; it was lively. Finally, I
smeared the needle with olive-oil ; an iridescence on the
=No wonder the judges were puzzled by the technical terms
used in flotation lawsuits. 'Oleic acid' is called an oil, whereas
'oil of vitriol' is an acid.
surface of the water indicated diffusion of the oil. This
time the chips of camphor fell dead as a door-nail and
remained wholly inert on .the water. Apparently, there-
fore, the needle will hold to itself a limited proportion of
oil, which adhejes so selectively as not to contaminate the
water ; but an excess of oil, more than the needle can
hold, will be set free at once to modify the water and
lower its surface-tension.
This is a classic experiment, as I ascertained after-
ward. Raleigh showed that the decrease of surface-
tension begins as soon as the quantity of oil is about half
that required to stop the camphor movements, and he
suggested that this stage may synchronize with a com-
plete coating of the surface with a single layer of mole-
cules. 6
A reference has been made already to the measuring
of surface-tension. It can be done in several ways. For
example, a framework, such as is shown in Fig. 6, is con-
structed 7 out of a transverse bar AB and two grooved
slips CD and EF, so as to allow a piece of wire CHIJ to
slip freely up and down. The wire HI is pushed against
AB and some of the liquid is applied between them. The
little pan X is loaded with sand so that the wire HI is
pulled gently from AB. The minimum force required to
do this is mg, the weight of M grammes. This weight
suspended on the film of liquid between AB and HI
equals the tension of the film on the wire. If the film
stretches until the wire HI is at p, then the film has an
area CE, CP. The total weight mg is distributed over
the breadth CE, whence if T represents the surficial
tension across the unit of length CE, then
mg
mg = T.CE,OT T=^
Another simple way of measuring surface-tension is to
make a wire-frame of which one side is movable ; thus
(Fig. 7) let ABC represent a bent wire and DE a straight
piece. If a film of liquid is spread over the space DBE
then the surface-tension acting on DE will support not
only the weight of the wire DE but also a small weight X.
If W be the mass of the cross-wire DE and its attached
weight, then the surface-tension of the film supports W
and exerts a force Wg. The surface-tension acts all along
that part (I) of the wire DE that lies in contact with the
film, and it acts at right angles to DE. Since the film
has two surfaces, if the force exerted on a unit length of
DE and on one side of the film be T, then the upward
force on DE due to surface-tension is 277. Hence 5 if
Wg
there is equilibrium 277 = Wg, or T= —
This method was suggested by Clerk Maxwell. An
ingenious mechanical model for illustrating the definition
of surface-tension has been devised by Frank B. Kenrick,
of the University of Toronto. He gives the definition as
"the maximum quantity of work that can be gained
when a surface is decreased in area by one square cen-
timetre", and describes his device as follows: "A pro-
■sThe Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11th Edition. Page 267.
'Alfred Danniell. 'A Text Book of the Principles of Physics'.
«W. Watson. 'A Text-book of Physics', p. 182.
.Ink 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
18
jeotion cell 40 mm, by 10 nun. and 60 nun, high, the
upper edges of which have been coated with a film of
paraffine -wax. is tilled almost, to overflowing with water.
On the surface is floated a thin shaving of cork 30 mm.
by ") mm. by 1 mm., to which is attached a fine cotton
H
X
Fig. 6
ing Of the upper edge of the glass cell allows the water,
which docs not wet paraffine, to rise slightly higher than
the level of the >;lass without overflowing.
By such experiments the force of surface-tension be-
tween water and air has been determined to be 3.14
grammes per linear inch or 72.62 dynes per centimetre
at 20°C. 10 Many disturbing factors enter into the meas-
thread about 40 mm. long terminating in a little glass
hook. The thread passes over a small pulley made from
a pill-box and a pin resting in a double Y-shaped glass
bearing. Three weights of glass or bent wire weighing
J)— I
urement of this force, so that divers figures, ranging from
70.6 to 81 have been announced at various times. 11
This force may seem small, yet the actual tensile
strength per unit-area of cross-section of the film is about
one-fourth that of the iron or mild steel used in the
shells of steam-boilers, although its density is not much
more than one-eighth as great as that of the iron. 12
The surface-tension of a liquid must be stated with
reference to the fluid — gas or liquid— in contact, for it is
modified by the nature of the substance on either side of
the interface. An interfacial tension exists at any sur-
face separating two substances and it has a particular
value for each pair of substances. For example, the
tension separating mercury from water is 418 dynes per
centimetre whereas that separating olive-oil from air is
only 36.9 dynes. A drop of water will not spread over
Z6
SOAPY WAT£P
/Z
Fig. 9
about 0.1 gramme, 0.07 gm., and 0.04 gm. may be hung
on the hook. The middle weight approximately balances
the surface-tension, while the lighter one on being pulled
-down with a pair of tweezers is lifted again by the sur-
face-tension. A fall of 1 cc. produces one square centi-
metre of surface, namely, 0.5 cm 2 on the forward under
side of the cork that is wet with water and 0.5 em 2 on
the upper surface of the liquid in the cell." For the
accompanying sketch (Fig. 8) I am indebted to Profes-
sor Kenrick, who sent it to me on request. The wax-
«Jour. of Phys. Chem., Vol. XVI, page 513.
the surface of mercury but oil will spread over water. The
balance of forces is different in the two cases. When a
globule of oil is placed on water, the tension of the water-
"Theodore W. Richards and Leslie B. Coombs. 'The Surface-
Tension of Water, Alcohols, etc' Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, July
1915. One dyne is equal to 1.02 milligrammes.
nT. J. Hoover in his valuable book 'Concentrating Ores by
Flotation' quotes from Clerk Maxwell's article on 'Capillarity'
in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and gives the figure as 81, but
he makes the mistake of saying that it is 81 dynes "per square
centimetre." It is a tension, not a pressure.
12M. M. Garver. Jour. Phys. Chem., Vol. XVI, page 243.
14
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
air surface exerts a pull of 73 dynes as against the joint
pull (37 plus 14) of the air-oil and oil-water surfaces.
Thus 14 -f 37 < 73. (Fig. 9) The oil spreads. If soap,
in the form of \% sodium oleate, be added to the water
its surface-tension will be lowered to 26 and the oil-water
tension will also be decreased, how much I do not know,
but certainly decreased, say, to 12 ; therefore 37 + 12
> 26, and the oil will not spread over the water. On the
other hand, the tension of the mercury-air surface has
been given as 436 dynes and that of the mercury-water
surface as 418. If this be so, then a drop of water will
not spread, because 418 + 73 > 456. But Quincke
showed long ago that pure water will spread on pure
mercury, although the presence of an impurity, such as
a slight greasiness, on the surface of the mercury will
prevent spreading. According to later determinations
of the interfacial tensions, by Freundlich, that of mer-
cury-air is 445 dynes and that of mercury-water 370, so
that 73 + 370 < 445, and the pure water ought to
spread on the pure mercury, as Quincke stated. If the
water be contaminated, so as to lower its surface-tension,
it will spread readily even on ordinary mercury, which is
not chemically pure and on which pure water will not
spread.
Wetting. A steel needle floats on water, but a glass
rod of the same size sinks immediately; yet the specific
gravity of steel is to that of glass as 8 to 2.75. The sur-
face of the water resists rupture by the steel but it is
readily broken by the glass ; in other words, the glass is
readily 'wetted,.' while the steel is not. Again, if the
glass rod be greased it will float ; it ceases to be easily
wetted. Here we face one of the underlying phenomena
of flotation. The understanding of what constitutes
'wetting' is essential to the subject.
If a drop of pure water be placed on a clean piece of
glass, it will flatten itself out so as to increase the space
it first touched. If a similar drop of water be placed
on a cabbage-leaf, it will not spread, but will retain its
spherical form. We say that water 'wets' a glassy sur-
face and does not 'wet' a waxy vegetal surface. A drop
of mercury spreads eagerly over gold, but does not
spread on glass; mercury wets gold but not glass. The
statement is not absolute ; it is a question of degree.
If I press the surface of water with a piece of glass
the water rises to meet the glass, forming a mound,
whereas if I make the same test with a piece of steel the
water shrinks away from it, forming a depression. The
tendency is for the water to lap the glass but to avoid
the steel; the one substance is easily 'wetted.' the other
not. The glass and the steel typify the gangue and the
sulphide respectively in an ore treated by flotation. If
we look carefully at the steel and glass, at the instant of
touching the water, we see the conditions sketched in
Fig. 10.
Note how ink from a pen will not run on paper that is
at all greasy. The paper refuses to be wetted where it is
greased. That is why new pens are refractory : the
steel has been greased to prevent rusting, like the needles.
I used to burn the point of a new pen by aid of a match
in order to cause it to deliver the ink to the paper com-
fortably. That burned the grease, but spoiled the temper
of the pen-point.
The free surface of a liquid is horizontal, but at the
contact with a solid the surface is curved, the direction
and amount of curvature varying as between different
liquids and solids. The water curves upward against
glass, whereas it curves downward against steel ; it tends
to drown the one, but to float the other until gravity
GLASS ON WATEE
STEEL OX WATER
Fig. 10
overmasters surface-tension. The way in which a liquid
impinges on a solid is called the ' angle of contact. ' For
example, in Fig. 11 water is shown in contact with glass.
Consider the conditions at the point 0. The gravita-
tional pull on a minute quantity of the water is negli-
gible in comparison with its own cohesive force; so we
can disregard the effect of gravity. The force of ad-
hesion exerted by the surface of the glass is represented
by A, the force of cohesion in the water is represented
by B, and the resultant of these two forces is C. If
the adhesive force of the liquid to the solid exceeds the
cohesive force of the liquid, the resultant will lie to the
left of the vertical, E D, that is, within the solid; and
4
A )R
0/,
/^srEEi.^
7 s
A IP.
_v c
~—EZ— W^TER
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
since the surface of a liquid assumes a position at right
angles to this resultant force, the water rises on the face
of the glass. If, on the other hand, as in Fig. 12, where
steel is shown in water, the cohesion of the liquid is
greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the solid, then
the resultant force lies to the right of the vertical, or
within the liquid, which accordingly is depressed at the
face of the solid.
In Fig. 11 and 12 the contact-angle is DOB. Since the
surface of the liquid always assumes a position at right
angles to the resultant force, the water will tend to rise
on the glass and to sink on the steel. This angle of con-
tact between a liquid surface and a solid is usually the
same for the same pair of substances, but there is a subtle
variation, which is called 'hysteresis' and it is said to
play an important part in flotation. The variation is
.lulv
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
15
oo icted with the ability of a soli.i to condense a film
of gas upon its surface. This gas-condensing power, or
adsorption, can be modified, by aoidulation, lot example.
Salman has Btated thai "whereas the angular hysteresis
of silica in plain water may exceed 30°, thus indicating
thai substance to have a definite power to occlude gas
and to float, it .Imps Erom 4 to nil in water acidulated
with sulphuric acid. Galena, on the other hand, retains
its full measure of angular variation, or is but slightly
affected." 1 This effect of the surface-energy of solids is
apparently an important factor in flotation, and it is a
pity that the exigencies of patent litigation have pre-
vented Mr. Sulman from contributing more to the tech-
nology of the subject.
The angle of contact between water arid glass is so
acute as to he more nearly zero the purer the water and
the cleaner the glass; between turpentine and glass it is
17 ; between mercury and glass it is 148°. In a general
way, subject to the variation already noted, the size of
the contact-angle measures the capacity for 'wetting.'
This angle can be changed by modifying the surface-
tension of the water by means of a contaminant, such as
oil. or the angle can be altered by modifying the surface
of the solid, also by oiling. The oiling of the steel needle
increased the angle of contact with the water so that it
did not impinge as directly on the needle, and it did the
same to the glass rod, but the effect was relatively less on
the steel than on the glass because of the higher specific
gravity of the former. The force tending to prevent
sinking depends upon the radius of the needle, its den-
sity relative to that of the water, the surface-tension of
the water, and the cosine of the contact-angle. 14 In
metallurgical practice the pull of gravity is decisive in
so far as it limits the size of particle that can be floated
in water. If our needle is too large, it sinks, no matter
how favorable the other conditions may be. So the flota-
tion of a particle of mineral is conditioned on the size to
which it has been reduced by crushing in the mill. The
oiling of the needle increased the upward component of
the surface-tension by enlarging the angle of contact,
but the use of an excess of oil, that is, more than the
needle could hold of itself, served to lower the surface-
tension of the water and therefore to diminish the re-
sultant force operating against wetting and in favor of
flotation. Thus the oil used in flotation has two possible
functions, and they may interfere with each other.
If to the water in which a needle is floating I add a
drop of pine-oil, the needle sinks at once because the
lowering of the surface-tension enables the water to wet
the needle, that is, to diminish the angle of contact so
that the water envelopes the steel. Let us make some
other simple experiments. Take a piece of chalcocite
that presents a smooth surface. A drop of water will not
spread over it as it will on glass; the globule of water
flattens itself on the glass but tends to retain its spher-
isH. L. Sulman. Presidential address. Trans. I. M. & M„
Vol. XX, p. XLVII.
"Joel H. Hildebrand. 'Principles Underlying Flotation.'
M. & S. P., July 29, 1916.
ioal I'onii on the chal die. The glass may typify quartz
or some other gangue-mineral. A drop of flotation-oil,
such as coal-tar creosote, flattens on the chalcocite, where-
as water maintains its sphericity. Coal-tar spreads less
on glass than on water, but water spreads more on glass
than on chalcocite. Thus water wets mineral less easily
than gangue, whereas oil coats mineral more readily than
gangue. So we say that gangue has a greater affinity Eor
water than mineral, which, on the contrary, lias a greater
affinity for oil.
Water drips off oiled copper more quickly than off the
unoiled ; there is more adhesion between the water and
the unoiled metal ; the oil prevents wetting by the water.
The effect of the density of the surrounding medium is
shown by placing a piece of glass under water, dropping
a globule of coal-tar upon the glass, and then raising it
out of the water. The globule of oil spreads when lifted
out of the denser medium and shrinks when returned to
the water, although not quite to its first shape, on ac-
count of the adhesive surface. The oil on the galena
replaces the water on its surface, but the oil on the
quartz is unable to prevent the water from pushing
itself underneath and over the surface of the quartz.
Thus we have "an instance of the selective action of
oil on a metallic sulphide in the presence of water, and
the selective action of water on a gangue-mineral in
the presence of oil." 10 On this phenomenon largely de-
pends the process for separating valuable mineral from
worthless gangue by flotation.
If a piece of galena and a piece of quartz are placed
under water on the bottom of a beaker and if a few
drops of oil, such as wood-ereosote, are dropped upon
the water, they will descend through the water owing
"to their momentum and the releasing of the surface
tension of the water" 17 until one may fall on the galena,
en which the oil will spread, while another falls on the
quartz, on which it tends to draw into globular form, in-
stead of spreading. Flotation is essentially a selective
process. If I throw powdered ore on water, the par-
ticles of gangue sink and the particles of mineral float,
in accord with our expectation, based on the foregoing
experiments and the deductions therefrom, but some of
the small particles of gangue will float and some of the
larger particles of mineral will sink, because the play
of forces is so complex that any single one of them is not
uniformly decisive. Flotation is preferential, not abso-
lute.
(To be continued)
Flotation depends upon the presence of substances
that will lower the surface-tension of water and are
adsorbed by the mineral particles that it is desired to
float.
Sulphuric acid and other electrolytes increase the
surface-tension of water, but this increase is negligible
unless acid is added in strong proportions.
i«A. F. Taggart, as witness in the recent trial, at Butte.
"Taggart. Op. cit.
16
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Methods of Driving Pine Mountain Tunnel
By H. DEVEREUX
The Pine Mountain tunnel is being driven in Marin
county, California, at a point about three miles west
of Fairfax. The tunnel is part of the proposed system
for the Marin Municipal Water District, connecting
the Lagunitas water-shed with the water supply system
for the eastern part of Marin county. It is of horse-
shoe section, 8 by 8 ft. net, inside the concrete lining.
The total length is 8700 ft., of which about 600 ft. near
the two portals will have a 12-in. concrete lining, and
the remaining 8100 ft., a 6-in. lining. The quantities
per lineal foot are as follows : excavation, 3 eu. yd.,
theoretical amount of concrete in 12-in. lining, 1.2 eu.
yd. ; . concrete in 6-in. lining, 0.6 cu. yd. The actual
quantities of concrete will be about 35% greater, on
account of overbreakage. The work is being done
under the direction of M. M. O'Shaughnessy, consult-
ing engineer for the district, A. R. Baker, engineer for
the district, and C. T. Broughton, resident engineer on
the work. The contract was awarded early in De-
cember 1916 to McLeran & Peterson, of San Francisco,
at $257,400 for the entire work, or $29.70 per lin. ft.
for driving and lining the tunnel. Work was com-
menced in the middle of December. Hand-drills were
used until about February 1, machine-drills since that
time. The actual cost of driving has been about the
same for both methods, but the machine work is much
more rapid. Up to May 15 about 2000 ft. of progress
was made on the east end, and 1000 ft. on the west end.
Concreting commenced about June 1. The maximum
progress in driving for any one month has been 568 ft. in
the east heading, or 19 ft. per day. The average
progress since the machine drills were installed has
been 13 ft. per day in the east end, and 10 ft. in the
west end.
It will prove of interest to compare records of
other American tunnels having nearly equal sections.
On the Sheep Creek tunnel in greenstone and slate the
maximum progress was 661 ft. per month and the
average for a period of six months. 596 ft. per month.
At the Alaska-Gastineau mine, an 8 by 10-ft. tunnel
was driven 8800 ft. at a rate of 544 ft. per month. The
maximum monthly progress in the Roosevelt tunnel,
which had a 6 by 10-ft. section and was driven in Pikes
Peak granite, was 435 ft., and the average was 292 ft.
The Elizabeth Lake tunnel on trie Los Angeles Aque-
duct was driven 604 ft. in one month through black
shale. The section was 12 by 13 ft. The Red Rock
tunnel, also on the Aqueduct was driven 1061 ft. in one
month through cemented sandstone. An 8 by 8-ft. tun-
nel for the Arizona Copper Co. was driven 799 ft. in
one month through porphyry. The average monthly
progress was 669 ft. The Gunnison tunnel, 6 by 10^
ft., was driven 824 ft. in one month through soft lime-
stone. The Mt. Ro.yal tunnel, 8 by 12 ft., was driven
810 ft. in one month through limestone. An 8J by 9J-
ft. tunnel at Mammoth, California, was driven 395 ft.
in one month. The average progress was 316 ft. The-
EAST POBTAL OF TUNNEL
Laramie-Poudre tunnel, 7£ by 9^ ft., was driven 653
ft. in one month through granite. The average was
525 feet.
The power-plant for the Pine Mountain tunnel is on
the Bolinas road about three miles west of Fairfax.
The east portal is about 1000 ft. from the power-house.
The west portal is nearly two miles southwest from the
power-plant. Until recently the west portal could be
reached only by pack-train, but the trail has recently
been improved so that light loads can be hauled over
the mountain.
The compressor-plant consists of three 25-hp. Fair-
banks-Morse Y-type semi-diesel engines, and three 8
by 8-in. Sullivan compressors. The pressure main-
tained at the compressor is 100 lb. per sq. in. A study
of records on 25 other long tunnels shows that this is
the average pressure maintained. The lowest was 85
lb., on the Strawberry tunnel, and the highest. 120 lb.
on the Laramie-Poudre. Six tunnels used 100 pounds.
illllv
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
17
Angeles Aqueduct recommends a 25-lb. rail where con-
crete is to be hauled. Where heavy cars are used, a
mechanical damping-system is required.
Considerable trouble bus been experienced at the wesl
end of tbe Pino Mountain tunnel on account of water.
There are 'pockets' of water thai give a large flow for a
few days and then run dry. making pumping a difficult
matter. This lias been remedied by catting a ditch to
■drain the water back from the face of the tunnel. This
matter of drainage is frequently a considerable item of
•expense in long tunnels. The cost of pumping at the
Mile Rock tunnel was $1.30 per lin. ft. At the east end
•of the Strawberry tunnel, the wet end, the cost of punip-
WEST PORT.VL OF TUNNEL
Ing was $1.36 per lin. ft. At the Roosevelt tunnel a
drainage ditch 4 by 6 ft. was excavated at a cost of $1.10
per ft. If an 8 by S-in. ditch is carried under the track
in the middle of the heading, lined on the sides and cov-
ered with a 2-in. plank at an elevation of 18-in. below
grade at the same time as the rest of the drilling is done,
the water-problem at the lower end of a tunnel will be
easily and economically handled. A similar arrangement
is advisable at the tipper end of the tunnel, whenever the
grade is such that the ditch need not be over 4 or 5 ft.
deep at the portal.
So far. but little timbering has been required. About
10% of the tunnel has been side and top-lagged, while
for about 5%, timber sets in the arch only have been
used with the top-segments lagged. In the first 2000 ft.
of tunnel 20.000 ft. B.M. of timber has been use d, or
10 ft. B.M. per foot of tunnel. The cost of placing
timber full-lagged is about $15 per M.B.M. Where arch-
sets and crown-bars are used the cost will be greater,
.about $25 per M.B.M. "Where timber is cut in the woods
nearby a man can cut and frame 1000 ft. B.M. in -ii
days.
The overbreakage thus far has been small, not exceed-
ing 35% of the net area of the concrete section. On the
east end. the ground is being drilled to the full section,
on the west end to about 80% of the full section, requir-
ing trimming along the entire length in the latter case.
On the Los Angeles Aqueduct some tunnels were driven
and trimmed so closely that the excess yardage did not
exceed 15 or 20% of the theoretical yardage of concrete,
but the cost of trimming amounted to as much as $2 per
lin. ft. of tunnel. The conclusion with regard to hard-
rock tunnels was that the excess yardage of concrete
lining should not be over 30 to 40%. When a cubic yard
of concrete in the net section was required per lin. ft. of
tunnel, a 100% excess was valued at $6 to $7 and n 30%
excess at $1.S0 per lin. ft. It was found to be the best
practice to excavate the sub-grade at the start so that the
top of ties is at the bottom of the theoretical sub-grade,
so as to avoid expensive trimming and delays when the
concrete lining is placed. In the Mile Rock tunnel the
theoretical quantity of concrete per lin. ft. of tunnel was
1.6 cu. yd., and the actual 2 cu. yd., or a 25% excess.
The cost of driving the Mile Rock tunnel was $4.75 per
cu. yd. or $27 per lin. ft. of tunnel. The cost of lining
was $9 per cu. yd. of concrete, or $18 per lin. ft. of tun-
nel. In general the cost of lining small-section tunnels
where compressed air is used to make and place the con-
crete, and wooden forms are employed, is $1.60 per lin.
ft. for forms and $1.40 per cu. yd. for labor and royalty
in placing concrete, plus the cost of materials, aggregate,
and power, and the distributed general expense and
liability insurance. On the Mile Rock tunnel the over-
head for general expense and insurance was 15% of the
total cost to the contractor. On the Pine Mountain tun-
nel the liability insurance and bond are carried by the
water district and do not appear in the contract price.
The following is the scale of wages paid on the Pine
Mountain tunnel :
Drillers $3.75
Helpers 3.00
Shovelers 3.25
Teamsters 3.00
Blacksmiths 4.00
Helpers 3.00
Dump-men $3.00
Foremen 6.00
Compressor-engineers . . 3.50
Pipe-men 3.00
Packers 3.00
Common labor 2.50
The maximum monthly progress has been 568 ft. or
19 ft. per day. For this rate of progress, which was at
the east end, the cost per lin. ft. to the contractor is as
follows :
Drilling $1.67
Shoveling 1.90
Hauling 0.67
Dumping 0.4S
Blacksmith 0.37
Pipe-men 0.16
Powder 1.S0
Power 0.65
Bonus 2.00
Constr'n and maint'nce
roads and trails 0.23 Total cost per foot $16.12
A bonus of $0.25 per man per ft. is paid for each ad-
Teaming $0.30
Packing 0.25
Miscellaneous plant, pipe-
line, track 2.00
Heavy plant, engines and
compressors 1.00
Drill steel, repairs 0.30
Timbering, material .... 0.20
Timbering, labor 0.12
18
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 7. 1917
ttOVSIt-
/~s
1300
/'
1200
\
s
1100
\
\
mo
/
'\
900
1
"~'
BOO
I
\
700
1
f
^
600
/
'
'
550
525
Stu 86*31. 84 Endoftunncl and inside -
face of End Wall of Outlet Sp^xtury?.
500
475
%
=rr=
^E
--!--- L -
^^
m
—
-508.C =
nevofhvertatStn O'OObt
pminQ of tunnel.-' — tH —
: 1 ■ '
_ i i I | i , I |
=
-
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
^—
35 40 45 50
PROFILE OF TUNNEL
Air is conveyed through a 31-in pipe, 1000 ft. to the
east portal, and 10,000 ft. to the west portal. Three
hundred cubic feet of free air per minute is supplied,
which is sufficient to run three drills and also the forges.
The loss of pressure at the west end does not exceed 2 lb.
Records on nine long tunnels show capacities of plant
ranging from 247 to 868 cu. ft. of free air per minute,
with an average of 550 pounds.
The D'Arcy-Cox formula for the conveyance of com-
pressed air in pipes is
Where
D = volume of compressed air in cubic feet per
minute discharged at final pressure,
c = a coefficient, ranging from 45 for a 1-in. to 60
for a 6-in. pipe.
d = diameter of pipe in inches.
L = length of pipe in feet.
P, = initial gauge-pressure in pounds per square inch.
P 2 = final gauge-pressure in pounds per square inch.
W 1 = density of the air or its weight in pounds per
cubic foot.
Diameter of Table j Value ot
pipe, inches cV d*
1 45
1J 105
1* 155
2 300
2* 530
3 S75
3J 1300
4 1860
5 3300
6 5270
Table II
V P, - P,
Values of — *== — '-
Final pressure, Losses of pressure P, - P. in pounds
lb. per sq. in. 123456S10
70 1.5 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.1 4.5
80 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 4.0 3.9 4.3
90 1.3 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.7 4.1
100 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.9
Example: Given a 3|-in. pipe, 10,000 ft. long, how
many cubic feet of air per minute at an initial pressure
of 90 lb. can be transmitted, with a loss of pressure of
not more than 2 pounds ?
Prom Table I, opposite a 3i-in. pipe, find 1300.
Square root of 10,000 = 100.
1300/100 = 13
Prom Table II, for drop of 2 lb. at 90 lb. final pres-
sure, find 1.9.
13 X 1.9 = 23.7
90 lb. + 14.7 (atmospheric) = 104.7
— 14 „ — — = 170 cu. ft. (approx. ) of free air per minute.
In using Table II, it will be noted that the initial and
final pressures are taken as the same. Should greater
STANDARD SECTIONS FOR TUNNEL
refinement be required, interpolate for the difference, re-
membering, however, that a slight leak in the line may
change the results.
Three No. 18 Leyner drills with a lj-in. chuck, 24-in.
feed, and six sets of 1^-in. hollow steel from 24 to 96 in.
long, are used. There is an 18-gal. water-tank and an
air-line manifold. The drills are mounted on horizontal
bars. Jackhamers are used for trimming. On other
long tunels, preference was about equally divided be-
tween vertical columns and horizontal bars.
The duty of a No. 18 Leyner drill in this tunnel is 5
ft. of hole per hour, using 1000 eu. ft. of free air at 100
lb. pressure per lin. ft. of hole drilled. The cost of
July
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
19
drilling, including bonus is $(>.•_'<> per ft. This estimate
allows for delays.
The I'ost of fuel ami lubricating oil for a 135-day run
was as follows: 11,000 gal. fuel-oil. 24 Baumo gravity,
at $0,032 per gallon = $352; 250 gal. valvoline, strained
and used twice, at $1.35 = $324; hauling, three miles
from railroad, at $0,005 per gallon, = $55; total, $731.
The plant was run continuously and 62A hp. was de-
veloped. This gives a cost of 0.36c. per hp. hour for
fuel and lubricating-oil. This amount of power is suf-
ficient for three drills and two forges. The cost of labor
at the power-house is $320 per month. During March
the total progress in both headings was 854 ft., and the
cost for power was $0.65 per ft., $0.29 for fuel and $0.36
for labor. A 25-hp. Fairbanks-Morse Y-type engine has
just been installed to operate a 220-volt, 25 kilowatt gen-
erator, which will be used to run a plant for lighting the
tunnel and a rock-erusher for crushing aggregate for the
concrete lining.
Purchased electric power on four other long tunnels
cost from $1.65 to $2.15 per lin. ft. or an average of
$1.90. Electric power generated on the work for the
Elizabeth Lake tunnel on the Los Angeles Aqueduct cost
$5.25 per ft., and on the Strawberry tunnel, where it was
transmitted a distance of 23 miles, $5.50 per ft. On an-
other tunnel, where steam was used, with wood for fuel,
the cost for power was $2.50 per ft. "Where steam was
time that should be allowed for delays after blasting,
requires a capacity of 4000 cu. ft. of air per minute.
For respiration allow 75 cu. ft. per man per minute,
and 150 cu. ft. per animal. The average rated capacity
of ventilating apparatus used on 16 long tunnels was
3400 cu. ft. per minute. The size of the ventilating-
pipe ranged from 10 in. for the Carter and Mission tun-
nels, to 18 in. for the Elizabeth Lake and 19 in. for the
Central tunnel. Where light-gauge sheet-metal pipes
are used for ventilation, it is advisable to build a small
bulkhead of track-ties in front of the pipe before blast-
ing in order to prevent collapse of the pipe.
Table III gives the diameter of pipe in inches re-
quired to deliver 4000 cu. ft. of free air per minute for
lengths of pipe from 1000 to 14,000 ft., and for pressures
from 1 to 6 pounds.
TABLE III
Length of ,-
pipe, ft. 1
1,000 12
2,000 14
3,000 15
4,000 16
5,000 17
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Pressure, lb. ,
2 3 4 6
10
12 11 10
13 12 11 10
14 13 12 11
15 13} 12* 11}
15} 14 13 12
16 15 14 12}
17 15} 14} 13
16 15 13$
14.
1
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Si fi
INTEEIOB OF COMPBESSOR PLANT
used with crude-oil for fuel, the cost was $2.28 for
fuel, and $0.80 for labor.
For ventilation, 1000 ft. of 10-in. pipe has been laid
at each heading, reducing to 8-in. for the remainder of
the distance. This pipe has been found to be too small,
and is to be replaced with a 12-in. pipe, using a blower
working at a pressure of 4.5 lb. per sq. in. To clear a
tunnel of foul air in 15 minutes, which is the maximum
For illumination, acetylene lamps
on the men's caps and candles have
been used, but as already noted, an
electric-lighting plant has now been
installed. Acetylene lamps have been
used on several long tunnels, small
lamps being used on the men's caps
and larger stationary lights being
placed 150 ft. apart along the tunnel.
This is an economical method of light-
ing. Electric lights are usually em-
ployed where electric hauling is done.
The cost of lighting the Mile Rock
tunnel with electricity was $0.50 per
ft. of tunnel. In wet tunnels, electric
lights are uncertain.
The rock penetrated so far in the
east end of the tunnel is sedimentary
with intrusive igneous rock. On the
west end there is Franciscan sand-
stone, black serpentine, and hard
boulders, with some diabase. The
rock at the west end is harder than at
the east end. The number of holes
per round at the east end is 9 to 14, and 14 to 16
at the west end. Six feet of hole is drilled per round,
the wedge-cut system of arrangement being used. Forty
per cent L. F. gelatine powder is used, supplied by
the Hercules Powder Co. In the east end, 9 lb. of
powder, 19 ft. of fuse, and 4 caps are used per lin. ft. of
progress. In the west end, 15 lb. of powder, 26 ft. of
fuse and 4 caps are required.
20
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Records of other long tunnels show that the wedge-cut
was used in 19 instances, the pyramid-cut in 4, and the
bottom cut in 7. An analysis of the depth of holes gener-
ally used in American practice, would lead one to infer
that the most successful driving was secured when the
average depth of the holes was from 60 to 80% of the
WEDGE-CUT, PYRAMID-CUT, AND BOTTOM-CUT SYSTEMS
(From Brunton and Davis, Modern Tunneling)
width of the heading for wedge and pyramid cuts, and
60 to 80% of the height for the bottom cut. Tn cases
where deeper holes had been used, "and the depth of holes
was later reduced according to the above rule, there was
an increase of speed of as much as 20% and a decrease
of powder used of as much as 25%. The number of holes
per round is dependent upon the character of the rock.
An approximate rule for sedimentary formations is one
hole to 5 or 6 sq. ft. of face of heading, and in igneous
formations, one hole to 2.5 to 4 sq. ft. of face.
The amount of explosive used in small tunnels ranges
from 3.5 to 10 lb. per cu. yd. of material removed. Bot-
tom-cut holes appear to require more powder than pyr-
amid or wedge-cut holes. As regards percentage of
gelatine powder used, practice has ranged from 40% in
six tunnels to 100% in the Roosevelt tunnel, which was
driven through Pikes Peak granite. Loading the bot-
tom of the hole with 80 to 100% powder and the rest
with 40 to 60% has given good results in a number of
cases. On the Grapevine division of the Los Angeles
Aqueduct 40 and 60% ammonia powder was used.
There was comparatively little difference in the effect of
the two grades. Ammonia powders are affected by mois-
ture and are not suited to wet tunnels. The gases from
the ammonia are disliked by the workmen.
It is best to- place the cap near the top of the charge
and tamped with powder, although many powder-men
prefer placing the cap at the bottom of the hole. A cap
has recently been placed on the market that acts like a
time-fuse, enabling the cut-holes, relievers, back-holes,
and lifters to be fired at intervals and in rotation by an
electric battery.
On the east end there are two drillers and one helper
per shift, and one driller and one helper per shift on the
west end. Three shifts are worked and as many as five
rounds or 30 ft. of progress has been made in 24 hours,
requiring 150 ft. of drill-hole per drill for each 24 hours.
Four shovelers are employed on a shift in each end, two
working at any one time and two resting. They handle
from 10 to 15 cu. yd. per man per shift. The shovelers
use square-pointed shovels, and shovel from steel floor-
plates, i in. by 4 by 6 feet.
The material is transported by mules in turn-table
end-dump cars of 25 cu. ft. capacity. When the work has
progressed so far that mules cannot handle the material
economically, it is proposed to remodel White or Stanley
steam-automobiles to do the hauling. Such remodeled
machines are now being used successfully on the Twin
Peaks tunned. At the east end the material is dumped
close to the portal. On the west end it has to be hauled
for some distance. The track has an 18-in. gauge and is
laid with 27 lb.-rails. The original intention was to use
25-lb. rail, but it happened that a quantity of 27-lb. rail
was available.
There seems to be no established practice regarding
types of cars or track for this class of work. On 7 tun-
nels, turn-table end-dump cars were used, on 4 common
end-dump cars, on 7 side-dump cars, and on 4 rocker-
dump cars. On the Los Angeles Aqueduct, rocker-dump
cars with a capacity of 32 eu. ft. were used, while on the
Catskill Aqueduct side-dump cars with a capacity of 40
cu. ft. were employed. Sizes of cars varied from 1 ton
up to 40 cu. ft. The smaller cars are more convenient
since in narrow tunnels the empty cars can be made to
pass the loaded ones by simply tipping the former off the
track. Weights of rails have ranged from 12 to 36 lb.,
and gauges from 18 to 36 in. The final report of the Los
July
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
2]
ditional fool over 14 ft. pet day. to all men who remain
daring the month. The oosl at the west end is abonl the
same as al the cast end. The rate of progress is less,
but on the other hand there is no bonus. Assuming that
the excavation runs 3 on. yd. per tin. ft. of tunnel, the
0081 per in. yd. is approximately $5.40.
Other miscellaneous items are as follows: Cost of
camp-buildings, etc., $25 per man for a 70-man camp.
The cost of laying the 3i-in. pipe for the compressed-air
line over the mountain was $0.08 per ft. for distribution,
and $0.04 for laying, a total of $0.12. The cook-house,
caring for 40 men, uses 1 bbl. fuel-oil in 8 days.
Memoranda on Submarines
The Engineering Committee of the National Research
( 'on m-it issues the following data to guide those desirous
of helping to circumvent the Enemy's submarine cam-
paign by means of invention and suggestion. Any
communication on the subject should be addressed to W.
F. Durand. Vice-Chairman of the Committee, at Wash-
ington.
Submarines operate singly or in groups as may seem
best suited to local or special conditions.
They are supposed, where circumstances favor, to lie
on the bottom at rest and with listening devices attempt
to detect the approach of vessels. On receipt of evidence
that a vessel is approaching, they rise to a level per-
mitting observation with periscope, and then manosuver
accordingly. "When in water too deep to permit lying on
bottom, the submarine must maintain steerage way in
order to hold its level of submergence. The minimum
speed at which this can be done will range with circum-
stances from 2 to 4 knots. The maximum depth of sub-
mergence is about 200 ft. The usual depth of running
is from 50 to 100 feet.
They have been supposed to return to the home base
at intervals of 30 to 35 days. The total radius of action
will presumably range from 5000 to 8000 miles at a
moderate cruising speed of 10 or 11 knots. The high
speed emerged will range from 14 to 18 knots, or possibly
more in latest designs. The maximum submerged speed
is about 10 knots.
Hidden bases have been presumably used off the Irish
and other coasts. There have also been suspicions of
bases on the coasts of Greenland and Iceland. Sub-
merged bases for oil and supplies have also been em-
ployed.
The time required from emergence to submergence will
range from 1 to 3 or 4 minutes, according to circum-
stances. When submerged near the surface, the time re-
quired to raise the periscope, take a quick observation
and lower it again, may range from 15 to 30 seconds. If
desired, the submarine can follow an undulating path,
rising and submerging alternately, at frequent intervals,
at will. Or otherwise it may run fulty submerged but
near the surface and take frequent observation through
the periscope. Modern submarines are provided with
two or three periscopes. The loss or destruction Of our.
therefore, will not necessarily disable the boat.
Torpedoes tired from submarines are presumably
aimed by changing the direction of the boat. This.
however, is not assured in all cases. The torpedo, in
order to run true, must travel at an immersion of about
10 ft. In smooth water it may be run at a shallowet
depth than in rough water.
Submarines may operate at night with less liability of
detection, but with, of course, greater difficulty in pick-
ing up their target.
Submarines use the gyroscopic compass.
Sounds produced by the movement of a submarine
through the water, including those traceable to the pro-
peller, to movements of the rudder, etc., should permit
of detection by the use of modern refined sound detecting
devices.
The distance at which a protecting net, plate, or shield
or other means of exploding the torpedo before reaching
the side of the ship must be located in order that such
distance will render the effect of the torpedo harmless,
will depend primarily upon (1) Weight of explosive
charge, (2) Depth of torpedo when exploded, (3)
Strength of the ship 's structure. With modern torpedoes
and a depth of 10 or 12 ft. and with the structure of
modern merchant ships, distances of 20 or 30 ft. would
perhaps be required in order to give good assurance
against injury. With rough water and possibly much
less submergence at the time of explosion, reduced dis-
tances of 15 or 20 ft. might prove sufficient. Experi-
mental investigations on this subject show a very wide
divergence among the results and no precise rule can be
given. It may be added, however, that naval constructors
generally are satisfied that the distance at which pro-
tecting plates or shields would have to be placed in order
to secure immunity is so great as to render their use of
very doubtful practicability.
British export prohibitions indicate the relative im-
portance of many of the minerals and metals in the
conduct of war as revealed by the experience of our
Allies. The prohibited articles are classified under three
heads, in the order of their importance. Class A are the
most necessary, and their exportation is absolutely for-
bidden ; class B may be exported to other parts of the
British Empire ; while class C may be sent to the Allies
. of Great Britain but not to neutral countries. Under
class A are the following : lead compounds ; manganese
compounds ; mercury nitrate ; nickel nitrate ; sulphur and
preparations containing that element ; compounds of
titanium and zirconium ; all articles manufactured wholly
or in part of copper; galvanized sheets; iron and iron
alloys containing chrome, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel,
tungsten, or vanadium ; magnesite ; magnesium and its
alloys; mercury, platinum and alloys of platinum; rail-
way materials ; silicon-manganese ; special steels contain-
ing tungsten, vanadium, or molybdenum ; uranium ir
any form ; iron wire ; zinc ashes, zinc and its alloys
aluminum in any form ; and zirconium and its alloys.
22
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 1917
Recent Vulcanism in Salvador
By C. ERB WUENSCH
San Salvador, the capital of El Salvador, the diminu-
tive republic of Central America, is situated in a region
of unusual vulcanism. It was the volcano San Sal-
vador, five miles west of the capital, that was responsible
for the recent disaster. This volcano has been quiet since
its terrible eruption late in the 16th century. In the
year 1625, Thomas Sage, the celebrated English traveler,
mentions the appearance of a new volcanic vent in the
place now occupied by the volcano Izalco, 35 miles west
of the capital and 15 miles north-east from the Pacific
seaport of Acajutla. It was, however, not until 1770
that this new vent assumed the status of a volcano.
It has, until a year ago, been continuously active. Where
the volcano now stands was formerly a large level plain,
upon which was situated one of the richest and largest
cattle estates of the old Spanish days. During this short
period of activity it has built its cone from practically
sea-level to its present altitude, which, according to
Sonnensternst, is 4973 ft. above tide. Ever since its
beginning, great columns of smoke, accompanied by fre-
quent irregular eruptions of small magnitude, continu-
ally rose from its crater. It was a marvelous spectacle
for the passengers on Pacific steamers as they passed the
port of Acajutla, especially at night, when the heavens
were illuminated periodically with weird red reflections
accompanied by deep heavy rumbling sounds. Often the
molten lava could be seen pouring out of the crater and
running down the slopes of the volcano. Izalco was well
named 'the safety valve of Salvador.' During its period
of activity no great eruptions have taken- place in Sal-
vador, but slight earthquakes were frequently felt and
small amounts of smoke were occasionally seen arising
from some of the older volcanoes in the Republic.
About eight months ago, shortly after Izalco ceased its
activity, the old San Miguel volcano 70 miles east of San
Salvador, situated near the city of San Miguel, com-
menced to emit unusual volumes of smoke from its huge
crater. This renewed activity gave the inhabitants con-
siderable fear, but as the appearance of the smoke waned
they ceased to be uneasy. In this connection it might be
of interest to relate a strange bit of prophesy on the part
of a geologic friend of mine in San Francisco. On -Tune
7 I called upon him, and in the course of conversation
he inquired particular!}' about the volcanoes of Sal-
vador. When informed that Izalco had become quiescent
he asked "Is there any new volcanic activity?" Upon
being told no, he shook his head and said, "That means
trouble." The very next morning cablegrams were re-
ceived telling of the volcanic eruption and earthquake at
San Salvador. This eruption took place through its vent
on the western side of the volcano, on the side distant
from the city. It was because of the position of the vent
that the capital was not more severely damaged. Quezal-
tepeque, a town nine miles north-west of the city of San
Salvador, suffered the most damage.
In this region calcareous and argillaceous formations,
derived from the weathering of the volcanic tuffs and
ashes, predominate. They possess features character-
istic of sedimentary rocks for which they might easily be
mistaken. Ift the immediate vicinity of San Salvador
volcano is a large granite porphyry intrusion through
the basaltic lava of which the cone is composed. In the
lava-beds of Izalco is found a mineral salt, chloride of
ammonia associated with sulphur. The lava is stained a
variety of colors; yellow, green, red, and purple, due to
the oxidation of small amounts of various metallic sul-
phides.
A possible explanation of the transference of the ac-
tivity from volcano Izalco to that of San Salvador may
be found in the sealing up of the vent of Izalco, the
molten magma then stoping its way laterally until it
made a connection with the older vent in the volcano of
San Salvador, which had been occupied by a crater-lake.
The heat from the magma coming in contact with the
water seepage from the lake generated sufficient steam to
shatter the rocks, relieve the pressure of the superin-
cumbent column of rock, and start the eruption.
It might be of interest to recall the unusual volcanic
activity that occurred in 1880 in Lake Illopango, a crater-
lake eight miles long and five miles wide and from 500 to
1500 ft. deep, situated six miles east of the capital. The
surface of the water is 1200 ft. below the mean level of
the surrounding plain. This suggests that here was once
a volcano of great size. In that year two volcanic cones
rose from the depths of the lake and extended about 200
ft. above the surface, and ejected smoke and ashes. The
water subsided 40 ft. and found an outlet into the Jiboa
river and flooded the surrounding country. Goodyear
estimated that 635,000,000 cubic metres of water was re-
leased from the volcano. Other famous volcanoes in Sal-
vador are Santa Ana, with an elevation of 6615 ft., very
slightly active at the present time ; San Miguel, elevation
6500 ft., also slightly active ; and San Vicente, elevation
7793 ft., long extinct. Along the slopes of many of the
volcanoes are situated the richest coffee plantations in the
country. The volcanic ashes make an exceedingly rich
soil. A cablegram received from President Melendez
of Salvador stated that the ashes from the present erup-
tion would prove beneficial to the soil and offset some of
the damage done by the earthquake.
Co-operation of American and French and English
physicists has been sought by the National Research
Council in an effort to find means to combat the sub-
marine. A conference for this purpose has been held in
Washington, at which Charles Fabry, Henri Abraham.
M. le Due de Guiche, Sir Ernest Rutherford, and Com-
mander Cyprian Bridge were present, along with a
number of American physicists. It is hoped to obtain
the co-operation of experimenters throughout the coun-
try having laboratory facilities at command. It is
pointed out that the best laboratory equipment now
available for work of this kind is found at the Uni-
versities in the United States.
•lulv
1!>17
MINING and Scientific PRESS
23
Mining in Utah
By L. O. HOWARD
Several problems are being faced by local operators.
At a time when metal prioes stimulate intensified pro«
duction, numerous strikes have served to interfere seri:
nuslv with operations. Tintic and I'ark City have both
been handicapped by labor troubles that were ultimately
settled through the agency of a member of the new State
Industrial Commission. Some annoyance was also caused
at the plants of the Utah Copper Co. through small
strikes of men engaged not directly in operation but in
construction, repair, and maintenance. Finally came the
st like at the International smelter that resulted in clos-
ing the works. Although the Federal Department of
Labor has a representative on the ground, a settlement
has not been effected at the time of this writing. The
principal point of difference is an increase in wages of
50 cents per day. There has been no violence, but it is
to be feared that when the furnaces are again blown-in
the scarcity of labor will be felt severely, inasmuch as
many of the men have left for other parts.
There is considerable inquiry for lead mines. Bing-
ham, Park City, and Tintic are pushing production to the
limit. Transportation in Big Cottonwood is still difficult,
and maximum shipments have not yet been attained.
The Cardiff has several hundred tons of ore scattered
up and down the canyon during the winter, but is adding
to its fleet of motor-trucks and expects to clean-up the
accumulation soon. The Maxfield, which has been the
only other persistent shipper, has been closed pending
an investigation of its affairs. A new faction in the
directorate has obtained control and has stopped all
work. The ore has been coming from points several
hundred feet below the adit-level, and incidentally be-
low the level of the creek; therefore the excessive cost
of pumping has prevented a profit. While the ore was
rich, it occurred in small lenses so irregularly distributed
as to cause development to bear an undue share of ex-
pense. It is probable that work will be continued on the
1200-ft. or adit-level in an effort to find other ore-shoots
above that horizon, similar to those that proved profitable
in the earlier history of the mine.
The Kennebec Mining Co., owning property adjoining
the Cardiff, proposes to begin development with funds
loaned to it pro rata by the stockholders, at 8%. This
method of financing has been adopted owing to the non-
assessable character of the stock. Development in many
other properties in the canyon is said to be encouraging,
notably on the Big Cottonwood Coalition and the Amer-
ican Consolidated Copper.
Little Cottonwood is active as never before in recent
times. In the first three weeks of June the Michigan-
Utah Consolidated Mines Co. made settlements on 36
cars of ore, averaging for the most part $25 per ton.
One or two cars netted over $70 per ton and two cars
$38. The company is able to ship $20 ore at a profit. It
reports the beginning of shipments of copper-silver ore
from the Copper Prime tunnel. Tl v is said to be
of greater extenl than elsewhere in this locality. While
the limits of the deposit have not been determined, it
has been found that over a w j.llh of :!ll It. there is a uni-
form high iron content and that tin- copper varies from
traces to as high as 20%, and much shipping ore lias
been blocked out. This development is daily gaining
greater importance, and it is distinctly possible thai a
fair-sized copper deposit is to be opened in the Cotton-
woods at last. Many engineers have been confident thai
excellent copper deposits would be found at the east en,]
of both the Big and Little Cottonwood districts. The
Michigan-Utah development tends to confirm this opinion
as to Little Cottonwood, and showings recently made in
the Big Cottonwood Coalition are likewise favorable.
The Copper Prince tunnel has been connected to the
aerial tramway of the Michigan-Utah company. This
conveys much Alta ore to Tanner's Flat, about four
miles down the canyon, where it is loaded into narrow-
gauge ears and dropped down to Wasatch, another four
miles, on the tracks of the Little Cottonwood Transporta-
tion Co. At Wasatch it is again transferred into cars of
the Salt Lake & Alta railroad, a branch of the D. & R.
G., which carries it to the smelters at Midvale and
Murray. Eighty-five men are now on the company's
ray-roll, and it is intended to keep a force of 100 men at
work during the year.
During the first quarter the Emma Consolidated ship-
ped 33 cars of ore from Alta that netted nearly $30 per
ton. This company is shipping 60 to 70 tons per day at
present, and expects to go on a 100-ton basis soon.
There has been some dissatisfaction with the facilities
afforded by the Salt Lake & Alta railroad, and some ore
is being hauled to the smelters from Wasatch in auto-
trucks. The railroad company is preparing to lay
heavier rail, after which better service is anticipated.
The Alta Consolidated has started the shipment of some
rich ore taken out during the winter. The Sells is at the
point of shipping and is expected to make a steady out-
put during the shipping season. The South Hecla main-
tains a regular production.
At Bingham mining is on a larger scale than ever. The
Utah Copper Co. is milling 38,000 tons per day. The
completion of the leaehing-plant has been again delayed
by poor deliveries of structural material and is now ex-
pected about the first of September. The work is 75%
finished. The initial capacity is set at 4000 tons, al-
though it is planned to increase to 10,000 tons per day
as soon as possible. There is about 40,000,000 tons of
oxidized material that should yield close to 13 lb. copper
per ton. A short time ago the County Assessor an-
nounced his intention of taxing the tailing-dumps of the
company, estimating that there is $68,000,000 worth of
available copper in 57.000.000 tons of tailing, repre-
senting 35 to 40% of the original content of the ore, most
of which could be recovered by flotation. If this policy
of taxation is carried out it will affect many other com-
panies in the State that have treated sulphide ores and
accumulated tailing-piles containing recoverable metals.
24
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 1917
If the County officials seek to enforce their ruling it will
doubtless mean another legal battle. If the tax-gatherer
is successful, what is to prevent his applying the same
logic to oxidized tailing, or practically any kind of tail-
ing that may contain economic minerals?
Further troubles are imminent in connection with the
insurance rate, which the State Industrial Commission
is seeking to establish under the provisions of the Work-
men's Compensation Act. This act has been declared
obligatory on workmen and on employers of more than
four men. Some of the premiums per $100 of pay-roll
are: assaying, $1.68; ore concentration, $4.04; smelting,
$6.11: metalliferous mines, $5.59; and coal mines, $9.
These rates are said to have been adopted from figures
furnished by the Workmen's Compensation Service
Bureau of New York, which, incidentally, is also en-
gaged in an attempt to boost the Colorado rates another
25%. Colorado rates furnish an interesting commentary.
They are $3.85 per $100 of pay-roll for metalliferous
mines and mill operators. These rates enabled the State
Insurance Fund to provide for all expenses, losses,
compensation, and surplus, besides paying a dividend of
23% of the amount paid in. The local chapter of the
American Mining Congress, in collaboration with the
mine operators, has been conducting an exhaustive in-
vestigation into the matter and is making an earnest at-
tempt to obtain a fair rate. The casualty expert engaged
by these interests has recommended that the rates for
metalliferous mines be reduced to $4.25, coal mines to
$6.04. and that mill-rates be also reduced.
Reports of last month's ore shipments show that Tintic
mines shipped 889 cars, bringing the total for five months
lo 4337 ears, and that Park City mines produced 8447
tons. The Judge Mining & Smelting Co. held second
place with 2376 tons, leading the Silver King Consoli-
dated, which reported 1595 tons, and trailing the Silver
King Coalition, which shipped 2506 tons. It is expected
that the large increase in shipments by the Judge com-
pany in June will place it at the head of the list. The
Tintic 'ear' seems to be as precise a measure as the Joplin
'can.' No close estimate of tonnage is possible from
Tintic reports.
Among the Bingham mines. Ohio Copper reports a
monthly profit of $70,000. A break in a reservoir on the
Price river has resulted in the destruction of several
miles of the main line of the Denver & Rio Grande track,
and lias completely isolated the Carbon County coal
mines, aggravating the usual coal shortage in Utah.
Several thousand men are thrown out of work. All
through service on the railroad between Denver and
Salt Lake City has been suspended. Several steel bridges
went out and it is estimated that temporary repairs
cannot be made in less than two wseks. According to
later news the wash-out on thp Denver & Rio Grande
railroad will cause suspension of traffic for probably
three weeks, and it is feared that this may result in the
closing of the smelters for want of coke, the supply on
hand being small. The district is completely isolated, so
that normal conditions will not be restored for six weeks.
Government's Lead Purchase
The following communication has been sent by the
Lead Committee to the mine operators, smelters, and re-
finers of lead throughout the country : The Committee on
Lead appointed by the Advisory Commission of the
Council of National Defense has agreed on behalf of the
domestic producers of lead to furnish 8000 tons of pig
lead between now and August 1, to meet the require-
ments of the United States Government. The price set
for this tonnage is 8c. per lb. East St. Louis. As the
probable production for the month of July will be about
48,000 tons of pig lead, this represents one-sixth of the
total production for that month. If every producer
agrees to furnish his share of this sale, it means that each
will sell one-sixth of his July production on the basis of
8c. per lb. Are you willing to participate in this sale?
If so, please advise the chairman of the Committee on
Lead promptly. If you own a smelter you will receive
shipping instructions from the committee for the amount
which you agree to furnish. If you do not own a smelter,
may we ask that you instruct the smelter which smelts
your ores to furnish one-sixth of the lead-content of the
ore which it accepts from you in July on this government
order and notify them that you will accept in settlement
for that amount of lead in your ore the price that the
Government is paying. If you give such notice to your
smelter, please inform the chairman of the Committee on
Lead so that the Committee can make their plans ac-
cordingly and can see that your smelter is required to
furnish that amount of lead to the Government at the
8-cent price. An early reply will be greatly appreciated.
Clinton H. Crane,
Chairman, Committee on Lead.
Japanese buyers are paying any price demanded in a
scramble to purchase ship-plates. Recently 9.9 cents per
pound was paid in order to switch 1000 tons of such
material to the new ship-building Empire that evidently
has dreams of becoming the world's carrier after the
War. It is plain that control of supplies required in our
preparations for effective warfare must come speedily
if we are to do our part in resisting the common enemy.
There is a serious defect in our organization when we
cannot build ships to meet our own urgent needs, yet
allow Japan to ship out of the country 1000 tons of
ready-made ship-plate. It is important to recall in this
connection, the suggestion of Great Britain that Japa-
nese merchant vessels might relieve the pressure in the
trans-Atlantic movement of supplies, which brought the
soft reply that Japan would be pleased to supplant the
British ships plying in Eastern waters so as to relieve
them for service in the submarine zone.
Barytes is being mined on a large scale near Pulan-
tien, in the Kwangtung leased territory in Manchuria, by
a company of Japanese resident at Pulantien. The cor-
poration is called the Manchuria Barium Co., and is cap-
italized at $25,000.
.lulv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
35
iiii!iiiiiii:!:uiitiimiiii!iiyiiiiiini)uini;i;ii
REVIEW OF MINING
As seen at the world't great mining centred by our own correspondent*.
CRIPPLE CHEEK. COLORADO
Lessees Throughout the District Co.ntinue to Make a Labor
and Profitable Production. — New Strikes Reported from
Vabious Parts of the District. — Important Development
from the Roosevelt Tunnel.
Block 8 of School Section 16. on the north-east slope of Bull
Cliffs, is again in the producing list. Charles Eaton and
associates are operating a sub-lease from the Co-operative
Mining & Development Co., that holds the original lease on the
school lands from the State. Eaton & Co. loaded out their
initial shipment of milling ore last week. This property, the
only one in the Cripple Creek district, located on school lands
that is paying royalties to the State, was operated for 15 years
consecutively by the late Alfred La Montaigne, a French
Canadian. La Montaigne, it is estimated, took out about
$250,000 gross from above the 600-ft. level.
The Millasier Mines Corporation, operating and owning the
Clyde property on the north-east slope of Battle mountain, has
unwatered the Clyde shaft 800 ft. deep, with about 3000 ft. of
laterals at the bottom level. The shaft is to be sunk an addi-
tional 1500 ft. G. F. Lasier of Detroit, Michigan, one of the
owners, is at the mine.
The Dante mine on Bull hill, owned by the Dante Gold
Mining Co. is to resume activity. The lease held by the Con-
solidated Mines & Development Co. is to be transferred to a
new company being organized to operate the mine.
The Hahnewald brothers, Olsen & Co., operating the prop-
erty of the Gold Sovereign Mining & Tunnel Co. on the south-
west slope of Bull hill, are cutting a station at the 1500-ft.
level. Extensive development both north and south of the
shaft has been planned. The workings on the property are
1350 ft. deep.
A shipment of milling-grade ore was loaued out last week
from the Coriolanus mine on Battle and Squaw mountains, by
Matt Edr and Aitken of Victor, lessees, operating under lease
from the Aloha Gold Mining Co., T. B. Burbridge, of Denver,
president. The ore shipped was of milling grade.
The Catherine Gold Mining Co., Charles Walden, of Victor,
general manager, holding a lease and option on the properties
of the Last Dollar Gold Mining Co. on Bull hill, is extending
a drift south-east at a depth of 1500-ft. toward the Modoc mine
and on the extension of the Modoc-Last Dollar vein. The
ground under development is virgin and with the value of the
ore improving it is expected an orebody is near. The hreast
of the drift is about 600 ft. from the line so that there is ample
ground ahead.
The Acacia Gold Mining Co. is cutting a station at 1350 ft.
preparatory to beginning lateral work at this depth. In the
meantime the company continues production from the 1250-ft.
level, and lessees are operating in the levels above. About
350 tons of milling ore has been loaded out from the mine
this month.
Last week a strike was reported from the 400-ft. level of
the Jerry Johnson mine and during the past few days, the
Cripple Creek Deep Leasing Co., operating below the 650-ft.
level of the mine, has entered the downward extension of the
Caley shoot at the 650-ft. level, hy a raise from the 950-ft.
level. Two feet of the 4-ft. vein is sampling 5 oz. gold per
ton and the ore broken 3* to 4 ft. wide will ship at 2 oz. gold
per ton.
A carload settlement, under date of June 25, on 63,0"u It),
net of ore from the Caley lease, was at a rate of $46.90 per
ton. The check to the lessee after deduction of freight, treat-
ment, and royalty amounted to $1233.19.
The Beacon & Raven Hill Gold Mining Co., owning 17 acres
patented, at the Arequa townsite on the southern slope of
Raven hill, has contracted 250-ft. of driving from the line of
the Roosevelt tunnel, of the Cripple Creek Deep Drainage &
Tunnel Co., to get under the orebody developed to a depth of
700 ft. by the Elkton Mining & Milling Co. The Beacon &
Raven Hill property adjoins the Elkton mine, and that com-
pany mined a good grade of milling-ore to that depth. The
work from the drainage-tunnel level, at an elevation of ap-
proximately S100 ft. above sea-level, is being followed with
interest by mining men. The lateral will cut under the ore-
shoot 900 ft. deeper than any previous development in this
part of the district. Low assays are already obtained from
the drift, and there remains about 30 ft. to drive before the
objective point under the shoot developed above is reached.
A reported strike on the 20th level of the Golden Cycle mine
of the Vindicator Consolidated Gold Mining Co. was practically
confirmed last week by a visit of Guildford S. Wood, president:
Adolph Zank, the treasurer; George Stahl, the secretary; and
Mr. Sigel, a director of the mine. From a local source it is
learned that a strong orebody has been opened at a depth
slightly exceeding 2000 ft. in the main shaft of the Golden
Cycle mine, on one of the main veins, and the ore exposed as
broken from 6 to 8 ft. wide, is all of a good milling grade, with
a central strip several inches wide that may be classed as of
smelting grade.
TREADWELL, ALASKA
Miners at Kennecott Strike on Being Refused an Increase
in Wages. — The Treadwell Company Takes an Option
on the Red Diamond Group of Mines. — Extensive Prep-
aeations Being Maoe to Equip and Operate This Prop-
erty.
Two hundred miners working in the Bonanza and Jumbo
mines of the Kennecott Corporation have walked out. They
demanded an increase of wages of 15 to 50%, according to the
price of copper. An oiler of arbitration was made in behalf
of the company, but it was refused and the strike followed.
About half of the men have refused to strike, however, and
these include the men in the shops, mills, and Ieaching-plant,
and the construction men.
The threat to strike came several days ago and at that time
the United States marshal took the situation in hand and as a
precautionary measure closed the saloons at McCarthy.
The Treadwell company has taken an option on the Red
Diamond group of claims adjoining its holdings on the west
and will begin prospecting at once. This enterprise will create
a greater demand for labor than now exists and just how that
demand will be satisfied is a problem. Any kind of labor is
very scarce in this part of the country, hundreds of men
having left for the West and the interior within the past few
weeks. Employers of labor, however, expect better conditions
in the near future.
The Red Diamond property is the first to be bonded on
Douglas island by the Treadwell companies with over $1,000,-
000 development fund available. The property is situated
26
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
south by west of the Nevada Creek group fronting toward
Stephens passage. Engineers have surveyed an outlet from
back of the Ready Bullion property, which would give a
passage for the ore by tram or surface railway to the com-
pany's mills at Treadwell. The Red Diamond group com-
prises 12 claims. Work has been carried on at various times
for the past ten years, development consisting of a shaft and
drifts on the orebody at several levels. A summer-camp is to
be established next week at the property. In the meantime,
provisions, tools, and other necessities are being delivered to
the property.
P. R. Bradley, general manager, has announced that his
engineers are ready and willing to investigate any property
presented.
A new compressor has recently been installed at the Mineral
King Mining Co.'s property at Bettles bay.
Articles of incorporation have been filed at Valdez for the
Q & Q Gold Mining Co., the capital stock being $50,000. The
incorporators are Frank Cockrell, Dr. H. Cockrell, and Robert
L. Hawkins. The company is organized for the purpose of
owning and operating property near Port Wells.
TORONTO, ONTARIO
Heavy Shipments of Silver Ore and Bullion from Cobalt. —
Old Mines Re-opened Producing High-Grade Ore. — Hol-
i.inger Passes a Dividend. — Serious Coal Shortage
Feared in Canada and Official Steps Taken to Provide
Against It.
The silver mining industry of Cobalt was never more active
than at present, operators being desirous of maintaining pro-
duction at the highest point in order to take advantage of a
favorable market. Some 2000 men and about 200 machines
are steadily employed, and despite the talk of strikes the
majority of the workers are well satisfied with existing con-
ditions. They are receiving in addition to wages a bonus of
50c. per clay so long as the price of silver remains above 70c.
per oz., and should it rise above SOc. the bonus will be in-
creased to 75c. per day.
Shipments of both ore and bullion have recently been heavy.
During the week ended June 10 approximately 956,404 lb. of
ore was sent out with 517,666 oz. of bullion, being the largest
aggregate for several months. The Nipissing maintains its
lead as the largest producer. During May the company mined
ore of an estimated value of $261, 66S and shipped bullion from
its own and custom-ores of an estimated net value of $405,000.
Driving on the Cobalt Lake fault has been nearly completed
and about 1500 ft. of the vein developed at the 425 and 520-ft.
levels. With the payment of its regular o% dividend, due in
July, the total returns to shareholders made by the company
will amount to $16,240,000, being 2649c on the issued capital.
The production of the Mining Corporation of Canada for the
present year, up to April 22, aggregated 1,400,123 oz. of silver,
the output showing a steady increase.
Development work at the Ophir has resulted in the discovery
of a promising 6-in. vein, carrying a small silver content, south
of shaft No. 2. It will be cross-cut and developed on the
keewatin-diabase contact.
The report of the Beaver Consolidated for the quarter ended
May 31 shows silver in bullion, due from smelters, and in ore
bagged aggregating 252.94S oz. and $49,915 cash in hand. High-
grade ore and mill-rock are being recovered from orebodies on
the 400 and 600-ft. levels. A raise has been driven for 100 ft.
on the vein at the 1600-ft. level. The demand for mining ma-
chinery for new prospects in Northern Ontario, which cannot
always be filled promptly by the manufacturers, has created a
market for the disused equipment of many of the closed-down
properties of Cobalt and some of these small plants, which
were considered as of little value, have been sold at good
prices.
The Gowganda silver area has been attracting a good deal
of attention, largely on account of the size and richness of
the vein found on the Miller Lake-0 Brien. The Reeves-Dobie
property has been re-opened with encouraging results, and
high-grade ore is fceing sacked. The T. C. 177 company is de-
veloping a property adjacent to the Miller Lake-O'Brien and
will sink to the 300-ft. level. At the Silverado machinery is
being installed. Power for this district will be obtained from
Hanging Stone Falls, but construction has been considerably
retarded on account of labor shortage.
Though the labor situation in Porcupine and the outlying
gold district is not yet altogether satisfactory, some improve-
ment has been effected by bringing in laborers from other
points. The Dome Mines is continuing operations as well as
its reduced forces will permit, attention being principally
centred upon the cross-cut at the 700-ft. level to open up a
large high-grade orebody discovered at that depth by diamond-
drilling. It is stated to be 120 ft. wide with an average of
$17 per ton, and is expected to be reached early in July.
Hitherto the average grade of the mine has been below $6 per
ton.
The Hollinger Consolidated has passed the dividend due
this month. President Timmins states that this action was
taken owing to the uncertainty of labor conditions and the
difficulty of securing enough men for underground work to
mine sufficient ore to keep the mill in operation. The di-
rectors are considering the advisability of devoting all efforts
to development so long as present conditions continue and to
put the mine into a position to considerably increase the out-
put as soon as an adequate supply of labor becomes available.
The suspension of the dividend will enable the company to wipe
out the deficit of $174, 1S4 and establish a cash surplus. Con-
struction work on the new mill has been suspended except so
far as contracts already let are concerned.
During May the Mclntyre milled 15,064 tons of ore of an
average value of $9. S3 with a total production of $142,476.
The West Dome Consolidated has completed 1200 ft. of work-
ings on the 300-ft. level and it is estimated that between
60,000 and 70,000 tons of ore of an average grade of $9 per
ton has been blocked out. The policy of the management is
to confine operations to this level and create a large ore re-
serve for the proposed mill.
At the 200-ft. level of the Kirkland Lake mine a 4-ft. vein
carrying high-grade ore has been discovered. It is believed
to be the vein of the Wright-Hargreaves and the Teck-Hughes.
The Lake Shore mine lying between these two will also benefit
by the find. Construction work on the new Lake Shore mill
is being pushed.
The question of providing against a serious coal shortage
during the coming winter is receiving much attention from
the Canadian government and the municipal authorities. The
situation has become much more threatening since the United
States declared war, as, owing to the increased home demand
with a diminished supply of labor and a lack of adequate
transportation facilities, a great shortage of the importa-
tions from the American coal mines, on which Ontario and a
large part of the West are dependent for food, apears in-
evitable. Many municipal bodies are endeavoring to arrange
for supplies to be stored as a provision against a winter coal-
famine, but so far with little success. The Canadian govern-
ment has appointed C. A. Magrath, of Lethbridge, Alberta, a
prominent Western man, as fuel controller with full powers
to regulate the price and distribution of coal, encourage in-
creased home production, and arrange for importations. It
is hoped that at least he will be able to prevent undue accumu-
lations of coal stocks, and to check extortionate prices. Dr.
Ruttan, of the Advisory Council of Industrial and Scientific
Research, announces that their investigations have resulted
in a discovery which will solve the problem as regards Western
Canada. The extensive lignite deposits of Saskatchewan, he
claims, may be made commercially valuable by a process of
July
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
27
brlquetting, which will prodaoe ■ tuel nearly cinml In heating
power to anthracite at about two-thirds the cost of coal in the
West The Advisory Council has asked the Government to
devote $400,000 for the construction of a plant in which the
brlquettlng process can be carried on.
PORCUPINE, ONTARIO
Labob Troubles Abi Being Gkmu ally bdt Quietly Adjusted
Though All or THE Operating Mines Are in Need hi
Moke Men.
Within the past week much of the uncertainty that for many
weeks has characterized the labor situation in the Porcupine
district has been cleared up. It is rumored that the strike vote
taken Sunday, June 14, resulted in a majority of more than
300 against going out on strike. However, the officials of the
union are keeping the returns to themselves. As yet, no
definite arrangement has been reached at any of the producing
mines, except the Mclntyre-Porcupine and Dome Lake. The
former company has granted a 50-cent increase to meet the high
cost of living, and appears to have clear sailing. Dome Lake
has granted an increase almost equal to that of the Mclntyre,
but it is understood the increase does not cover every branch
of labor at the mine. At practically every mine but the Hol-
linger Consolidated, the employees have taken action, inde-
pendent of the Miner's Union, and by forming themselves into
■committees representative of the particular mine at which
they are employed, have approached the management, that in
turn has in every instance given consideration to these re-
quests.
It is the opinion that within a few days most of the pro-
ducing mines will have taken action similar to that of the
Mclntyre-Porcupine.
The most peculiar fact about the situation is that at Tim-
mins ana South Porcupine reports are current that certain
companies have granted an increase. These reports sometimes
are convincing, but when investigated appear to have as yet
no foundation in fact.
Hollinger Consolidated, although with only about half
enough men available, is operating as aggressively as circum-
stances will permit. Outwardly there would appear to he no
difference about the mine from a few months ago, when opera-
tions were at the maximum, but the tonnage coming from be-
low speaks plainly, and convinces one that inwardly present
working forces are not anywhere near the requirements. How-
ever, despite the fact that the regular disbursement of divi-
dends at the Hollinger have been discontinued, it does not by
any means signify that this mine has taken second place to
any other gold mine in the Dominion. In fact, with present
reduced forces, the net profit-earning power of this company is
still greater than any other gold or silver mine in the country.
April figures showed net profits of $194,000 for the four-week
period.
Mclntyre-Porcupine is perhaps in the most enviable position
of all the Porcupine producers, in that the company has very
little construction work pending, and at present has a full
complement of men. Operations at this property are going
with greater speed than ever before. The tonnage treated
sometimes rises to 550 tons per day, and the monthly average is
well above 500 tons per day. Mill-heads range from $7 to $15.
This is due to the fact that the management is not endeavor-
ing to establish an average grade, but is taking run-of-mine
ore, and anything containing $2 per ton and upward is being
sent to the mill. The average grade of ore treated within
the past 12 months has approximated $10, while the average
throughout the mine is about $12.50. Preparations to carry de-
velopment work first to the 1300 and then to the 1600-ft. level
are now under way. The most interesting development at the
mine recently is that the main orebody at the 1000-ft. level has
now widened out to 52 ft. and is high-grade milling ore. The
face of the main drive is now within Si r the Jupiter line,
Mill-construction at the Bcb.umacb.er is proceeding, About
80 men are now on the pny-roll as compared with a desired
force of 120. The old mill Is running at a capacity of about
100 tons daily and mill-beads are now up to around $10 per ton.
Porcupine V. N. T. is working about !)0 men and here also
the mill Is treating about 100 tons of ore per day. Develop-
ments underground are proceeding satisfactor'ly. At the 600-
ft. level the main vein is 22 ft. wide of a good milling grade
of ore.
Porcupine-Crown now has about 90 men employed, and is
maintaining production satisfactorily.
COBALT, ONTARIO
Pkouuction Being Forced Under the Stimulus of the High
Price of Silver. — Labor Agitators Continue Their
Efforts to Bring About a Strike, Though the Majority
of the Workers Are Satisfied.
Operations at the producing mines of Cobalt were never
conducted more vigorously than at present. Over 2000 men
and about 200 machines are employed. The high quotation for
bar-silver is undoubtedly the main reason for the keen desire
to force production to the maximum. The mine-workers are
all receiving a bonus of 50c. per day when the price of silver
remains above 70c. an ounce. This, in itself, has, to a certain
extent, won the good-will of the workers. However, should
silver rise to over SOc. an ounce the bonus will be increased to
75c. per day. With a 75c. bonus the workers would be re-
ceiving considerably more per day than that outlined under
the wage-scale now demanded. Under the present system the
workers are able to share the prosperity of the mine operators,
and the married men, together with the efficient workers,
would apparently not welcome any change in the present form
of pay. The agitators in the union are largely unmarried
men with little responsibility.
During the first week of June a total of nine cars of ore
containing approximately 682,210 lb. of ore was sent from
Cobalt. Bullion shipments for the corresponding period
totalled $114,063.
The report of the Mining Corporation of Canada for the first
16 weeks of the current year shows that a total of 1,400,123.96
oz. of silver was produced having a value of $1,000,000. Total
dividends paid to date by this company are $1,711,875.
The usual quarterly dividend of 5% has been declared pay-
able July 20 by Nipissing Mining Company, a disbursement of
$300,000, and the third dividend of this amount to be paid
during the current year. The total paid by Nipissing to date
is $16,240,000, or equal to 264% on the issued capital of the
company. The financial statement of June 2 shows cash in
bank $1,255,034; ore and bullion in transit, $351,860; ore and
bullion on hand, at the mine, $S53,614; making a total of
$2,460,508.64.
The Temiskaming has also declared a dividend of 3%, pay-
able July 16 to shareholders of record June 30. This disburse-
ment amounts to $75,000 and is the second dividend during the
current year. Temiskaming has now paid a total of $1,834,-
156.25, which is equal to 74% of the issued capital stock of the
company. Generally speaking, the labor supply at Cobalt is
comparatively satisfactory.
SUDBURY, ONTARIO
Experiments Being Made at Iron Mountain Said to Be Satis-
factory. — A New Mill Completed and Running. — Large
Mass of Iron Ore Available.
Iron Mountain, in the Sudbury district, is receiving a thor-
ough test, and results so far obtained are said to be satisfac-
28
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 7. 1917
tory. About 150 men are employed, and should the experi-
mental work now going on justify it, the number probably will
be increased to 1000 men. A mill with a capacity for 300 tons
of ore per day has been installed and preparations for the con-
centration of ore are about completed. Mining is done by
glory-hole method, and the ore is loaded direct into a train of
cars and conveyed to the mill. The mill concentrate is
shipped to smelters.
The Iron Mountain iron deposit is understood to contain at
least 7,000,000 tons of ore. The deposit is situated four miles
from Milnet Junction on the main line of the Canadian North-
ern railway. A spur-line has been built to the mine. Later
on the facilities for iron ore production will probably be
greatly increased.
ELDORA, COLORADO
Large Output of Tungsten from Numerous Leases on Promi-
nent Mines. — Mills Running at Capacity and Exten-
sions Being Made.
The Vasco company at Tungsten, which has been steadily
operating its mines and mills through the winter, sees a con-
tinuation or even an increase in its prosperity this summer.
The company's large mill is working at full capacity to handle
the continuous shipments from over 12 different workings on
the Vasco property. Shipments range from 3 to 50% tungsten,
with an average of about 10%. Fred Barrett, one of the oldest
mill-men in Boulder county, is superintendent of the mill.
Fred B. Copeland, of the Copeland Sampling Co., in Cripple
Creek, is in charge of the sampling for the company.
H. S. O'Neil and Harry O'Day are leasing on the Vasco No. 3.
Bradford Black has leased No. 4, and is now clearing out one
of the old stopes. No. 5 has been taken by John MeKenna,
who is doing exceptionally well. Cox and McKenzie have
leased No. 6, and Thomas McGrath No. 7. John Walsh is leas-
ing No. 8, and has been making regular shipments for some
time. George L. Holland and associates have made the No. 10
tunnel the largest producer on the Vasco at the present time.
J. B. Newham on 12, and Petro & O'Day on 13, are doing fine.
The change of this district from the Stevens Camp, of a
little more than a year to the prosperous little town of Tung-
sten can hardly be realized. Great credit is due the Vasco
company in opening up this district.
Tom McGrath has a position with the Morgan-Tungsten
Mining Co., where he is superintendent. He was until re-
cently with the Vasco people in the same capacity. This mill
was recently taken over from Diggs and Clark. Verne Collins
has a position with the Boulder Products Company.
The Clark tunnel, at Tungsten, has cut two veins and has
leased them both. The Clark mill is running nearly to full
capacity, and is receiving a good supply from nearly all the
workings on the Clark property. Ex-sheriff Baxter is leasing
on the Clark No. 1 and has been making steady shipments.
Dan Gillett and Goddard are working the Clark 3, and taking
out a good grade of ore regularly. Jacob Wade reports he has
made a big strike on the Clark No. 5.
The Caribou mill at Caribou, Colorado, has been shut-down
and will suspend operation as soon as it runs the ore on hand.
It is reported that this is due to some dispute about the water-
rights. Walter and Humphrey are preparing to wash the
dump at the Vasco 6, on the Clark property. This is one of
the richest Vasco dumps and is sure tog>ay well.
President Howe, of the Keystone Mining & Milling Co., at
Magnolia, Colorado, visited the company's property this week.
Manager Clifford Staley has been repairing the mill and ad-
ding to it. A. Ganvey, of Farmersville, Ohio, reports success
from the Doss mine at Wallstreet that he recently leased.
C. A. DeWitt, superintendent of the Wolf Tongue mill at
Nederland, reports the mill running to its fullest capacity.
The biennial report of the Colorado State Bureau of Mines
in district No. 1, Boulder county, contains a resume of the
mining situation and conditions here. The Colorado State
School of Mines will re-open in the fall as usual.
Woodring and Dupont, on the Huron, at Eldora, are steadily
pushing development work. The Dixie mine above Lake
Eldora has let a contract and work will be started at once on
this property.
. EIRELAND LAEE, ONTARIO
The Important Gold Mines of This Disteict. — Large Amount
of High-Grade Ore in Sight in the Various Mines, and
Further Development Planned.
Second in importance of the quartz-gold mining districts
of Canada is Kirkland Lake that already is yielding upward
of $1,000,000 in gold annually.
The Tough-Oakes is the pioneer and the premier mine of
the district and is equipped with the largest mill. The ore at
this mine is considerably higher in value than at any other
gold mine in any of the Northern Ontario gold districts. It
is true that costs are comparatively high, due chiefly to the
hardness of the rock, but the high average gold content of the
ore allows a large margin of profit and a handsome surplus for
dividends is piling up. The regular dividend paid by the
Tough-Oakes company is 21% quarterly. During 1916 the
company paid a total of $260,750. The ore reserves of this
mine are estimated at upward of $1,000,000.
The second gold producer of the district is the Teck-Hughes.
which only recently installed a ball-mill having a capacity of
75 tons of ore daily. The result of the first month's run, which
is understood to be satisfactory, will probably soon be made
known. The ore reserves of this property are said to be suffi-
ciently large to warrant a further addition to the milling
equipment, that is, provided the amount of labor available
were to become normal. The ore throughout the mine is of
comparatively high grade.
The third producer will be the Lake Shore mine. Already
on this property there are upward of $500,000 worth of ore
blocked out, and a new 75-ton mill is being transported to the
property. Recently a new vein 4 ft. wide and carrying re-
markably rich ore was discovered in a cross-cut underneath
the lake at a depth of 200 feet.
The property of the Kirkland Lake Gold Mines Ltd. may be
considered as the fourth in importance. This property has
been opened to a depth of 600 ft. and approximately 5000 tons
of $10 ore has been blocked out. About 5000 tons of good
milling ore has been accumulated on the dumps. The lower
workings of this property are the deepest in the Kirkland
Lake camp. The president of the company has intimated that
the property is about ready for a 100-ton mill.
The Wright-Hargreaves is another valuable property, al-
though occupying fifth place in point of development work
done and ore reserves blocked out. It is, nevertheless, con-
sidered as one of the leaders of this district. The main vein
has been traced for something like 3000 ft. and at all points
where opened up contains a high average gold content. At
the 100-ft. level of No. 2 and 3 shafts, the grade of ore is said
to range around $30 per ton across a width of 12 ft. The
treasury of the company is in excellent shape, upward of
$100,000 being on hand, and development will be continued to
the 300-ft. level of both shafts, where a 90-ft. drift will be
driven to connect the two workings.
For the time being, work on the La Belle Kirkland has been
suspended. It has been developed to a depth of 350 ft., and a
large tonnage of good-grade mill-ore has been blocked out.
Also, as a result of 5000 ft. of diamond-drilling, done during
the past winter, ore has been indicated to a depth of about
700 feet.
All the properties mentioned are either producers, or con-
sidered as probable producers.
.hilv
1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
L"P
^£{£ MDmmQ
The neics of the iieei at told by our special correspondents mt<l compiled from the local press.
ALASKA
I Special Correspondence.) — About 200 men at the Jumbo
and Bonanza mines of the Kennecott Mining Co. walked out
on a strike on the morning of June 16. This is about half
the number of men on the pay-roll, and includes all the miners
and shovelers, the tramway-men at the upper stations, and
the Japanese cooks at the mines. The strikers are demanding
an increase in wages of from IS to 50C£. The walk-out is con-
fined to the mines. The employees at the lower camp, ma-
chine-shops, mill, leaching-plant, and those engaged in con-
struction work refused to join the strikers. All the strikers
left peaceably after being paid off and have gone to Black-
burn, four miles from Kennecott.
A demand was made by the men for higher wages and but
three days was given to the management to accede to the
demand. E. T. Stannard, the manager, is on his way to New
York, and H. D. Smith, assistant manager, lacking authority
to grant such a demand, requested of the men a reasonable
time in which to lay the matter properly before the New York
officials of the company.
Any additional time was refused by the men, as well as an
offer to arbitrate and also a proposal to have Mr. Stannard
return immediately for conference with the men.
On two previous occasions during the last year the em-
ployees at the Kennecott mines have made demands for in-
crease in wages upon short notice, but in each instance suffi-
cient time was given in which to refer the matter to the New
York office and the demands were either met in full or other-
wise amicably settled.
It is not claimed by the men that the company has not fairly
lived up to its part of these former agreements.
The demand now made is for $5.75 per day with $1.25 off
for board, for miners and shovelers with even a greater per
cent increase for cooks.
The scale at the mines at the time of the walk-out this
morning was as follows:
Base-rate for miners $4.25 per day, and for shovelers $3.75
per day, with $1.25 off for board, plus the following bonuses:
Copper between IS and 20c, 25c. per day; between 22 and
26c, 50c per day; between 26 and 30c, 75c per day; over 30c,
$1 per day. The local officials of the company insist that the
men have not lived up to their former agreements, and that
they are not fair in refusing to allow a reasonable time for
the company to consider their demands.
United States Judge Fred M. Brown, of the Third Division
of the District of Alaska, has ordered all saloons closed at
McCarthy, which is five miles from Kennecott, and is the
nearest town to the mines in which saloons are allowed.
United States Marshal Brenneman is on his way to Mc-
Carthy to take personal charge in case of any violence or dis-
orders.
Cordova, June 16.
(Special Correspondence.) — The Alaska Treadwell Gold
Mining Co. has taken a working-option on the Red Diamond
group of claims, situated near Bullion creek, on Douglas
island. Development work on the group will start at once.
The claims are owned by the Winn interests, of Juneau.
Juneau, June 17.
The Shelekoff Mining Co. has shipped machinery to its
mines on Kodiak island. The property consists of seven cop-
per claims situated near the head of Kuliak bay.
ARIZONA
Gila County
The Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. at Miami has issued
the following circular letter:
Miami, June 29, 1917.
To the employees of the Inspiration Company: The follow-
ing communication is being presented to the various operating
Companies of this district by a Committee of the Local Miners'
Union:
June 28, 1917.
"Dear Sir:
"Resolved that we request a conference with the representa-
tives of the mining companies of the Globe-Miami District for
the purpose of discussing the following demands of the local
unions of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter
Workers of America.
"No. 1. Recognition of the Grievance Committee of the Local
Unions of the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers International
Union, and those of the other organized trades now repre-
sented in the mining industry in the Globe-Miami district.
"No. 2. Representatives of the unions to be allowed on com-
pany property at any time for the purpose of organization, it
being understood that such representatives will in no way
interfere with men in the discharge of their duties.
"No. 3. Reinstatement of men discharged for cause other
than incompetency, competency or incompetency to be de-
termined jointy by the Grievance Committee of the unions
and representatives of the companies. The spirit and intent
of this clause is that no man shall be discharged or refused
employment on account of personal prejudice or on account of
activities in union affairs.
"No. 4. Equal representation on the Board of Control of the
Hospital.
"We request an answer by 10 A.M. Friday morning, failing
to receive an answer accepting or rejecting these demands, a
strike vote will be taken on Saturday, and if carried, a strike
will be called on Monday morning at 7 A.M."
The Inspiration Company deems it proper, at this time, to
advise its employes, labor organizations, and the public at
large, of its position on the subject of meeting with delega-
tions from labor organizations or recognizing committees from
those bodies in its operations.
First and foremost, we reserve the right and privilege to
conduct our own affairs. We have always respected the rights
and principles of Union organizations and their members, and
have never attempted to disrupt these organizations or to dis-
criminate against any of our employes because of their affilia-
tion with the Union. On the other hand, we have always
recognized the rights of those who did not care to join these
organizations. This policy will he maintained in the future.
There appears to be no need of any conference with outside
labor organizations. If the matters which they wish to bring
to our attention concern our employes, the men have a repre-
sentative Committee elected by themselves, through which
such matters, whether they be complaints or suggestions for
improved conditions or service in any department, can be
brought to the management. If the matters which they wish
to discuss concern recognition of the Unions, we say, frankly
and with full knowledge of gravity of the situation, that we
will recognize no such labor organizations or delegations from
30
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 19n
them, and that we will grant no demands for recognizing
Union Committees.
In short, if we are to continue to operate it can only be pos-
sible if we are allowed to conduct our own affairs with the
help and suggestions of our own employes.
Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.
By C. E. Mills, Gen. Mgr.
J.etal Mine Workers' Industrial Union, No. S00, affiliated
with the Industrial Workers of the World, formulated its de-
mi nds on the evening of June 29 for presentation to the man-
agers of the three big copper companies in the district, says
the Arizona Record of June 30. The demands are identical
to those which have been made by striking miners at Butte
and Bisbee.
According to a representative of the metal workers, this
organization will hold a mass-meeting tonight at which time,
unless the demands are met by the companies, a strike vote
will be taken. If they are refused, the members will possibly
quit work Sunday night or Monday morning.
Following is the official statement of demands which was
issued:
"Miami, Arizona, June 29, 1917.
"Mine Managers of the Globe and Miami District:
"We, the joint committees of the Metal Mine Workers' In-
dustrial Union, No. 800, present the following demands:
"1. Two men to work on all piston and Leyner machines.
"2. Two men to work together in all raises.
"3. No blasting in stopes, drifts, or raises during shift.
"4. Abolition of the 'rustling-card' system.
"5. Abolition of the contract-bonus system.
"(i. Abolition of the sliding-scale.
"7. Water-sprays shall be used on all machines.
"S. No discrimination against any member of any union.
"9. Representation in the control of hospital.
"10. Minimum wage of $6 for all men working underground.
"11. Minimum wage of $5.50 for all men working on surface.
"Respectfully submitted,
"Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 800."
The local authorities at Miami claim that the strike situa-
tion has gone beyond their power of control, and the War
Department at Washington late on July 3 instructed the
Southern Department to take the steps necessary to handle
the situation, and troops will be sent into the mining districts
where needed if the request is officially made by the authori-
ties in Arizona.
Calaveras County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Sheep Ranch mine, after a
long idleness, is to be reopened by New York capital under the
direction of H. R. Plate, of New York. The mine has been
worked to a depth of about 1200 ft. and for many years was
a large producer. The ore was free-milling and often was
filled with visible gold. Ore of this character was generally of
dark bluish color and was in demand by jewelers who con-
verted the rock into various forms of jewelry. The vein was
about IS in. wide and the average of the ore for years was
about $15 per ton.
Sheep Ranch, June 24.
(Special Correspondence.) — The Maypole mine, formerly
known as the Shear mine, has been re-opened by L. G. Blake-
more. The mine is half a mile north-west of Mokelumne Hill,
at what is known as the Italian gardens. The claim, which is
2700 ft. long, is located on a north-east south-west vein that
dips north-west in greenstone schist. The quartz is 6 ft. wide
at the face of the old tunnel, which has been cleaned out by
Mr. Blakemore. It was caved throughout its entire length,
having been idle and forgotten for more than 30 years. On
the dump was 300 tons of rock that sampled $5 per ton, which
was considered good enough to justify an examination. By
driving 300 ft. farther there will be available from 350 to
400 ft. of backs. The outlook for this old property, one of the
first, if not the first, quartz claim located in this county, is
considered promising.
The old Boston (Esperanza) mine is to be re-opened by a
Mr. Baker, who *t is reported has made a payment of $17,500
on the purchase price. This mine has been extensively worked
in years gone by and has had not less than three mills, and
at one time a chlorination works. The vein is large, 40 to 60
ft. wide, and consists of a zone of silicified amphibolite schist.
It carries 2 to 10% auriferous sulphide, together with free
gold, but is low grade and requires careful and economical
handling.
The Gardella brothers have closed the sale of their Garibaldi
mine in the Mill Valley district to W. M. Stiver, who repre-
sents San Francisco capitalists. The mine is seven miles from
Mokelumne Hill. A company has been organized to operate
this property, which will be known as the Garibaldi Mining
Co. There is a shaft 100 ft. deep in which some good ore
has been found. Machinery will be placed on this property by
the new owners.
Mokelumne Hill, June 24.
(Special Correspondence.) — There is much prospecting being
done about Railroad Flat, and some good discoveries are an-
nounced. The district is one of many possibilities. It was
only a few years ago that the Comet mine was discovered,
almost by accident, and within a short time produced $125,000
at large profit. There are a number of old mines, at one time
substantial producers, that are again being investigated.
Railroad Flat, June 24.
(Special Correspondence.) — The Utica mill has been closed-
down for a week because of an unusual flow of salt water, but
is about to resume operations. The Angels Quartz mine has
been thoroughly cleaned up and is now ready for a long period
of activity.
Angels, June 24.
(Special Correspondence.) — The proposal to re-open the
Blazing Star has been abandoned, it is stated, owing to the
War. The Sawyer mine, controlled by William Foltz of Seattle,
is about to resume operations, San Francisco capital having
been interested, it is reported.
West Point, June 25.
Del Norte County
(Special Correspondence.) — Tom Galvin, who is representing
the American Exploration Co., which is operating chrome
properties on French hill and Low divide, expects to spend
many months here. There now is S000 tons of high-grade
chrome ore ready for shipment. This week the company ex-
pects five auto-trucks with which to haul the ore to this place.
It will be shipped by steamer to San Francisco.
The Duley and Lauff copper property on Patricks creek is
developed by many hundred feet of adits. Work has been
suspended for some time and an Eastern company that has
examined the property now contemplates its purchase. O. B.
Lauff and West Duley are hotel owners of this place.
Large deposits of chrome ore have been found and located on
Diamond creek by G. W. Gravlin, and other large deposits have
been found and located on Cedar creek by John Taggert, in
this county.
Crescent City, June 23.
i
Siskiyou County
(Special Correspondence.) — John Hays of Gold Hill, Oregon,
and Charles Moon, of Hornbrook, left for their gold quartz
mine, S miles from Hornbrook. They discovered the vein sev-
eral years ago and from time to time have done considerable
development work, and now are preparing to erect a small
mill on the property. The ore is rich and free-milling, but is
only 8 to 10 in. wide, where uncovered.
Mike G. Womack, of Medford, Oregon, and M. A. Carter, and
July ". 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
31
L. D. Corbltl o( Ashland, Oregon, have a promising gold prOB-
pect. the Golden Gem. which Is situated 16 miles west of Hilts
on Hungry creek. They discovered the vein last year and
have done enough work to justify the further development of
the property. On account of the inaccessability of the wagon-
road to the mine they contemplate erecting a small mill on
the property. The ore assays $70 per ton of gold and is free-
milling. The vein has a width of 6 to 22 in. There is several
hundred feet of work on the property, though the greatest
depth attained on the vein is 70 feet.
•Mr. Womack and his associates will resume operation on a
vein of gold, silver, and galena situated 16 miles west of
Gazelle, in the Etna Mills district. The vein is in limestone
and averages 10 ft. wide. On account of the distance to a ship-
pin- point the owners are contemplating erecting a mill on
the property this season and reducing the ore to concentrate
for shipping. Work has been resumed on a number of old
quartz properties in the Hornbrook district.
Hombrook. June 25.
COLORADO
Bouldeb County
(Special Correspondence.) — C. E. Brandenburg, on Left
Hand, has made a shipment of gold ore from his new discovery
that seems destined to prove a bonanza. This discovery is one
of the best that has been made here in years. The vein is
from 3 to 4 ft. wide with a rich streak from 10 to 12 in. of
solid copper-iron.
Cowdry & Co. has leased the Sunday mine at Rollinsville
and will start operations on a large scale.
Frank Arondel, of Nederland, reports that the Last Chance
has 3 ft. of good tungsten ore.
Eldora. June 26.
Teller County
(Special Correspondence.) — The directors of the Granite
Gold Mining Co. declared a dividend of lc. per share on the
issued stock of the company, payable July 5 to stockholders
of record June 26. The amount of the dividend is $16,500.
The company now will go on a bi-monthly dividend basis.
Previous to this new dividend the last disbursement was that
of November 1912.
Cripple Creek, June 26.
MONTANA
Gbanite County
(Special Correspondence.) — The manganese mines of the
Flint Creek district, which is just east of Philipshurg, are pro-
ducing from 200 to 400 tons of ore per day; the Philipsburg
Mining Co. is shipping from 50 to 100 tons per day; the Mul-
lins-Hynes property, from 60 to 100 tons; the Courtenay lease,
from 50 to 60 tons; the Cape property, 25 to 50 tons; and other
mines varying, amounts. Philipsburg, which his been a silver-
producing camp for 50 years, has awakened to the possibilities
of her manganese deposits, and it is believed this district will
produce more manganese this year than any other district in
the United States.
W. C. Phalen, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, has just paid
a visit to the mines here and states that he has actually seen
more manganese here than at any other place in the United
States.
Most of the ore is being shipped East and a 45% ore will net
at the mines at present $30 per long ton.
Philipsburg, June 25.
Silveb Bow County
Miners at Butte are interested in the discovery of a large
body of manganese ore in the Hibernia mine of the Davis
Daly company. The orebody is 100 ft. wide, and between
700,000 and 1,000,000 tons of ore is in sight. It is close to the
surface and can be handled by open-cut method.
W. L. Creden, general manager for the Davis Daly company.
has gone East to close contracts lor I he disposal of thiB ore.
Two of the largest steel companies are negotiating for the en-
tire output. Arrangements have been made by the Davis Daly
company with the Butte Detroit company by which the latter
will handle the ores at Butte. In addition to the orebody on
the Hibernia claim, a body of manganese has been found in the
New Republic claim, which also belongs to the Davis Daly
company. This body of ore is said to exceed In size that in
the Hibernia. The opening of these two bodies of manganese
has started a hunt in scores of claims in the West Butte
district.
NEVADA
Clabk County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Duplex mill is running on
ore from the J. E. Griffith lease on the Duplex mine, and there
is no indication of a shut-down, as other lessees are getting
out good ore.
George Colton, one of the owners of the Duplex mine, and
who is now leasing, says that Jack Ellison, one of his em-
ployees, has opened a fine body of rich ore. Several carloads
recently shipped ran well in gold, copper, and lead.
Wells, Lind, and Ray, who are operating the Searchlight
Mining & Milling Co.'s property, have shipped a large tonnage
of good lead ore. Two cars shipped recently to the smelter
returned $18,000, and during this period several hundred tons
of good milling ore was also produced by them. They found
a new vein of rich ore a few days ago.
The mill of the Chief of the Hills company is nearly com-
pleted, a test run having been made to ascertain what changes,
if any, would be advisable. Ben Stevens is superintendent.
Searchlight, June 23.
Eureka County
(Special Correspondence.) — Thomas Brown and associates,
of San Francisco, have taken a bond on the Holly mine of this
place and will commence work July 1. The Holly is fully
equipped with a 60-hp. gasoline-hoist and arrangements have
been made to get distillate from a carload just shipped in for
the Connelly mine. A body of shipping ore has been opened
up and two and a half tons per day is being taken out of the
Will Heubner property, recently purchased by A. G. Burritt,
of Salt Lake City. This property adjoins the California. It
is expected that as soon as the development work now being
done is completed large orebodies will have been found, as
the ore becomes larger, richer, and better as work progresses.
Eureka, June 24.
Humboldt County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Adams vein on the 800-ft.
level of the Rochester mine, at Rochester, has widened to 14
ft. Much of the ore is high-grade with free gold and native
silver showing plentifully. Drifts are being extended from
the 900-ft. level in expectation of intersecting the Adams
vein. The East vein is yielding good ore on the 700, 800, 900,
and upper levels. The mill clean-up for the last half of May
yielded $26,943.
Superintendent Wilkey, of the Rochester Combined Co., ex-
pects to have mill-grading completed by July 10 and construc-
tion of the plant started. Over 100,000 ft. of lumber has
arrived and considerable machinery is daily expected. A
160-ft. raise has been started from the main working-tunnel
in the Shepherd claim to connect with No. 1 level. The main
tunnel is in 480 ft. and has entered good ore. The Maynaugh
tunnel, on the Happy Jack, has also entered excellent ore
about 380 ft. from the portal. Developments are proceeding
rapidly on the Bacchus and Happy Jack claims.
New work has begun on the 1600-ft. level of the Seven
Troughs Coalition. The main drift is advancing toward the
shoot, which yielded specimen ore in the upper workings.
Good ore is being mined above this point.
32
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 11)17
An orebody ranging from 4 to 12 ft. wide has been opened
in the Cheefoo mine, at National. All the ore is stated to be
of good milling grade with streaks showing silver sulphide
and native silver. A little gold occurs. Construction of mine
buildings is proceeding. N. P. R. Hatch is general manager.
J. C. Sullivan and H. L. Schreck, of San Francisco, are heavily
interested.
A new mill is in operation at the Buckaroo mine, in the
Pine Forest district. Developments have been proceeding for
several years and a large tonnage of good ore is stated to be in
sight. The mine is 12 miles north-west of Quinn River cross-
ing, and is operated by the Oklahoma Gold Mining Co. Thomas
Ewing is general manager.
Ore averaging $250 per ton in gold and silver is being
shipped from the 700-ft. level of the Seven Troughs mine, at
Vernon, and on the dumps a large tonnage of $25 ore is being
placed with a view to treating it at the mine. From the winze
on the SOO-ft. level a cross-cut is advancing in promising ter-
ritory.
Lovelocks, June 28.
Nye County
(Special Correspondence.) — Foundations are being placed lor
the auxiliary power-station of the Tonopah Extension, and by
August 1 it is believed the plant will be ready for service. Its
completion will he the signal for resumption of work at the
Great Western and Tonopah Bonanza mines with three shifts,
and extension of the deep cross-cut of the Western Tonopah
Co., controlled by Boston and Butte capitalists. This work is
designed to determine the possibilities for ore in the extreme
western part of the district.
The mill clean-up of the Tonopah Extension for the first half
of June yielded 31 bars of bullion valued at $5S,000. Most of
the ore is coming from No. 2 shaft workings, but as soon as
the auxiliary power-plant is in operation a heavy output from
the deep levels of the Victor shaft is planned.
The Tonopah Belmont Co. expects to have the mill at its
Surf Inlet gold mine, on Princess Royal island, above Van-
couver, B. C, in operation about August 15. Mine conditions
are reported highly satisfactory. Work on the adjoining Pugs-
ley property is proceeding steadily. It .is stated the Eagle-
Shawmut mine, near Sonora, California, is also developing
satisfactorily. The company reports net earnings for May at
$98,525, exceeding the April net earnings by over 15%. The
Jim Butler reports May profits of $44,136, and a total of $191,-
956 for the year. The weekly output is about 700 tons.
Tonopah, June 2S.
(Special Correspondence.) — Shaft sinking in the White
Caps has reached a depth of 110 ft. below the fourth level.
The fifth station will be cut after a lift of 127 ft. has been
made, and as the fourth level is 436 ft. below the surface, the
next level will have a vertical depth of 563 ft. The water from
the several faces in the workings has steadily diminished dur-
ing the week. The ground cut in the shaft-sinking is silicious
shale and is the hardest known in the camp, and for this rea-
son the footage made during the week has not broken any
records. In the west drift on the third level 15 ft. has been
made during the week, with no water encountered. The bulk-
heads and flood-gate are in place in the east drift and as the
water now only approximates 75 gal. per minute the drift will
be extended. It is the intention to commence the filling of
the ore-bins during the first week in July, preparatory to the
mills starting. In the mill five hearths of the Wedge roaster
have been completed and the bricklayers are at work on the
sixth. The crusher-house has been completed and machinery
installed. The tightening of the mill-tanks after being filled
with water is in progress. The landing-platform and trestle
from the head-frame to No. 1 ore-bin is nearing completion.
A large-size Steele Harvey tilting-furnace for reducing the
gold precipitate has been received and is on its foundations in
the refinery. The cut-off wagon road from the White Caps to
Pipe Springs has been completed and is in use. both to the
White Caps and the White Caps Extension.
At the shaft of the White Caps Extension five car-loads of
lumber are coming in for the mine buildings, employees'
bunk-house, an^ superintendent's house. The shaft will be the
largest in the district, having three compartments. Grading
for the buildings is in progress. An air-line has been laid
from the White Caps to furnish air for the rock-breaker, until
the Extension's compressors arrive. Three 50-kw. transform-
ers have arrived for the mine. It is expected to purchase the
necessary hoisting machinery at Goldfield, and a double-drum
hoist will be brought in immediately.
At the Union Amalgamated the face continues in hard blue
lime. The east drift from the north cross-cut has exposed one
foot of ore averaging $100 per ton in gold. This probably is
the continuation of the Bath ore-shoot, that in the upper part
of the mine yielded many thousand dollars to lessees. No. 2
cross-cut raise has been started to reach the ore left in the
hanging wall of the west drift, 110 ft. west from the shaft.
It was found impracticable to carry all of the vein in the drift
at this point. In the raise is 4 ft. of ore of milling grade,
which makes the vein 8 ft. wide at this point. Since the above
was written, further development shows the ore in the new
orebody mentioned as the probable continuation of the Batb
orebody to assay $176.
Rapid progress is being made in sinking the shaft of the Ex-
tension company below the 100-ft. level. An average of four feet
per day has been made in the sinking, with one shift of miners.
The vein has opened out as the shaft is being sunk from 16 in.
to over 3 ft. It is the intention to continue the shaft-sinking
to a depth of at least 100 ft. farther before exploring the
medium-grade ore-shoot developed on the 100-ft. level.
At a depth of 110 ft. water was struck in the Red Top shaft.
For a few days an endeavor was made to keep the flow down
by bailing, but this has been found impracticable, and to pros-
pect the lime belt, a drift on the lime-shale contact has been
started to the north-east. Gold was found and the drift is-
being extended. The management has ordered a three-drill
compressor.
The installation of new machinery has occupied most of
the time at the Morning Glory recently. The new hoist has
been connected up, and the buildings have been erected. In-
stallation of the compressor is proceeding. In the No. 3 shaft-
sinking all of the rock taken out is pay ore. The average
value for the last 10 ft. of sinking has been $10 in gold.
The drift on the 300-ft. level of the Manhattan Consolidated
is out 200 ft. from the shaft, with 20 ft. to go to reach a point
beneath the rich shoot worked on the 200-ft. level. The 'mud-
fault' has been reached, and important developments are an-
ticipated.
Manhattan, June 21.
It is reported that the drift on the 300-ft. level of the Man-
hattan Consolidated has been extended under" the ore-shoot
developed on the 200-ft. level, and has broken into high-
grade ore.
OREGOX
Josephine County
(Special Correspondence.) — Operations have been resumed
on 'The Diamond Creek' cinnabar property, 16 miles south-
west of here. This property is owned and operated by W.
Ehrman, John Taggert, and L. C. Cole. Preparations are being
made to install machinery.
The Preston Peak copper mine is under option to J. F. Reddy
of Grants Pass. It is reported that an Eastern company is
ready to take over the option and begin operations. This mine
is opened to the depth of 1300 ft. There are many thousand
tone of ore in sight showing from 3* to 20% copper and from
$4 to $8 per ton gold.
A. Justin Townsend, of Lynn, Massachusetts, owner of the
Pacific placer mine, is planning to put in a dredge capable of
.Inly
1917
MINING and Scientific PRt.SS
::::
handling 2 yards of gravel daily. This will he used In
addition <o the hydraulic equipment.
The C'ollard-Moore and Oollard chrome mine is one of the
largest shippers In this district. The owners have installed a
Concentrator, and are shipping some high-grade massive chrome
ore that requires m> concentration.
A body of chrome ore was found G miles southeast of Waldo
In w. Bunch and son and Walter Smith. It is only a few
hundred feet from the Kerby-Holland stage-road, near the old
Sly ranch. Ore is being mined and shipped by way of Grants
Pass.
The Osgood placer mine, located in Fry gulch, is a depend-
able gold producer. It is owned by F. H. Osgood, of Seattle.
and has been leased by James Logan for the past four years.
This property comprises about 640 acres. Three giants are in
operation. Water is taken from the east fork of the Illinois
river.
Waldo. June 23.
TEXAS
Lla.no County
Ceylon E. Lyman, president of the Wakefield Iron & Coal
Land Improvement Co., of Minneapolis, Minnesota, says in the
Manufacturers Record:
We are continuing the development of a large graphite
deposit which we were working last year, and it is proving to
extend over an area two miles long and embracing several
veins, some of which are 50 to 150 ft. wide. Assays from these
veins run from 12 to 35% in graphite.
We are not doing anything in manganese at present, owing
to the distance from a railroad, although we may do some work
to determine the extent of one deposit in view of the possible
wants of the Government. In this course we may be influenced
by a report recently made by a representative of the Govern-
ment, who pronounced it a large and remarkable deposit.
CANADA
Yukon Territory
It is reported from Dawson that when transportation on the
Yukon opens, $9,000,000 in gold will be shipped out from the
Yukon Basin districts as the result of the season's clean-up.
Most of this is from gravel mined during the winter months
and washed during the early summer when water was avail-
able.
MEXICO
Vera Cruz
(Special Correspondence.) — According to advices received
■here from Teziutlan, State of Vera Cruz, the large smelter of
the Compania Metalurgica at that place is now in full opera-
tion. This company has been operating large copper mines in
that district for many years and its output of metal was large
hefore the revolutionary period. The conditions of banditry
interfered with railroad transportaton to and from the com-
pany's property, but these conditions in that particular locality
are said to have shown improvement of late. There has been
a project on foot for a long time to construct a railroad from
Teziutlan to the prospective deep-water port of Nautla, situated
about midway between Vera Cruz and Tuxpam, and the Federal
Government has signified its intention of carrying out this
work at the earliest possible moment. Connected with the
construction of the railroad will be the building of extensive
■harbor and port works at Nautla, at an estimated cost of about
$2,000,000.
Monterrey, June 23.
A recent report from Cananea states that everything there
is quiet at present. The authorities have taken charge of the
mines, mills, and smelters of the Greene-Cananea company
and has placed guards of soldiers at all the properties. It is
also reported that the authorities contemplate starting up
the mines and works, but nothing definite is yet known con-
cerning this.
P-jr^cxniil
umrfc and cpuointmntt. This infirmaHom < toourrvacfart.
Rush M. Hess is at Bouse, Arizona.
William Truyan is in Plumas county.
C. Eim Wuensch is in Calaveras county, California.
E. A. S. Whittari) was in San Francisco from Tuolumne.
P. T. McGrath is in San Francisco from Phoenix, Arizona.
Augustus Locke, of Boston, is visiting California mining
districts.
Frederick Laist has returned to Anaconda from South
America.
Waldemar Lindgren has returned to Boston from South
America.
Chari.es Janin, on his return from Russia, has gone to
Washington.
H. R. Plate, of New York, is at the Sheep Ranch mine, in
Calaveras county.
Andrew C. Lawson has completed an examination of the
coalfields of northern Arizona.
Frank H. Prouert has been making a geologic examination
of the Rochester mines in Nevada.
S. F. Shaw is re-opening the Panaco mine, in Coahuila,
Mexico, for the A. S. & R. Company.
L. P. Pressler has returned from Mexico and is now with the
Tonopah Mining Company at Tonopah, Nevada.
D'Arcy Weatherbe and Ross B. Hoffmann sailed by the
'Tenyo Maru' for China and Siberia on June 30.
Sumner S. Smith has been named resident engineer for the
Alaskan Engineering Commission at Anchorage.
G. H. Woliiaupter has left the Magma mill of the Utah Cop-
per Co. to join the Michigan College of Mines Batallion.
Will D. Cogiiill has been appointed metallurgist at the
Seattle experiment station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines.
H. J. Wendler has been at Mokelumne Hill from Sonora,
Mexico, making an examination of the Mokelumne group of
mines.
E. S. Boalich has returned from Washington, and has taken
the position as mining engineer with the California State Min-
ing Bureau.
J. S. Diller will make San Francisco his headquarters for
about three weeks while studying chrome deposits for the
U. S. Geological Survey.
Charles S. Galbraith has resigned from his connection with
the Callow flotation business and has opened an office at Webb
City, Missouri, as a metallurgical and civil engineer.
Howland Bancroft, having finished examinations in Colo-
rado, Wyoming, and New Mexico, has gone to New York,
where he will be at the Engineer's Club until the middle of
July.
Douglas A. Mutch, manager for the Hudson Bay Mines,
Ltd., at Cobalt, Ontario, has been appointed consulting engi-
neer for the Dome Lake Mining & Milling Co., at South Porcu-
pine. '
Frank R. Corwin has resigned his position as assistant
superintendent of the International smelter to take charge of
the Consolidated Arizona Smelter Co.'s smelter at Hufnboldt,
Arizona, in the capacity of superintendent.
A. M. Swartley is acting as director of the Oregon Bureau
of Mines and Geology during the absence of Henry M. Parks.
who is a captain of engineers in the Officers Reserve Corps, and
is now at Vancouver Barracks, Washington.
Alfred H. Brooks, formerly in charge of the Division of
Alaskan Mineral Resources of the U. S. Geological Survey,
has been appointed a captain in the Engineer Officers Reserve
Corps and ordered to report for training. During Mr. Brooks'
absence on military duty, Mr. George C. Martin will be geolo-
gist, acting in charge of Alaskan work.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. I'M 7
^WM WMTm> WMMMMT
i:.i"T!:ii!i
-22.00
34.50
-13.50
—111
$85
11.50
59
20
METAL PRICES
San Francisco, July 3.
Antimony, cents per pound 18,50—
Electrolytic copper, cents per pound
Pig lead, cents per pound 12.25-^
Platinum, soft and hard metal, per ounce $105
Quicksilver, per flask of 75 lb
Spelter, cents per pound
Tin, cents per pound
Zinc-dust, cents per pound
ORE PRICES
San Francisco. July 3.
Aluminum-duBt (100-lb. lots), per lb $1.00
Aluminum-dust (ton lots), per lb $0.95
Antimony. 50% metal, per unit SI. 35
Chrome, 40% and over, f.ob. cars California. centB per unit. . 50 — 55
Magnesite, crude, per ton $8.00 — 12.00
Tin. cents per pound 60
Tungsten, 60% W0 3 , per unit $25.00 — 30.00
Molybdenite, per unit for MoS» contained 40.00
Manganese, 45% (under 35% metal not desired), cents, unit. 33 — 37
Manganese prices and specifications, as per the quotations of the Car-
negie Steel Co. schedule of prices per ton of 2240 lb. for domestic man-
ganese ore delivered, freight prepaid, at Pittsburg, Pa„ or Chicago, 111. For
ore containing
Per unit
Above 49% metallic manganese $1.00
46 to 49% metallic manganese 0.98
43 to 46% metallic manganese 0.95
40 to 43% metallic manganese 0.90
Prices are based on ore containing not more than 8% silica nor more
than 0.2% phosphorus, and are subject to deductions as follows: (1) for
each 1% in excess of 8% eilica. a deduction of 15c. per ton, fractions in
proportion: (2) for each 0.02% in excess of 0.2% phosphorus, a de-
duction of 2e. per unit of manganese per ton. fractions in proportion:
(3) ore containing less than 40% manganese, or more than 12% silica, or
0.225% phosphorus, subject to acceptance or refusal at buyer's option:
settlements based on analysis of sample dried at 212° F.. the percentage of
moisture in the sample as taken to be deducted from the weight Prices
are subject to change without notice unless specially agreed upon.
Tungsten has taken a sharp advance, owing to continued and increasing
demand, and scarcity of the supply to meet it. From a nominal price of
$20 to $22 per unit for '60% ore, the price has risen to $25 to $30 per
unit, and unless indications are misleading it will go still higher. Some
ore of low grade has been shipped from the mines at Atolia to Boulder
county, Colorado, for concentration.
EASTERN METAL MARKET
(By wire from New York)
July 3. — Copper dull and nominal at 32.25c. Lead is quiet at 11.70
to 11.50c. Zinc is dead and lower at 9.37 to 9.25c. Platinum shows no
change, being $105 for soft and $111 for hard metal. The average price
of tin in the month of June was 61.93c. per pound.
COPPER
Prices of electrolytic in New York, in centB per pound.
Date Average week ending
June 27 32.25
" 28 32.25
29 32.25
30 32.25
1 Sunday
2 32.25
3 32.25
July
May
June
July
32.25
29 32.50
5 32.62
12 32.75
19 32.58
26 32.42
3 32.25
Monthly Averages
1915
1916
1917
1915
1916 1917
. . .13.60
24.30
29.53
July . . .
. .19.09
25.66
Feb. . .
. . .14.38
26.62
34.57
Aug. . . .
. .17.27
27.03
Men. .
...14.80
26.65
36.00
Sept. . . .
..17.69
28.28
. . .16.64
28.02
33.16
Oct. . . .
. .17.90
28.60
. . .18.71
29.02
31.69
Nov. . . .
..18.88
31.95
June . .
. . .19.75
27.47
32.57
Dec. . . .
. .20.67
32.89
Below are given the average New York quotations, in cents per ounce,
of fine silver.
Dale
June 27 78.25
" 28 78.50
29 77.87
" 30 77.87
July 1 Sunday
2 77.87
3 77.87
Average week ending
May 22 74.78
29 74.62
June 5 74.80
" 12 75.83
19 77.00
26 78.12
July 3 77.98
1915
Jan 48.85
Feb 48.45
Mch 50.61
Apr 50.25
May 49.87
June 49.03
1916
56.76
56.74
67.89
64.37
74.27
65.04
Monthly Averages
1917
75.14
77.54
74.13
72.51
74.61
76.44
1915
July 47.52
Aug 47.11
Sept 48.77
<V| 49.40
Nov 51.88
Dec 55.34
1916
63.06
66.07
68.51
67.86
71.60
75.70
High-record levels have been reached by silver sales at 80 % c. per oz
at Vancouver. This new top price, indicating a premium of about 2c
per oz. over the New York quotation, was made by Nipissing Mines Co.
for shipment to the Far East. Producers talk of even higher prices for
this metal, basing their contention on the big demand both at home and
abroad and the fact that production shows no material increase. Cur-
tailment of operations at Butte. Cananea. and other mining centres where
silver figures prominently as a by-product, will cut down the yield of this
metal, rather than provide the increase that had been looked for at this
time. The Federal Government has been buying silver heavily for some
weeks past, the purchases aggregating 400,000 oz. weekly. The last pur-
chase, however, was for 800.000 ounces.
Much of the silver for the Far East now goes direct from the United
States or Canada from Pacific ports rather than through the medium of
the London market which necessitates crossing the Atlantic. This is be-
cause of the high shipping-costs with Atlantic war-risk insurance to Lon-
don. Until recently it has been next to impossible to break the hold
which English brokers have always held upon the Far Eastern markets.
With an advance of 6%c. from the low point of the year, March 27.
silver prices have reached the highest level since 1892. They are now
actually higher than at any time during the sensational advance of May
1916. when 77 He. was twice touched. Every indication points to 80c.
silver in the near future.
LEAD
Lead is quoted in centB per pound. New York delivery.
Date
Juno 27 11.70 May
28 11.70
29 11.50 June
30 11.50
July 1 Sunday
2 11.50
3 11.50 July
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apr.
May
June
1915
. 3.73
. 3.83
. 4.04
. 4.21
. 4.24
. 5.75
1916
5.96
6.23
7.26
7.70
7.38
6.88
Monthly Averages
1917
Average week ending
22 10.50
29 10.93
5 11.46
12 11.83
19 12.00
26 11.75
3 11.57
7.64
9.01
1007
9.38
10.29
11.74
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec
1915
. 5.59
. 4.67
. 4.62
. 4.62
. 5.15
. 534
1916
6.40
6.28
6.86
7.02
7.07
755
1917
The Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Concentrating Co.. of Kellogg.
Idaho, paid dividend No. 254. of S81.750. on June 4. and a dividend. No.
255, of S81.750. on July 3. An extra dividend. No. 256. of S81.750. was
also paid July 3. These dividends bring the grand total paid by this
company to date to S19.716.000.
The Hecla Mining Co. of Wallace. Idaho, has declared dividend No. 169
of 15c. per share, being S150.000. Total for 1917. S900 000 Total
paid to date. S6.205.000.
It is reported that the leading lead producers of the Coeur d'Alene mines
have agreed to sell 2000 tons of lead to the Government at Sc. per pound.
ZINC
Zinc is quoted as spelter, standard Western brands. New York delivery.
in cents per pound
Dal
e
27
28
29
30
1
2
3
Sunday
1916
1916
18.21
19.99
18.40
18.62
16.01
12.85
9.37
9.37
9.37
9.25
9.25
9.25
Monthly
1917
9.75
10.45
10.78
10.20
9.41
9.63
May
June
July
Averag
July
Sept.
Oct.
Nov
Dec.
A VI
}S
rage wees
ending
"
"
July
"
1915
20.54
14.17
. 14.14
.14 05
.17.20
.16.76
1916
9.90
9.03
9.18
9.92
11.81
11.26
1917
9.78
17.03
22 9
May
June
QUICKSILVER
The primary market for quicksilver is San Francisco. California being
the largest producer. The price is fixed in the open market, according to
quantity. Prices, in dollars per flask of 75 pounds:
Week ending
Date I June 19 82.00-
June 5 90.00 " 26 80.00
12 90.00 I July 3 S5.00*
Monthly Averages
1915
Jan 51.90
Feb 60.00
Mch 78.00
Apr 77.50
May 75.00
June 90.00
Prices in New York, in cents per pound.
1916
1917
1915
1916
222.00
81.00
July . .
. . . 96.00
81.20
295.00
126.25
Aug. . .
. . . 93.75
74.50
219.00
113.75
Sept. . .
. . . 91.00
75.00
141.60
114.50
Oct. . .
. . . 92.90
78.20
90.00
104.00
Nov. . .
. . .101.50
79.60
74.70
86.50
Dec. . .
. . .123.00
80 00
1917
Monthly Averages
1916
1916
1917
. . . 34.40
41.76
44.10
Feb. . .
.. .37.23
42.60
51.47
Mch. .
48.76
50.50
64.27
. . .48.25
61.49
55 6.1
. . .39.28
49.10
63.21
June . .
. ..40.26
42.07
61.93
1915
July 37.38
Aug 34.37
Sept 33.12
Oct 33.00
Nov 39.50
Dec 38.71
1916
38.37
38.88
36.66
41.10
44.12
42.55
MOLYBDENUM
Such small quantities as were offered on the New York market changed 1
hands at S2.10 per pound MoS- for 90% concentrate.
ANTIMONY
The market is very dull and little business has been reported. Nomi-
nally, prompt antimony is quoted from 19 to 19 Vic, with future quotations
ranging from 14 to 16c. according to position. Needle-antimony, however,
remains firm at 12c. for spot and 9 to 9 Vi c. for future delivery.
MANGANESE
Manganese is unchanged with the schedule price of SI per unit for
high-grade ore.
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
:;;,
Eastern Metal Market
.New York, June 27.
All the metals grow more Inactive rather than otherwise as
the weeks go hy — due to the continued uncertainty regarding
Government decisions as to the quantity and price of probable
purchases. The net effect is general stagnation.
Copper quotations are practically nominal with actual busi-
ness of small volume.
Lead is in small demand and lower.
Tin is dull and has declined.
Zinc is dead but a little business has been done on lower
prices.
Antimony is inactive and unchanged.
In the steel market a new and serious uncertainty has been
injected due to the agitation of Government control of prices,
including coal and coke, thus increasing the perplexity of
buyers. Pig-iron buyers and purchasers of finished steel are
much disturbed over the proposed fixing of maximum prices
in private transactions. Government buying continues to grow
in volume, coming from various sources. Japanese buyers of
ship-plates are grabbing every bit of tonnage they can lav-
hands on, paying as high as 9.90c. for 1000 tons for early
shipment. The whole market continues to advance in the
scramble for the small quantity of steel available for early
shipment.
COPPER
All sorts of rumors are emanating from Washington as to
the negotiations in reference to copper purchases by this and
the other belligerent governments. Estimates of the amount
our own army and navy will need for the remainder of 1917
approximates 225,000,000 lb., while others state that these
needs for 12 months will exceed 380,000,000 lb. As to price,
common talk is that to the Government 25c. will be the settled
figure with 28c. per lb. to the Allies. It is even stated that
deliveries are now being made in certain urgent cases on
Government account at 25c. per lb. Other reports are disquiet-
ing and are to the effect that there is a decided controversy
regarding the price-question as it relates to the cost of copper
production and the whole situation is disquieting. Business
has come to a halt and the hesitancy is expected to continue
until the problem is cleared up. This is not the only unset-
ling factor. It is stated that certain large brass interests
have been compelled to shut down indefinitely. Consumers
will not come into the market under present conditions, and
sales have been light. The market is a stale and drifting one.
Price quotations are almost distinctly nominal. Early delivery
Lake and electrolytic is held at about 32.25c, New York, with
third quarter at 30.50c, and last quarter 29c to 29.50c. Cop-
per exports for May are returned as 45,241 gross tons, bringing
the total to June 1 to 225,967 tons. The contrast is revealed
by the fact that exports to May 1 this year are 180,726 tons,
against only 92,286 tons in the same four months of 1916. The
London market is unchanged at £142 for spot and £138 for
future electrolytic copper.
TIN
Announcement has been made of the personnel of the sub-
committee on tin of the Council of National Defense as
appointed by the American Iron and Steel Institute. It is
made up of John Hughes, chairman, assistant to the president,
United States Steel Corporation; E. R. Crawford, president,
McKeesport Tin Plate Co.; A. B. Hall, manager, metal depart-
ment National Lead Co.; Theo. Pratt, assistant manager, man-
ufacturing department Standard Oil Co., and John A. Pry,
purchasing agent, American Can Co. This committee has been
approved and confirmed by the Government but its personnel
does not cause satisfaction among importers and dealers, made
up as it is almost entirely of consumers of tin. The market
late last week was featureless and characterized by lack of
business. Considerable complaint was voiced by dealers and
importers. The appearance and offering of Chinese tin was
also an unsettling influence. Late in the week sales were
made of both Banca and Chinese tin but not in large volume
and mostly for future delivery. Early this week more activity
was experienced, sales on Monday amounting to 200 to 300
tons, nearly all futures, with a little spot, and moBtly by two
sellers. On Tuesday about 150 tons of futures was sold, and
the arrivals of about 300 tons from London caused the spot
market to fall to 62c, New York, a decline of ljc. per lb. since
June 20, when sales were made at 63.75c. Arrivals to June 26
inclusive were 1225 tons, with 3081 tons of Straits tin reported
afloat. The London quotation on the 25th, the last cable re-
ceived, was £243 15s. for spot Straits and £241 for futures.
LEAD
Many believe that a reaction downward is now due, with a
probability of its continuance. At any rate the market is easier
and slightly lower, with demand light. This is due to the
easing of the situation occasioned by the announcement, re-
ported in this market last week almost exclusively, that the
Government had made arrangements to purchase its July
requirements of about 8000 tons at 8c. per lb., St. Louis. The
quantity was considerably less than anticipated, and as a
result some producers and dealers, who had been holding
stocks against Government needs, had some lead as a surplus
which they at once offered for sale. Lead has changed hands
recently at 11.50c, St. Louis, or 11.65c to 11.75c, New York,
but at present the market is quiet and has come to a halt.
Some dealers held out for 12c. but were left out of the run-
ning. The London lead market is £30 10s. for spot and £29 10s.
for future delivery lead, unchanged for some time.
ZINC
With production at a record rate but with demand for the
metal at a low ebb, it is rather remarkable that the price holds
as firmly as it does. Expectation of large Government needs
and the firmness of ore prices are the explanation, but in the
last few days there has been a slight weakening. Producers,
large and small, are getting weary of their 'watchful waiting'
attitude as to the Government's needs and the prices it will
pay. Actual buying is not large and there is talk of attempts
to find other fields for zinc as substitutes for other metals in
which the Germans are said to have achieved marked success.
Future deliveries continue to command higher prices than
nearby deliveries, but there is more tendency to shade the
earlier positions than the other. Quotations for early delivery
range around 9.25c, St. Louis, with the forward position held
at 9.50c, St. Louis. Sales have been made of fair tonnages
for early delivery at a shade under 9.25c, St. Louis, or at
9.12Jc, St. Louis, and 9.374c, New York, while for the future
position 9.50c, St. Louis, or 9.75c, New York, has been done
with resistance on the part of sellers to shade this. Reports
are coming from Washington of extended controversies as to
the amount and price of the high-grade and other kinds of
zinc soon to be needed by the Government, but nothing definite
is forthcoming. By a week from now a clearer outlook is
hoped for.
ANTIMONY
The market continues dull and uninteresting, with demand
very light. It is reported that Cookson's antimony is being
offered for shipment from England at about 22c, New York,
duty paid. Chinese and Japanese grades are practically un-
changed at 19c. to 19.50c, New York, duty paid, for early
delivery. Futures are in more demand than early deliveries.
30a
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 1917
HIJIDWS^mHJyL jpJS@©3BH8g
Hydraulic Pressure Tests of Oxy-Acetylene Welded
and Screwed Pipe Connections
s The interest created by an article that appeared about a
year ago giving a report of tests of oxy-acetylene welded pipe
connections and screwed pipe connections tested under tension
and compression, and the desire of readers for further informa-
Fig. 1
tion regarding the relative strength of welded and screwed
pipe connections, encouraged the experimenters to carry on a
second series of tests.
These tests were conducted in the machine-construction
laboratory of the University of Kansas and had for their
purpose the determination of the relative strength of welded
and screwed connections in steel pipe of various sizes when
subjected to internal hydraulic pressure.
The pipe samples, which were cut from standard black steel
pipe, were from the same stock and hence probably of uniform
quality. The welded specimens were made by operators of
the Oxweld Acetylene Co., Chicago. The screwed connections
were made up with malleable-iron couplings and tees by expert
pipe fitters. The pieces for the butt welds were cut at an angle
of about 60° in a pipe-cutting machine to get the necessary
'V groove for welding. The T" welds were made by cutting a
hole in the run and butting the outlet against the run. The
ends of all the specimens were sealed by welding in plugs or
discs made from boiler plate punchings. Two of these discs
are shown at the bottom of Fig. 3.
*F. H. Sibley, Professor of Mechanical Engineering. Uni-
versity of Kansas, assisted by Messrs. Maris, Ruth, Schooley,
Jesperson, and Dryden.
The specimens were subjected to pressure by means of a
small hydraulic pressure pump. Fig. 1, which was made
especially for this work. The specimen under test was placed
about 25 ft. from the pump and connected to it by means of a
i-in. copper tube. A pressure-gage with a check-valve opening
toward the gage was placed between the pump and the speci-
men. The check-valve was necessary to steady the pressure
in order that satisfactory readings could be obtained because
some of the samples carried pressures greater than 5000 lb.
per sq. in. before failing. The illustrations show several of
the specimens tested and their modes of failure.
Welded 2 and 3-in. specimens are shown in Fig. 2. These
failed by splitting along the longitudinal seams of the pipe,
the split stopping at the welded section. The 4-in. welded
specimens in Fig. 3 bulged under the high pressure but did
not fail in either the weld or the pipe-seam.
The mode of failure of two of the screwed connections are
shown in Fig. 4. The bursting pressures for the screwed
connections were far below that of the welded specimens and
all failed in the fitting. Great difficulty was experienced in
testing the specimens made up with screwed fittings because
sand-holes developed and the water leaked through the cast-
ings to such an extent that it was almost impossible to reach
the point of rupture. Fig. 5 shows one of the screwed 'T'
specimens under test and illustrates clearly the leaky condi-
tion just mentioned.
Examination of the data given in the table shows that in
only one case was there failure in the weld and that was
merely a leak which did not develop until 3850 lb. per sq. in.
pressure was applied. This brings out the point that while
leaks are much less likely to occur in welded than in screwed
connections they are the principal cause of difficulty. There-
fore, pipe-lines that are to be subjected to high pressure, if
properly tested for leaks when installed, should give no trouble
under service.
.July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
31
The results of these tests bear out the conclusions given In
the previous series, namely:
a. The strength of a welded pipe connection Is practically
the same as that of unwelded pipe. By building up the weld
slightly It can be made stronger than the rest of the pipe.
b. The strength of the welded pipe connection is very much
greater than that of the malleable-iron screwed fittings.
c. Although a careless or inexperienced operator might pro-
duce a leaky joint, nevertheless, if the pipe-line is tested for
leaks when installed it should give no difficulty In service.
HYPRAt'UC PRESSURE TEST OP OXY-ACETYLENE AND SCREWED
PIPE
CONNECTIONS
Pressure
at
Maximum
Bin
failure.
pressure.
plpo
Type
lb. per
lb. per
Nature ot
Condition
in.
joint
sq. in.
s<i. in.
failure
of weld
2
Welded t
4400
4400
Tube seam split
O.K.
2
3200
2200
Leak in tube seam
O.K.
a
4750
4750
Tube seam split
O.K.
a
Screwed 'T'
2350
2750
Sand holes in fitting
a
500
2000
Sand holes in fitting
3
Butt weld
5300
O.K.
3
4950
4950
Tube seam split
O.K.
3
4250
O.K.
3
Coupling
3950
3950
Coupling split
3
3400
4400
Leak in coupling
3
Welded T'
3500
O.K.
3
,,
4250
O.K.
3
"
3505
O.K.
:;
Screwed 'T'
350
2700
Sand holes in fitting
3
300
3100
Sand holes in fitting
4
Butt weld
5100
Pipe bulged
O.K.
4
3250
O.K.
4
Coupling
300
3000
Leak at threads
4
750
2600
Leak at threads
4
Welded T'
3850
5100
Leak in weld
Leaked
4
Screwed 'T'
1000
1950
Sand holes in fitting
Saves $19,000 Annually Hauliug Manganese Ore
Fifty years ago manganese ore was in such demand that the
owners of the Ladd mine, a manganese property in San
Joaquin county, California, found it profitable to transport it
on mule-back to Stockton, a distance of 32 miles. It was then
loaded on river boats and carried 90 miles to San Francisco.
larly sought by glass-works on account of the low percentage
of Iron it contains. It lies in a formation of sandstone, chert,
and serpentine. Jasper lies on the hanging wall, sandstone on
the foot-wall. There are three adits tapping the vein at a
deptl Of :'.">i ft. The pay-streak is from 1 to 6 ft. wide, av-
criming 3 ft. The ore runs from 4:1 to 55%. A few months
after the beginning of the War the price of manganese went
up, and M. C. Seagrave, of San Francisco, realizing thai, the
Ladd mine was a 'War Bride' worth cultivating, purchased
the property and reopened the mine.
Mr. Seagrave invested $2750 in transportation-equipment,
purchasing eight mules at $225 each, two 3-ton bottom-dump
wagons at $250 each, and six sets of double-harness at $75
each. Operating records show that the two mule-teams could
make three trips daily and haul IS tons from the mine of the
crushing-plant situated in Corral Hollow on a switch of the
Western Pacific railroad, a distance of three miles. The cost
of this hauling, including the wages of two drivers and one
stable-man, feed for the animals, repairing, shoeing, depre-
ciation, interest on investment, taxes, and insurance, totalled
$17.07 per day. This was an expense of 32c. per ton-mile of
ore hauled, 95c. per ton of ore, or $6.95 cost per trip.
The road over which the mules hauled their loads is black
adobe. From the upper ore-chute at the mine there is a 20%
grade to the main road, which then skirts the mountain,
twisting and turning down a 10% grade for one and a half
miles. Here a broad wash is reached. It is the natural drain-
age of the surrounding mountains. In the summer the road
is dusty, full of chuck-holes, and deep adobe ruts, baked to
the hardness of cement by the burning rays of the sun.
In the winter the ore-wagons would often sink axle-deep in
the black quagmire, and these conditions usually forced the
abandonment of all activities during wet weather. For weeks
after a heavy rain four mules could barely haul one ton of ore
over these roads. Two big mule-teams could not haul enough
ore to keep the crusher busy.
Eastern steel-mills began demanding regular tonnage and
later went so far as to offer attractive premiums to miners
who could meet their requirements. Mr. Seagrave was unable
to fill his contracts. He summoned a mining expert, who,
THE LADD MANGANESE MINE, SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
At this point it was placed aboard sailing ships for a 15,000
mile journey to England, via Cape Horn. As new deposits of
this ore were discovered in more accessible places the Ladd
mine could not meet the prices of its competitors and the
property was closed down.
after a careful analysis of conditions, recommended the pur-
chase of a White Good Roads Truck and a 5-ton trailer to
supplant the mules and 3-ton wagons.
The new motor-equipment cost the mine-owner $7825, almost
three times the original outlay for the mules. But the truck
Manganese ore, such as is found in the Ladd mine, is used and trailer were able to haul every nine hours a total of SO
for making ferro-manganese steel, and the oxide is particu- tons of ore to the crusher and 80 tons of gravel for repairing
32
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 7. 1917
the road. This equipment reduced the cost to 4c. per ton-
mile, 12.3c. per ton of ore, or $2.47 per trip. The truck made
eight trips per day, registering 4S miles. The total cost for
operating the truck and trailer, including salaries of driver
and helper, distillate, oil, grease, depreciation, interest, taxes,
insurance, maintenance and repairs on truck, and mainten-
ance, repairs, and tires for the trailer, amounted to $19.77
per day.
For 300 working days the motor equipment saved the owner
$66.40 per day or a total of $19,671.05 per year, over the cost
of performing the same work with the old facilities.
When the truck and trailer were delivered at the mine the
with offices at 565 West Washington Blvd., Chicago. The new
company is composed of five former officers and employees of
the Snyder Electric Furnace Company.
The Absor|Won Method of Extracting Gasoline
From Mineral Oils
The annual report of the State Oil and Gas Supervisor for
California contains a description of the absorption method
by B. E. Lindsly, engineer for the Honolulu Consolidated Oil
Co. The method consists of subjecting gas to intimate contact
LOADING CHUTE FOR LADD SEANGANESE MINE
rainy season was but 30 days off, and it required quick work
on the part of the owner to place the roads in condition be-
fore the wet weather set in. Every ton of ore mined and not
delivered to the crusher meant a loss of $25. To stop hauling
ore and repair the road with the mule equipment was not
practicable. Building a road by ordinary means would have
made necessary the hireing of additional men, wagons, and
mules.
The mule-teams were taken off the job, a gravel-elevator
was erected in the creek-bed . near the ore-crusher, and the
truck began its work of hauling both ore and gravel. The
ore was loaded at the chute, transported to the crusher, and
dumped in less than 30 seconds. The truck was then driven
to the gravel-elevator where it was loaded with 10 tons of
gravel, and on the return trip to the mine spread it along
the road where it was required. The broad steel wheels of
the truck rolled the surface hard and smooth.
The truck and trailer with one driver and one helper com-
pleted the road and delivered all the ore that was mined to
the crusher without interruption, in 26 days. Dangerous
curves were straightened out. culverts were built, the road
widened in many places, turnouts made, and in many other
ways it was improved.
When the road was nearly completed the truck and trailer
delivered 10 tons of ore three miles, picked up 10 tons of
gravel on the return trip, spread and* rolled it, and returned
to the chute at the mine in one hour and ten minutes. On
the completed road a four-mule team was able to deliver but
three tons of ore to the crusher and return empty to the
chute in three hours.
The Booth-Hall Co. has been formed to conduct an electric-
furnace building, engineering, and metallurgical business,
with oil that is completely devoid of gasoline. The gasoline
vapors in the gas are deposited in the oil and subsequently
recovered by distillation. The gravity of the oil should be
about 34° BaumS, and the boiling point sufficiently high to
permit an easy separation from the absorbed gasoline.
The cycle of the absorbing-oil is as follows. The oil enters
the heat-exchanger, where it transmits heat to the incoming
oil. Then it passes to a cooler, to a horizontal absorber, and
to a vertical spray-absorber. The gas-pressure forces it to
a separator where the pressure is released. The excess gas
given off in the separator is collected. This oil passes to the
exchanger and to the still, where the gas is extracted and the
cycle is repeated.
It is claimed that the absorption method has the following
advantages over the compressor method: greater recovery,
lower first cost, and lower operating-cost. A recovery of at
least 0.1 gal. per 1000 ft. of gas can usually be obtained from
even so-called 'dry' gas, or gas that has already been treated
by the compressor method. Engineers connected with the
U. S. Bureau of Mines have estimated that the first cost of an
absorption plant with a capacity of 60.000,000 cu. ft. of gas
per day would be $1 to $1.50 per 1000 cu. ft. capacity.
Doubling this maximum estimate for a small plant, the cost
of a 2,000,000 cu. ft. plant would be only $6000. The output
of such a plant, assuming a recovery of 0.25 gal. per 1000
cu. ft. would be 500 gal. of gasoline per day. The cost for
labor would not be over $15 per day. Since the method is
patented and controlled by the Hope Natural Gas Co. of Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania, there would also be a royalty charge.
The gravity of the gasoline recovered is usually higher
than the commercial product, and therefore requires blending
with a lower grade refinery-naphtha to fit it for the retail
market.
July
1!U7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
:;::
START RIGHT
THE
SHERIDAN Shaking GRIZZLY
Will feed and screen
run
of
mine ore.
in iir:' mil. i: n I'n'MH ■ii.iii'iiiiiiiiiiMilliiMiLMiiiiiiiiMciillWI
SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE
MATTER
Having the maximum capacity
and
consuming the minimum
horsepower.
It is the ideal feeder for
YOUR CRUSHER.
Successfully installed in some of the
largest mills in the West.
THE SHERIDAN GRIZZLY
as installed at the Timber Butte Mill
handling (10 tons per hour of
run of mine ore.
TRAYLOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING CO.
New York Office: 30 Church St.
Main Office and Works :
ALLENTOWN, F»A„ U. S. A.
Post Office Box No. 696
Western Office: Salt Lake City, Utah
What's the most inexpensive way to
effectively protect mine-timbers?
Just Gunite them. Effectually protect timbering or
any other wood or metal surfaces with the Cement-Gun.
You can line drift where rock slacks
off; line shafts; repair concrete
work; waterproof flumes, tunnels,
or ditches; waterproof dams and
retaining walls; seal water-bearing
fissures; or build fire-bulkheads.
The CEMENT-GUN is light and
easily portable. Its first cost is low
and its operating cost lower still.
Any man can use it.
For protective work, compared to
paint or concrete, GUNITE, the
cement-sand product, is almost un-
believably inexpensive. There are
no forms to build, no costly mixer
to run, as in the case of Concrete;
neither does GUNITE have to be
renewed from year to year as does
paint.
Whether your tonnage is ten or ten
thousand, whether you operate
mine, mill, or smelter; you have
use for a CEMENT-GUN. The
present users number among them
such concerns as the Anaconda
Copper Company which owns six
CEMENT-GUNS and which has re-
cently constructed effective fire-
bulkheads of GUNITE.
The uses for a CEMENT-GUN are
so many, its cost is so low, that
you cannot afford to neglect to get
further information.
Write us today mentioning- the class of protective
work which, at present, costs you most and which is
most unsatisfactory. No obligation. Write.
Cement-Gun Company, Inc.
Allentown, Pa., U. S. A.
Cement-Gun Company. Inc., 30 Church St,, New York City
E. R. Ayers, 1414 Fisher Bldg\. Chicago. 111.
John A. Traylor. Newhouse Bldg\, Salt L,ake City, Utah
Taylor Engineering Co.. 538 Central Blclg 1 .. Seattle, "Wash.
Taylor Engineering Co., Vancouver, B, C.
A. R. Roberts, 737 Traders' Bank Bldg"., Toronto, Ont„ Can.
34
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Any desired speed on any machine! That is what
7/
Variable Speed
Transmission
will give you.
Thousands are in use on different kinds of mining
machines.
It drives like a counter shaft, may be fastened
either to ceiling or floor. Varies speed of machine
while running.
WRITE FOB CATALOG P.
REEVES PULLEY COMPANY
Columbus, Indiana
[IM00TH-
Smooth-On
Iron Cement
No.l
will stop steam or water leaks
in castings, boilers, pipes, etc. N
Our new 144-page instruction book
is free. It illustrates by photographs
of actual repairs how thousands of ""
dollars have been saved with /^
Smooth - On. Send for your
copy now.
Smooth -On Mfg. Co.
570-574 Communipaw Ave.
Jersey City, N. J.
For Sale by Supply Houses
MJBm
nil
1
"WESTERN"
OIL AND GAS ENGINES
Twenty-two engines of the type illustrated ranging
from 80 to 160 H.P. and dozens of our Standard type
single cylinder engines sold in the last five months
to the largest Oil, Mining and Irrigation Companies.
And we still lead in prompt deliveries.
Send for Bulletin.
Western Gas Engine Corporation
900 North Main Street, Los Angeles, California
II KAN CI I OFFICE:
423 Bialto Building, San Francisco
AGENTS:
Schweitzer Machine Company, - Tucson and Phoenix, Arizona
Arizona Engineering Company, ... Kingman, Arizona
Nevada Engineering & Supply Company, - - Reno, Nevada
F. C. Richmond Machinery Company, * Salt Lake City, Utah
The Roessler & Hasslacher
Chemical Company
100 William Street, New York
WorkB: Perth Am boy, N. J.
Cyanide of Sodium 96-98%
Cyanogen 51-52%
"Cyanegg"
Sodium Cyanide 96-98% in egg form,
each egg weighing 1 ounce.
Cyanogen 51-52%
*Esl
IGOLD DREDGES I
Yuba Ball j Tread Tractors Yuba Centrifugal Pumps
YUBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY
WORKS: MsiytviUe. Cal.
SALES OFFICE: 433 California St., San Francisco. C»l.
MINING LAWS
of the United States, Arizona, California, Idaho,
Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah — including
Laws to Locate Oil Lands.
Compiled by CALVERT WILSON— 1917 Edition
Price $1. Book Dipt., MDflHO "ml s,-i, ntilic PRESS, San Francisco
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
85
THE STANDARD BALL MILL
A lirlndinp Machine of Proven Efficiency and Capacity
An Economical Mill to Install and Operate
BALL MILLS, the modern crushing- device, take the ore from the
crasher to desired size in one operation.
A special feature in THE STANDARD BALL MILL is the self-
lockinp corrugated lining-, requires no bolts through shell, will wear
thinner and longer than those which are bolted in. No special lift-
ing- devices required.
Made in all sizes. Following sizes carried in stock for immediate
shipment.
5x4. capacity crusher product to 12 mesh. 10 tons per hour;
H.P. required 40.
4x3. capacity crusher product to 12 mesh. 3 tons per hour;
HP. required 15.
Laboratory or Sample Mill, either ball or pebble mill. 250 lbs.
per charg-e.
We also carry in stock for immediate shipment Manganese Steel
Balls fn sizes 1" to 4" and High Carbon Steel Forged Balls.
The Morse Bros. Machinery & Supply Co.
Denver, Colorado
Make Your Cement Gravels Pay
Price Cement Gravel Mill
Has proved itself to be an efficient and most economical
means of releasing gold and black sands from cemented
gravel, clay, talc or other auriferous material.
The above 6-ft. mill has a capacity of 200 to 450 tons per
24 hrs. and requires only 15 to 20 hp. to operate.
The Price Jr. Mill has a capacity of 25 tons per 24 hrs. and
requires 3 to 5 hp.
Write tor Booklet. Let us quote you.
G. W. PRICE PUMP & ENGINE COMPANY
33 STEVENSON ST., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL
American Steel & Wire Company's
Trenton-Blei chert System
Aerial Tramways
"VTO matter what the contour of the ground, we
■^ will construct a tramway that will transfer
material at minimum expense; and no grades are
too steep to surmount; no rivers or valleys too
wide to cross; and no grading, bridges or viaducts
of any kind are required. There is practically no
limit to the length of these tramways.
Send for complete descriptive catalogue of
tramways in use.
American Steel & Wire Company
Chicago New York Cleveland Pittsburgh W^-^ster Denver
Export Representative : U. S. Steel Products Co., New York
Pacific Coast Representative: U. S. Steel Products Co.
San Francisco Los Alleles Portland Seattle
SILVER PLATED COPPER AMALGAM PLATES
FOR SAVING GOLD
MoMt extensive and successful manufac-
turers. Old plates replated— made esjaa)
to new.
SAN FRANCISCO PLATING WORKS
1349-51 Mission St, San Francisco E. G. DENNIST0N, Prop.
Get our prices. Catalog sent.
Telephone Market 2915.
METALLURGY OF THE COMMON METALS
By L. S. AUSTIN
Fourth Edition, Revised. 532 pages. Illustrated. Indexed.
$4 Postpaid.
A simple, comprehensive treatise on the metallurgy of gold,
silver, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. An ideal book for one
who desires to acquire a general knowledge of smelting
operations. Published and for sale by
MINING and Scientific PRESS
420 MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO
CORROSIRON
has many applications to mining and metallurgical condi-
tions where acid or alkaline solutions have to be em-
ployed.
Thi9 is an ordinary type of flanged cast pipe. The flanges are
faced clear across and are made to conform to standard pipe sizes
A steel pipe fits over a CORROSIRON liner and is peined
against the flanges ot the CORROSIRON to hold it in
place. The space between is filled with non-corrosive
material such as plaster ot paris or any type of acid
cement.
WRITE US CONCERNING YOUR CONDITIONS
Pacific Foundry Company
SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA
36
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
No. 3 Mill partly assembled.
Made in three sizes: 15 to 30. 30 to 60, and 60 to 120 tons per 24 hours
PAUCITY OF PARTS
in the DENVER QUARTZ MILL means
f l - ^ iO| f^S BREAK-DOWNS
I 1 ^^ ^^ SHUT-DOWNS
I ■""* ^N ^% TROUBLE
J , JJ A^Ji^J EXPENSE
^^ REPAIRS
because it is a self-contained mill in which all
"ginger-bread" work has been eliminated.
Get this. In the DENVER QUARTZ MILL Nothing
Breaks Except Rock.
Ask for literature.
The Denver Quartz Mill & Crusher Co.
216-217 Colorado Bldg., Denver, Colo., U. S. A.
Investigate This
•
A CYANIDE PROCESS that is almost automatic, that
will treat ores heretofore unadaptable to cyanide; that
will increase the extraction ot gold and silver content
by from 5 to 15 per cent as employed by mills using
Pachuca tanks, air or mechanically agitated pulp with
filter presses; that will require one-fourth the labor to
operate; that has an initial cost of a fraction of that of
the older processes; that will mean increased dividends
for your company.
This Process Is Not
An Experiment
It is being successfully employed in milling operations,
which attest to all of our claims for its superiority over
what has been accepted in the past as standard practice.
One unit consisting of a drum 15 ft. long and 6 ft. in
diameter will agitate, filter and wash from 30 to 50 tons
of ore a day.
WRITE for details. Our Metallurgical Staff will tell
you what this Process can do in your particular case.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
5 1 1 HAMMOND BUILDING
DETROIT, MICH.
r
m a
Sales
man
I carry prices, blueprints, pho-
tographs, and all the information
regarding my line
in a EosaJ-p fiEAFi
Price Book — a
handsome, compact
loose leaf binder that
fits my pocket and is
always available.
There is no dead matter in this
book because when prices change it
is easy to remove the dead sheets
and put in fresh ones.
I can arrange the leaves to suit my
convenience, and the index enables
me to find what I want instantly. I
can get fresh sheets anywhere in
the country and ESil-PEED sheets ALWAYS fit.
Many of my customers have found ring books efficient for pay-roll
records, stock books, inventory, reports, sales, claim records, bills pay-
able, trial balance, and many other uses. They get E55i|-j>nnD stock
forms from their stationers -to fit the binders — and avoid made-to-
order prices.
Get iloosb J-Phiafi Books and Forms at any Stationer
EgapPK£3 Books and Forma Are Acknowledged the
Beat by both Dealers and User*.
WHY SUBMIT TO SUBSTITUTION t
Catalog L-3 on Request
Irving - Pitt Manufacturing Company
Largest Loose Leaf Manufacturers in the World
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 3
NOTE
Chemicals for Recovery Processes
Borax Borax Glass
L ead Acetate
Zinc Sha ings Zinc Dust
Cyanide
EVERYTHING FOR THE LABORATORY
importer San Francisco.Cal. E *i
CHICAGO PNEUMATIC SIMPLATE VALVE
Fuel Oil Compressors
Will materially
reduce your
compressed air
costs. Will
operate on cheap
fuel such as Star
Oil. Diesol. Calol.
Stove Oil. Solar
Oil. Gas Oil. etc.
"Chicago Pneu-
matic" Simplate
Valve Compress-
ors are built in
over 300 sizes
and styles, in
capacities up to
5000 cubic feet
of air per
minute.
Sold fur Bulletins
Pneumatic Tool
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company
SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE 71 First St.
LOS ANGELES OFFICE 925 Title Insurance Bldg.
GENERAL, OFFICES 1081 Fisher Bldg., Chicago
EASTERN OFFICES 52 Vanderbllt Ave., New York
Brauches Everywhere F-l
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
■M
WRITE FOR
CATALOGS
Dryers - - • No. 16
Screening - - No. 27
Drop Forged Chain No. 32
Mining Machinery - No. 41
Crushers - • - No. 42
Skip Hoists - - No. 43
OUR BUSINESS IS TO
Reduce Your Handling Costs
Our Automatic
Skip Hoists
reduce the cost of
handling-materials to
a minimum.
We make the larg-
est variety of Mech-
anical Dryers in the
world.
THE C. O. BARTLETT & SNOW & CO.
CLEVELAND, O. 50 Church St., New York City
S til well Feed Water Heaters
Class "O" Type
A Feed Water Heater
A Feed Water Purifier
A Condensation Receiver
A Feed Water Softener
Either Thoroughfare or Switch Valve Type of steam sup-
ply. Fitted with float controlled or water seal overflow as
may be necessary. Single piece castings, automatic raw water
control, double filtration, simple design, simple in operation.
Bulletin No. 783 is descriptive.
We carry stock on nil sizes and can make immediate shipment
PLATT IRON WORKS DAYTON, OHIO
Salea Representatives in Principal Cities 4
Tungsten and Monazite Concentrates,
to secure the highest price,
] must be freed from sulphur,
tin, and other heavy min-
erals.
The Wetherill
Separator
accomplishes this, obtain-
ing an extremely high re-
covery.
The Stearns -Roger
Mfg. Co.
Denver, Colorado i
Everything in Mine Safety
It i,s :\ pleasure tO Un0UH0e that, in i rman
th n<ii t ol ruthleBfl submarine warfare, the s. s 'Norwegian'"
brought in ;i larne consignment <>1 tin- KI.Kl'SS 1'ItOTO 31 ; I
CONTAINED OXYGEN BREATHING APPARATUS and that
other consignments ore to follow shortly.
In view ol the tact thai owlnj to abnormal conditions on
advance In price will haw to be made in tho near Future, I
would recommend that all users and prospective users ol the
FLEI'SS PHOTO equipment take advantage Ol the present prices.
by anticipating their requirements for the coming 1 year and
place then- orders promptly,
The new J & B STRETCHER hOB taken the field cast. It
covers all requirements, and while substantially made, la much
lighter and less expensive than the present high prieed ones on
the market. The J & B was invented by Mr. W. H. Brit ton.
well known, as being; tor eighteen years Safety Engineer for
one of the largest companies in the East, and Mr. H. L.
Johnson. General Superintendent of the same company. Send
me postal for pi-ices and full particulars.
Orders for my K. K. K. Sanitary Closet are coming in about
as fast as 1 can take care of them. All will be filled in the
order received.
Everything in Acetylene
At last our HEAVY STEEL "ITP" (IT'S TROUBLE PROOF)
FLAT OPEN FLAME CARBIDE LAMP is on the market. It
is made according to recommendation of one of the best known
mining engineers in the West and is pronounced to be unequalled
by any large lamp manufactured. Invented, Made and Sold by
Americans. One well known Mine Manager writes me "You
have every other Carbide Lamp knocked off the board."
Height of lamp. G H. in.; to top of bail, 9 in. Weight 24 oz.
Burns from 4 % to 9 hours, according to size of burner.
Price $4-00 each.
SPECIAL PRICES IN QUANTITY.
I sell Carbide, Cyanide, and Caustic Soda
E. D. BULLARD
268 Market Street
San Francisco, Cal.
W9h&
A stone so hard and close grained it cannot be
ground on an emery wheel, and yet so tough that it
can be worn down in your mill to a thin shell without
fracturing.
Equal in every respect to imported linings which
are now unobtainable. Delivered at a price 15% to
30% less than the imported product.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Silica 94.0%
Silicate of alumina and potash 3.4%
Hydrous silicate of lime 3.0%
Oxide of iron 1.6%
Crushing: strengrth. pounds per square inch. 45,300
Abrasion by standard rattler test 4.15%
Toughness by coefficient 21.5%
Standard cut blocks ready for immediate shipment
on receipt of your order. Special blocks cut to your
specifications, delivered within a reasonable time.
Send for Sample and Prices.
JASPER QUARRY CO.
Boat 616
SIOUX CITY, IOWA
38
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
We Know
The
Assayers
Needs —
Hence
It's Easy
To Supply
His
Wants
Witness: Our Success With
Case Gasoline Muffle Furnaces
This furnace heats all parts of the muffle evenly,
enabling assayers to "feather" cupels and secure
desired uniform results.
All parts of the muffle can be supplied with air,
thus securing perfect oxidation, while cupellatlon
is rapid and complete.
Assayers before buying, Invariably
get our catalog.
Shall we send it to you?
THE DENVER FIRE CLAY CO., Denver, Colo.
B&B AERIAL TRAMWAYS
The Shortest Distance Between Two Points
Ore from Mine
to Mill with-
out interrup-
tion or
delay
is assured to
users of
B& B
AERIAL
TRAMWAYS
The two-bucket system for
small and medium capacities
is simplicity itself. It is oper-
ated by one man and reduces
haulage costs to but a few cents
per ton.
Whatever your present method of mine trans-
portation, write us. It will pay you.
BRODERICK & BASCOM ROPE CO.
St. Louis, IVIo.
Men Wanted for Government Service
The following call for skilled men has been received from the Government:
I. Steel Inspectors (Chief)
Salary— Up to $2,400 per year.
Duties — Men will be engaged at the mills, most of which are located in the Pittsburgh dis-
trict, and will pass on Government steel as it is turned out at the rolling mills.
Qualifications — Two years' or more experience in inspection of steel, or in practical met-
allurgical work. Men having a good education in chemical engineering or metallurgy,
plus the above experience, are especially desirable. Preference will be given to men who
have had experience in inspection or manufacture of munition steel.
II. Steel Inspectors (Sub)
Salary— $3.50 to $5.00 per day.
Duties — Same as for (I).
Qualifications — Same as for (I).
NOTE. — Men now employed by the Government or by firms or corporations engaged in carry-
ing out contracts for the Qovernment or its Allies will not be accepted for these positions unless
they can get the written assent of the head of the office, firm or corporation under which the
applicant is employed.
For further information apply California Alumni Association
114 California Hall, Berkeley, Cal.
.i: '!i .ii,;:!'::;::':i! ■:■::.
July 7, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
39
Prof
DIiF<eeit®ify
(For Addresses See Cards on Following Pages)
RATES: One-hall inch, $25 per year, subscription Included Combination rate with
The Mining Matfeinu (London) oiw-Uulf inch in each, $40 per year, subscriptions included!
ENGINEERS, METALLURGISTS, amd GEOLOGISTS
UNITED STATES
ARIZONA
Bradley. D. H.. Jr.
Gemmil, David B.
Mackay, Angus B.
Smith & Ztesemer
Tlmmins, Colin
Wrampelmeier. E. L. S.
CALIFORNIA
Arnold, Ralph
Beauchamp, F. A.
Beckman & Linden Erie. Corp.
Bray ton & Richards
Bretherton, S E.
Burch, Albert
Bureh. Caetani & Hershey
Burch, H. Eenyon
Caetani, Gelasio
Carpenter, Alvin B.
Chodzko, A. E
Clark, Baylies C.
Collins, Edgar A.
Cranston, Robert E
De Ealb, Courtenay
Dennis, Clifford G.
Dickerman, Nelson
Farish, John B.
Freitag, E.
Oester, G. C.
Gibson, Arthur
Grant. Wilbur H.
Hamilton, E. M.
Hanson, Henry
Hoffmann. Ross B.
Hoover, Theodore J.
Hunt & Co., Robert W.
Huston, H. L.
Hyde, James M.
Janin, Charles
Juessen, Edmund
Einzie, Robert A.
Lanag-an. W. H.
Loring, W. J.
Mason, Russell T.
Merrill, Charles W.
Merrill Metallurgical Co.
Morris. F. L.
Mudd. Seeley W.
Muir, N. M.
Munro, C. H.
Myers, Desaix B.
Neill. James W.
Newman, M. A.
Nowland, Ralph C.
Pepperberg, Leon J.
Perkins, Walter G.
Prichard, W. A.
Probert, Frank H.
Radford, William H.
Rickard, T. A.
Riordan, D. M.
Royer, Frank W.
Scott, Robert
Simonds, Ernest H.
Sizer, F. L.
Smith, Howard D.
Stebbins, Elwyn W.
Steel, Donald
Stevens, Arthur W.
Storms, William H.
Thomas, E. G.
Thomas. Wm. S.
Turner, H. W.
Tweedy, Geo. A.
Wiley, W, H.
Wiseman. Philip
COLORADO
Argall & Sons, Philip
Bancroft, Rowland
Chase, Charles A.
Chase & Son. Edwin E.
Collins, George E.
Dickerman, Alton L.
Dorr Company, Tbe
Hills & Willis
Lunt, Horace F.
Rickard. Forbes
Bitter, Etienne A.
IDAHO
Alderson. Baker & Baker
Brown, Frederick C.
Easton, Stanly A.
Hershey, Oscar H.
Hill, Walter Hovey
ILLINOIS
Hollis, H. L.
Hunt & Co., Robert W.
Massey Co., George B.
LOUISIANA
Stanford, Richard B.
MASSACHUSETTS
Alderson, Baker & Baker
Alderson.Victor C.
Mackay, Angus R.
Richards, Robert H.
Rogers, Allen Hastings
MINNESOTA
Collins, Edwin James
Longyear Co., E. J.
Winchell, Horace V.
MISSOURI
Brinsmade, Robert Bruce
Copeland, Durwald
Hunt & Co., Robert W.
Eirby, Edmund B.
Pepperberg, Leon J.
Robertson, James D.
MONTANA
Creden, William L.
Greene, Fred T.
Valerius, McNutt & Hughes
NEVADA
Lakenan, C. B.
Symmes, Whitman
Turner, J. E.
NEW TORE
Aldridge. Walter H.
Arnold, Ralph
Ball, Sydney H.
Banks, John H.
Beatty, A. Chester
Benedict, Wm. de L.
Berry, Edwin S.
Brodie, Walter M.
Bulkley, J. Norman
Burger, C. C.
Carr. Homer L.
Channing, J. Parke
Cranston, Robert E.
Dorr, John V. N.
DunBter, Carl B.
Drucker, A. E.
Dwight, Arthur S.
Finlay, J. R.
Gay, Frederick W.
Henderson, H. P.
Hoffmann, EarlF.
Hunt & Co., Robert W.
Lamb, R. B.
Landers. William H.
Leggett, Thos. H.
Lloyd, B. L.
Mather, ThomaB W.
Mein, William Wallace
Mercer, John W.
Minard, Frederick H.
Olcott & Corning
Payne, Henry Mace
Perry, O. B.
Pickering, J. C.
Poillon & Poirier
Raymond, Robert M.
Raymond, Rossiter W.
Rickard, Edgar
Ricketts. L. D.
Rogers. Allen Hastings
Rogers, Edwin M.
Sharpless, Fred'k F.
Simonds & Burns
Simpson, W. E.
Spilsbury, E. Gybbon
St aver, W. H.
Sussman, Otto
The Sothman Corporation
Thomas, E. G.
Thomas, Eirby
Thomson, 9. C.
Von Rosenberg. Leo
Webber, Morton
Weekes, Frederick R.
Westervelt. William Young
Wilkens and Devereux
Yeatman, Pope
OKLAHOMA
Valerius. McNutt & Hughes
OREGON
Oregon-Idaho Investment Co
PENNSYLVANIA
Chance, H. M.
Garrey. George H.
Garrison, F. Lynwood
Heinz, N. L.
Hunt 4 Co., Robert W.
Soupcofl, S. M.
Spurr, J. Edward
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Eye, Clyde M.
TEXAS
K inn on, Wm. H.
Lucke, P. E.
UTAH
Fischer, C. A.
Howard, L. O.
Kirk & Leavell
Erumb, Henry
Neill, James W.
Sears, Stanley C.
Talmadg/e, Sterling B.
Vadner, Charles S.
Win wood. Job H.
WASHINGTON
Greenough, W. Earl
Eefl er & Johns
Levensaler, L. A.
Roberts, Minor
Seagrave, W. H.
FOREIGN
AFRICA
Dixon, Clement
Dyer, S. C.
Emery, A. B.
ASIA
Cole, F. L.
Collins, Wm. F.
Collbran, Arthur H.
Finch, John Wellington
Jenks, Arthur W.
Mayreis, L. J.
Mills, Edwin W.
Vallentine, E. J.
Weigall, Arthur R.
AUSTRALASIA
Fraser, Colin
Smith, J. D. Audley
CANADA
Brewer. Wm. M.
DeLashmutt, Ivan
Fowler, Samuel S.
Hardman, John E.
Hitchcock, C. H.
Hunt Sl Co.. Eobert W.
Eirby, A. G.
Levy, Ernest
Rogers, John C.
Simpson, W. E.
Summerhayes, M. W.
Tyrrell, J. B.
Whitman. Alfred R.
EUROPE
Arnold, Ralph
Bayldon, H. C.
Botsford, Robert S.
Brown, B. Gilman
Collins, Henry F.
Curie, J. H.
de Marny, E. N. Barbot
Geppert, B. M,
Holloway, Geo. T. & Co., Ltd.
Hoover, H, C.
Hoover, Theodore J.
Hunt & Co., Bobert W.
Hut chins, John Power
Inekipp & Bevan
Euehn, A. F.
Loring, W. J.
McCarthy. E. T.
Macnutt, C. H.
McDermott, E. D.
Michell, George V .
Pearse, Arthur L,
Purington, Chester W.
Shaler, Millard E.
Smith, Reuben Edward
Stines, Norman C.
Tellman, Alfred
Thomas, E. G.
Thorne, W. E.
Titcomb, H. A.
Truschkofl, Nicholas B.
Turner, Scott
Weatherbe. D'Arcy
Wright, Charles Will
MEXICO
Hoyle, CharleB
Royer, Frank W.
Stevens, Blarney
Wilkens and Devereux
SOUTH AMERICA
Bancroft. Howland
Barker, Edgar E.
Bellinger, H. C.
Copeland. Durward
Couldrey. Paul S.
Hawxhurst, Robert. Jr.
Lamb, Mark R.
Lewis, H. Allman
Marshall, N. C.
McCann, Ferdinand
Strauss, Lester W.
ASSAYERS, CHEMISTS, aid ORE-TESTING WOE)
Arizona Assay Office
Atkin & McRae
Bardwell, Alonzo F.
Baverstock & Payne
Beckman & Linden Eng. Corp.
Bird-Cowan Co.
Cole & Co.
Critchett & Ferguson
Eldridge&Co.,G. 9
Falkenburg & Laucks
Frost, Oscar J.
General Engineering Co., The
Gibson, Walter L.
Hamilton, Beauchamp,
Woodworth, Inc.
Hanks, Abbot A.
Irving & Co., James
James Co., The George A.
Ledoux & Co., Inc.
Luckhardt. Co.. C. A,
Officer & Co.. R. H.
Perez, Richard A.
Penological Laboratory
Richards, J. W.
Smith, Emery & Co.
40
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY
John M. Baker
Victor C. Alderson Hamilton W. Baker
ALDERSON, BAKER & BAKER
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEEBS
186 Devonshire St.
Boston, Mass.
Falk Building,
Boise, Idaho
BOTSFORD, Robert S.
MINING ENGINEER
% F. Riches, 9th Line. No. 44,
Basil Island. Petrograd, Russia
BRADLEY, D. H., Jr.
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
MiH design. Mine equipment. Mine
management
Bank of Arizona Bdg.. PreBcott, Ariz.
Burch
Caetani &
Hershey
CAETAtU,
Gelasio
CONSULTING ENGINEER
Crocker Bdg:., San Francisco
Cable
Caetani
Usual
Codes
CARPENTER, Alvin B.
MINING ENGINEER
508 Union League Bdg., Los Angeles. Cal.
ALDRIDGE, Walter H.
MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
% Wm. B. Thompson.
14 Wall St., New York
Corey C. Brayton E. R. Richards
BRAYTON & RICHARDS
MINING AND METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERS
Hobart Bdg.. San Francisco
CARR, Homer L.
MINING ENGINEER
With Jones & Baker
50 Broad Street, New York
Cable: Minecar
ARGALL & SONS, Philip
MINING AND METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERS
First National Bank Bdg.. Denver
Cable : Argall Code : Bedford McNeill
BRETHERTON, S. E.
CONSULTING MINING AND MET. ENGRS.
Specialty: Smelting of copper and lead ores
and treatment of complex zinc ores
220 MillB Bdg.. San Francisco
CHANCE & CO., H. M.
COAL MINING ENGINEERS
839 Drexel Bdg.. Philadelphia
ARNOLD, Ralph Cable: Ralfarnoil
GEOLOGIST AND PETROLEUM ENGINEER
Union Oil Bdg., Los Angeles, Cal.
120 Broadway, New York.
No. 1. London Wall Bdg.. London. E.C.
BREWER, Wm. M.
MINING ENGINEER AND GEOLOGIST
P. O. Box 701, Victoria, B. C.
Cable : Brewer Code : Bedford McNeill
CHANNING, J. Parke
CONSULTING ENGINEER
61 Broadway, New York
BALL, Sydney H.
MINING GEOLOGIST
71 Broadway, New York
Cable: Sydball Code : Bedford McNeil]
BRINSMADE, Robert Bruce
CONSULTING ENGINEER
No. 9a Galena No. 1, Puebla, Pue, Mexico.
CHASE, Charles A.
MINING ENGINEER
812-824 Cooper Bdg., Denver
Liberty Bell G. M. Co.. Telluride. Colo.
BANCROFT, Howland
CONSULTING MINING GEOLOGIST
SymeB Bdg., Denver
Casilla No. 215. Oniro. Bolivia
Cable: Howban Code : Bedford McNeill
BR0ADBRIDGE, Walter
CHIEF ENGINEER
Mineral Sep., Ltd., 62, London Wall, E.C.
Cable : Rillstope. London
(Temporarily on Active Service)
Edwin E. Chase R. L. Chase
CHASE & SON, Edwin E.
MINING ENGINEERS
1028 First National Bank Bdg., Denver
BANKS, John H.
(Formerly of Ricketts & Banks}
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
61 Broadway. New York
BRODIE, Walter M.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
47 Cedar St., New York
CH0DZK0, A. E.
CONSULTING MECHANICAL ENGINEER
Specialty: Compressed Air
641 Phelan Bdg., San Francisco
BARKER, Edgar E.
MINING ENGINEER
Chuquicamata, Chile
BROWN
Frederick C.
MINING
ENGINEER
R.F.D. 4.
Boise, Idaho
CLARK, Baylies C.
MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER
Sutter Creek, California
Cable : Baclark Code : Bedford McNeill
BAYLD0N, H. C.
MINING ENGINEER
'Earagandy.' Akmolinsk. Siberia
BROWN, R. Gilman
CONSULTING ENGINEER
Gracechurch St.. London, E.C.
Cable : Argeby
Usual Codes
COLE, F. L.
MINING ENGINEER
Shanghai. China
Cable : Hanco
BEATTY, A. Chester
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
26 Broad Street. New York
Cable: Granitic
BULKLEY, J. Norman
CONSULTING MECHANICAL AND
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
Mining Work a Specialty
120 Broadway. New York
COLLBRAN, Arthur H.
MINING ENGINEER
Seoul, Korea
Hamilton. Beauchamp, Woodworth, Inc.
BEAUCHAMP, F. A.
METALLURGIST
Specialty: Flotation
419 Embarcadero. San Francisco
Burch. Caetani & Hershey
BURCH, Albert
CONSULTING ENGINEER
Crocker Bdg., San Francisco
Cable: Burch Usual Codes
COLLINS, Wm. F.
MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
Peking:, China
Cable: CollinB. Peking
BELLINGER, H. C.
METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
% Chile Exploration Co., Chuquicamata
(via Antofagasta) Chile. South America
BURCH, H. Kenyon
MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL
ENGINEER
% The Sierra Madre Club. Los Angeles, Cal.
COLLINS, Edgar A.
MINING ENGINEER
Care 1018 Crocker Bdg., San Francisco
BENEDICT, William de L.
MINING ENGINEER
19 Cedar St., New York
BURGER, C. C.
MINING ENGINEER
71 Broadway. New York
COLLINS, Edwin James
MINING ENGINEER
Mine Examinations and Management
1008-1009 Torrey Bdg., Duluth. Minn
.lulv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
41
PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY
COLLINS, George E.
MINING ENGINEER
Mine Examinations and Management
414 Boston Bdg.. Denver
Cable: Coleomac
A. E. DriirkiT G. W. Laurie
DRUCKER & LAURIE
CONSULTING METALLURGICAL ENG'S.
Testing. Desi&rnine :md Mill Coiintruction
30 Church St., New York
GARREY, George H.
CONSULTING MINING GEOLOGIST AND
ENGINEER
Bullitt Bdg.. Philadelphia. Pa.
COLLINS, Henry F.
MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
66 Finsbury Pavement. London, E.C.
DUNSTER, Carl B.
MINING ENGINEER
11 Pine St., New York Marquette, Mich.
Code: McNeill
GARRISON, F. Lynwood
MINING ENGINEER
928 Drexel Bdg., Philadelphia
Cable: Aurum Code: McNeill
COPELAND, Durward
METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
Missouri School of Mines. Llallagua,
Rolla. Mo. Boliria
COULDREY, Paul S.
MINING ENGINEER
Gen. Mining Supt. Cerro de Pasco Mining Co.,
Cerro de Pasco, Peru, S. A.
Cable: Cerrocop
DWIGHT, Arthur S.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
29 Broadway, New York
Cable : Sinterer
Code : McNeill ; Miners & Smelters
DYER, S. 0.
MINING ENGINEER
% Transvaal & Rhodesian Estates,
P. O. Box 13, Bulawayo. Rhodesia
GAY, Frederick W.
CONSULTING ENGINEER
Mechanical and Electrical Installations
Purchasing: — Inspection — Supervision
310 SanBome Street, San Francisco.
CORRESPONDENT
The J. G. White Engineering Corp.,
New York
Engineering Construction Financing
CRANSTON, Robert E.
MINING ENGINEER
437 Holbrook Bdg.. San Francisco
60 Wall St., New York
Cable: Recrana Code: McNeill. 1908
EASTON, Stanly A.
MINING ENGINEER
Manager Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining &
Concentrating Co., Kellogg, Idaho
GEMMILL, David B.
MINING & METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
General Manager Bradshaw Reduction Co.,
Crown King, Arizona.
CREDEN, William L.
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
Mine Examination and Management.
First National Bank Bdg., Butte, Mont.
EMERY, A. B.
MINING ENGINEER
Messina, Transvaal
Telegrams and Cables:
Abemery, Messina, Transvaal
GEPPERT, R. M.
MINING ENGINEER
At present in RusBia
CURLE, J. H.
MINE VALUER
62, London Wall, London
EYE, Clyde M.
MINING AND METALLURGICAL. ENGINEER
Supt. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co.,
Baguio, Benguet, P. I.
GESTER, G. C,
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING ENGINEER
819 First National Bank Bdg.,
San Francisco
Cable: Gester, San Francisco.
DE EALB, Courtenay
Associate Editor
Mining and Scientific Press
No professional work undertaken
FARISH, John B.
MINING ENGINEER
Office, 58 Sutter et., San Francisco
Residence, San Mateo, Cal,
Cable: Farieh
GIBSON, Arthur
MINING ENGLNEER
Specialty: Placer Mining
1022 Haig-ht St., San Francisco
DeLASHMUTT, Ivan
MINING ENGLNEER
Mine Supt. Standard Silver-Lead Mining Co.
Silverton, B. C.
PINCH, John Wellington
GEOLOGIST AND MINING ENGINEER
46 Rue Massenet, Shanghai, China
No examinations undertaken
GRANT, Wilbur H.
GEOLOGIC AND MINING ENGINEER
437 Holbrook Bdg., San Francisco
Code: Bedford McNeill
de MARNEY, E. N. Barbot
MINING ENGINEER
W. O. Stredny Prospect, 33 Petrograd. Russia
Cable: Barbot de Marney Code: McNeill, '08
FINLAY, J. R.
MINING ENGINEER
Room 802, 52 William St., New Tork
GREENE, Fred T.
MINING ENGINEER AND GEOLOGIST
Butte, Montana
DENNIS, Clifford G.
MINING ENGINEER
Crocker Bdg:., San Francisco
Cable : Sinned Code : McNeill
FISHER, C.
CONSULTING
First National
Kearns Bdg
Cable : Cafishoil
A.
GEOL. AND FUEL ENG'R
Bank Bdg., Denver, Colo.
, Salt Lake City, Utah
Usual Codes
W. Earl Greenough S. B. Davie
GREENOUGH, W. Earl
MINING ENGINEER
Exam., Development and Management
Old Nat'l. Bank Bdg., Spokane, Wash.
DICKERMAN, Nelson
MINING ENGINEER
The Insurance Exchange, San Francisco
Cable : Deerhodor Code : McNeill, 1908
FOWLER, Samuel S.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
Nelson, British Columbia
Cable : Fowler Usual Codes
Hamilton, Beauchamp, Woodworth, Inc.
HAMILTON, E. M.
METALLURGIST
Specialty: Cyaniding Gold and Silver Ores
419 The Embarcadero. San Francisco
DOLBEAR, Samuel H.
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
Specialty: Non-metallic Minerals
1411-1412-1415 Merchants National Bank
Bdg.. San Francisco
FRASER, Colin
MINING GEOLOGIST
% Broken Hill Assoc. Smelters, Ltd.,
Collins House, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
HANSON, Henry
METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
Hobart Bdg., San Francisco
DORR COMPANY, THE
John V. N. Dorr, President
HTDROMETALLURGICAL AND WET CHEM-
ICAL ENGINEERS
Denver New Tork London. E.C.
FREITAG, K.
MECHANICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG'R.
Mine and Metallurgical Plant Design and
Construction
1008 Hobart Bdg.. San Francisco
HARDMAN, John E.
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
112 St. James St., Montreal, Canada
Cable: Hardman Code: Bedford McNeill
42
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY
HAWXHURST,
Robert, Jr.
MINING
ENGINEER
Eden Mining Company.
Bluefields
. Nicaragua
H0YLE, Charles
MINING ENGINEER
Apartado 8, El Oro, Mexico
KIRBT, Edmund B.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
918 Security Bag.. St. Loan
Specialty: The expert examination of mine*
and metallurgical enterprises
HENDERSON, H. P.
MINING ENGINEER
80 Broadway. New York
Burch
Caetani
& Hershey
HERSHEY,
Oscar
H.
CONSULTING MINING GEOLOGIST
Kellogg, Idaho
Cable: Herahey
Code
McNeill
Robert W. Hunt
Jno. J. Cone
Jaa. C. Hallated
D. W. McNaugher
HUNT & CO., Robert W.
ENGINEERS
Bureau of Inspection, Tests and Consultation
Chicago-San Francisco-New York -Pittsburgh
San Francisco Office, 251 Kearny St.
St. Louis-Montreal -London
Consulting, Designing' and Supervising Engi-
neers, Inspectors of Railroad, Structural and
Other Materials and Equipment
Chemical, Physical and Cement Laboratories
KIRK & LEA YELL
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
lamination. Management, and Operation of
Mines. Design Equipment
Newhouse Bdg., Salt Lake City. Utah
KRUMB, Henry
MINING ENGINEER
Felt Bdg., Salt Lake City. Utah
HEINZ, N. L.
CONSULTING ENGINEER
Metallurgy of Zinc and Manufacture of
Sulphuric Acid
523 St. James Place. Pittsburgh. Pa.
HUSTON, H. L.
MINING ENGINEER
San Francisco
Cable :
034 Mills Bug.,
Haruston
KUEHN, A. F.
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
1 London Wall Bdg., London. EC
Cable: Norite
HILL,
Walter Hovey
MINING ENGINEER
Boise, Idaho
Code
McNeill
HUTCHLNS, John Power
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
% American International Corporation,
8 Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya, Petrograd
Cable : Getchlns Code : McNeill. 1808
LAKENAN, C. B.
MINING ENGINEER
Ely. Nevada
Victor G. Hills Frank W. Willis
HILLS & WILLIS
MINING ENGINEERS
Cripple Creek, 415 McPhee Bd*.. Denver
Cable: Hill will Usual Codes
HYDE, James M.
Treatment of Difficult Ores
Mills Bdg.. San Francisco
Cable: Jamehyde
LAMB, Mark R., M. E.
Santiago. Chile
Mgr. for A llis-Ch aimers in S. A.
Data and information available on mines
and equipment
HITCHCOCK, C. H.
MINING ENGINEER
Mines examined with a view to purchase
Sudbury. Ontario
Dudley J. Inskip John A. Reyan
INSKIPP & BEVAN
MINING ENGINEERS
1. Broad St. Place. London, E.C.
Cable: Monazite Usual Codes
LANAGAN, W.
H.
MINING
ENGINEER
1057 Monadnock Bdg..
San Francisco
Code
McNeill
HOFFMANN, Karl F.
MINING ENGINEER
2 Rector St.. New York
Code: McNeill. 1908
JANIN, Charles
MINING ENGINEER
722 Kohl Bdg.. San Francisco
Cable: Charjan Code: McNeill
LANDERS, William H.
MINING ENGINEER
136 West 44th St.. New York City
HOFFMANN, Ross B.
MINING ENGINEER
228 Perry St.. Oakland. Cal.
Cable: Siberhof
JENKS, Arthur W.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
% Burma Mines. Ltd.. Namtu, Northern
Shan States. Burma. India
LE6GETT,
Thos.
H.
CONSULTING
ENGINEER
149 Broadway
New
York
Cable : Tomleg
H0LLIS, H. L.
CONSULTING MINING ENGINEER
AND METALLURGIST
1025 Peoples Gas Bdg.. Chicago
JUESSEN, Edmund
MINING ENGINEER
New Almaden, Cal.
LEVENSALER, L. A.
MINING ENGINEER
Box 1454, Tacoma, Wachington
HOLLOW AY & CO., Geo. T., Ltd.
METALLURGISTS AND METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERS
13 Emmett St.. Limehouse. London. E.
Cable: Neolithic Code: McNeill
KEFFER & JOHNS
MINING ENGINEERS
Examinations. Reports and Management of
Mining Properties
610 Hutton Bdg.. Spokane. Wash.
LEVY, Ernest
MINING ENGINEER
Representing Alexander Hill & Stewart.
Rossland. British Columbia
1024 Old Nat'l. Bank Bdg.. Spokane. Wash.
HOOVER, H. C.
MINING ENGINEER
% Commission of Relief in Belgium,
3 London Wall Bdgs.. London, E.C.
Cable : Crevooh
KINN0N, Wm. H.
MINING ENGINEER AND METALLURGIST
307 San Francisco St.. El Paso. Texas
LEWIS, H. Allman
MANAGING ENGINEER
The Porco Tin Mines. Ltd.
Casilla 52, Potosi, Bolivia
Cable: Porcorama Code: McNeill (1908)
HOOVER, Theodore J.
MINING ENGINEER
1. London Wall Bdg.. London. E.C.
and 634 Mills Bdg., San Francisco
Cable: Mildaloo
KINZIE, Robert A.
MINING ENGINEER
First National Bank Bdg., San Francisco
LLOYD, R. L.
METALLURGICAL ENGINEER
Specialty: Pyro-Metallurgy of Copper and As-
sociated Metals. 29 Broadway, New York
Cable: Ricloy Code: McNeill
HOWARD, L. 0.
MINING ENGINEER
Examination, Consulting. Management
421 Felt Bdg.. Salt Lake City. Utah
KIRBY, A. G. METALLURGIST
Mill Designing and Construction
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LORING. W. J. MINING ENGINEER
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July 7. 1917
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OLCOTT & CORNING
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22% W. 7th South St.. Salt Lake City
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MINING and Scientific PRESS
17
THE
u
WAUGH
DREADNAUGHT
DRILL
STAYS ON THE JOB
"Dreadnaugrhts" used unmounted as hand drills for enlarging a
"raise." in the Dome Mines, South Porcupine, Ontario. The ground
was a mixture of white quartz and schist, yet with 5 machines they
averag-ed thirty-four 10-ft. holes a shift.
When the steel is binding or runs into a slip,
the hole is not lost if you are using a "Dread-
naught," for it can be cranked back while run-
ning with the full force of rotation, without
danger of breakage. In a number of mines
where "Dreadnaughts" are being used with
drills of other makes, they use their "Dread-
naughts" for pulling steels that have been
stuck by other machines.
DENVER, COLO.
New York El Paso Seattle Salt Lake City
San Francisco Houghton Butte Joplin Los Angeles
Canadian Rock Drill Company, Ltd.,Toronto| Nelson, B. C.
M-39
Braun K. & K. Laboratory
Flotation Machine
READY FOR WORK
A Miniature Machine suitable for laboratory tests,
built similar to the Standard Size
K. & K. Flotation Machines
now used by many of the largest metallurgical plants
practicing flotation.
This machine produces every effect essential to deter-
mine to what extent an ore will lend itself to flotation.
The elimination of violent agitation adapts it to all
classes of ores, including carbonates, and permits
selective flotation tests.
The top is hinged, allowing ready access for thor-
ough cleaning.
OPEN FOR CLEANING
Ask for your copy of Bulletin S120
mMm-jfM
San Francisco. U. S. A.
Los Angeles, U. S. A.
48
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
United States Smelting,
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Selling Office, UNITED STATES SMELTING CO., Inc.,
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NEEDLES MINING AND SMELTING COMPANY
Custom Lead and Zinc Concentrator at Neddies, Cal. Ad-
dress: Needles, Cal.
Cal. Address: Kennett,
MAMMOTH COPPER MINING COMPANY
Custom Copper Smelter at Kennett,
Cal.
UNITED STATES SMELTING COMPANY
Custom Lead and Copper Smelters and Custom Lead and Zinc
Concentrating Mills at Midvaie. Utah. Address: Salt Lake
City, Utah.
Custom Zinc Smelters at lola, Altoona. La Harpe, Kansas and
Checotah. Ok] a. Address: 413 Republic Bdg., Kansas
City, Mo.
GOLDROAD MINES COMPANY
Goldroad, Arizona.
UNITED STATES METALS REFINING COMPANY
Custom Copper Smelter and Electrolytic Copper Refinery at
Chrome, N. J. Electrolytic Lead Refinery at Graselli, Ind.
Address: 120 Broadway, New York City, N. Y.
CIA. DE REAL DEL MONTE
Mines and Mills at Pachuca and Real del Monte. Address:
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TION CO.
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Bayers of ORES, MATTE and FURNACE PRODUCTS
Refiners of BLISTER COPPER and LEAD BULLION
Sellers of GOLD, SILVER, LEAD, COPPER, ZINC DUST, CADMIUM,
ARSENIC and SELENIUM
Graphical Solution
of
Fault Problems
By C. F. TOLMAK, Jr.
Professor of Geology and Mining Engineering, The
School of Mines, University of Arizona, and
State Geologist of Arizona.
43 Pnges 23 Figures 5 x S in.. Limp Leather
$1.00 Postpaid
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THE MINING MAGAZINE, Salisbury House, London. E. C.
THE OZARK
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Buyers of Combined LEAD-ZINC
ORES, no matter how complex
— paying for both metals.
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SMELTING WORKS : INTERNATIONAL, UTAH, and MIAMI, ARIZ
REFINERIES :
Rariton Copper Works, Perth Amboy, N. J.
International Lead Refining Company. East Chicago. Indiana.
ORE PURCHASING DEPARTMENT:
618 Kearns Building, Salt Lake City, Utah.
L. VOGELSTEIN & CO., Inc.
43 BROADWAY, NEW YOKK
BUYERS OF ORES AND METALS
OF ALL CLASSES
SELLERS OF COPPER, TIN, LEAD, SPELTER,
ANTIMONY, Etc.
25 BROAD ST.
NEW YORK
The Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co.,
of Canada, Ltd.
SMELTERS AND REFINERS
Purchasers of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc Ores.
Producers of Tadanac Brand Pig Lead, Bluestone,
Spelter, and Copper.
Offices, Smelting and Refining Dept., Trail, British Columbia
THE BRIQUETTING OF FINE ORES
AND FLUE DUST
is a Real Money and Time Saver in Smelting.
Send for particulars.
THE GENERAL BRIQUETTING CO.
WILDBERG BROS.,
Smelters, Refiners and Purchasers of
Gold and Silver Ores, Gold Dust, Bullion and
Native Platinum
Producers of Proof Gold and Silver for Assnyers
OFFICE 41G-419 PACIFIC EDG. SAN FRANCISCO
.Inly 7. 1!)17
MINING and Scientific PRESS
411
BEST FACILITIES FOR TREATMENT OF
GOLD and SILVER
BULLION
Ores, Concentrates, Cyanide Product
CONSIGN ALL SHIPMENTS TO SELBY, CAL.
SELBY SMELTING & LEAD CO.
Address correnpoideioe to
GENERAL OFFICES: MERCHANTS EXCHANGE BDG.,
SAN FRANCISCO
The
American Metal Co., Ltd.
61 Broadway, [New York
St. Louis Denver
Mexico
Mexican Representatives :
Companla de Mlnerales y Metales
Mexico City and Monterrey
Dealers in
Gold, Silver, Lead,
Zinc and Copper Ores,
Copper Matte, Copper and Lead Bullion
AMERICAN ZINC
LEAD & SMELTING CO.
PURCHASERS OF
ZINC ORE
PRODUCERS OF
HIGH GRADE SPELTER
Including "AMERICAN," "MASCOT," "CANEY"
and "GRANBY" Brands
Pig Lead and Sulphuric Acid
Send Ore Inquiries to Send Spelter and Acid Inquiries to
1012 PIERCE BUILDING 120 BROADWAY
ST. LOUIS, MO. NEW YORK, N. Y.
WESTERN OFFICE: 1218 FOSTER BUILDING, DENVER, COLO.
LADYSMITH SMELTING CORPORATION, Ltd.
BUYERS and SMELTERS of COPPER,
GOLD, and SILVER ORES
OFFICES:
WORKS:
ON TIDEWATER
VANCOUVER ISLAND
504-507 BELMONT BUILDING
VICTORIA, B. C.
SINTERING FINE ORES
FOR BLAST FURNACES
Dwight & Lloyd Sintering Company, Inc.
Columbia Building : 29 Broadway, New York
Cable Address: Sinterer-New York
The Empire Zinc Company
Buys Zinc Ores
Address out Office:
703 Symes Bldg.,
Denver, Colo.
Or write to
H. L. WILLIAMS.
605 KEAFtNS BLDG.,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
ATKINS, KROLL & CO., San Francisco
IMPORT MERCHANTS
DANISH FLINT PEBBLES. SILEX LINING. CYANIDE.
QUICKSILVER. MINING CANDLES. FIREBRICK.
BORTS AND CARBONS. BLACKSMITH COAL. COKE.
IMPORTED FUSE. SCHEELITE CONCENTRATES. 70%.
SUPERIOR QUALITY ZINC DUST.
STOCKS CARRIED
MINE SAMPLING
AND VALUING
By O. S. HERZIG
with a chapter on
SAMPLING PLACER DEPOSITS
163 Pages
by CHESTER WELLS PURINGTON
«.\« Illustrated Cloth »2 Postpaid
This is the first comprehensive treatise on a most
important part of the mining engineer's work. It
presents a complete logical and well-rounded dis-
cussion of the principles and practice of sampling
and valuing mines. Most experienced engineers
will be glad to have sueh a volume in their library,
and to the young engineer, who has not been
through the mill, it should prove well nigh in-
valuable.
Published and For Sale by
MINING and Scientific PRESS
420 MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO 43
THE MINING MAGAZINE, Salisbury House, London, E.C.
50
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
OPPORTUNITIES
Under this heading- announcements may be made of new and second-
hand machinery or supplies, for sale or wanted. The cost is five cents
per word, one dollar minimum order. Remittances MUST accompany
order. Copy must be received by Saturday morning for the following
week's issue.
CORPORATION CHARTERS, AGENTS. ETC.
FOR SALE — Two quintuplex pumps, lead lined, capacity 1000 gallons
per minute against 500-foot head, each connected to a 200 H.P. Westing-
house two-speed motor. These pumps are in fine condition, having run
for only a few weeks in the Ward shaft of the Comstock Lode. Address
Opp. 629. Mining and Scientific PresB. LT 7-21
AIR COMPRESSOR FOR SALE: — Ingersoll-Sargeant Duplex steam-driven
-compound, class "HC". Steam cyl. 14x 14 in., air cyl, 22^x14 % in. with
14-in. stroke. Good condition. Address Tonopah Midway Consolidated
Mining Co.. Tonopah, Nev. TF
WANTED — Good second-hand assay outfit including scales.
86. Mina. Nevada.
Address Box
LT 7-7
FOR SALE, CHEAP — Twenty stamps, weight 1000 pounds each. Cost
new $877. Iron work complete for two Joshua Hendy 10-stamp batteries.
Also 2700 feet of %-inch wire rope at 15e. per foot and 7000 feet %■
inch wire rope at 10c. per foot. Original Amador Consolidated Mines Co..
Amador City, California. LT 7-14
GURLEY ENGINEER'S TRANSIT with complete arc. stadia, wires, etc.,
reading to thirty seconds: will sell for $200. Can be seen at Mining and
Scientific Press office. Address Opp. 596, Mining and Scientific press. LT 7-7
WANTED — 1000 tons manganese ore: reply to Manganese Company of
California, 180 Sutter street, San Francisco. TF
PORTLAND FILTERS — NEW
Two 12 ft. by 10 ft. at a sacrifice.
These have never been set up. Now in Denver.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING COMPANY
EL PASO, TEXAS
WE
Buy and sell all kinds of Standard Mining
Equipment, new or second-hand — broken cast
and steel — CYANIDE. Let us quote on your
next order.
WRITE TODAY
MINES SUPPLY
305 CUNARD BLDG.
COMPANY
SAN FRANCISCO
FOR SALE
1 — One-yard Atlantic Steam Shovel (Am. Locomotive Works).
1 — Eighteen-ton Locomotive (Davenport Locomotive Works).
1 — Four-ton Locomotive.
1 — Keystone Drill Machine. Traction, No. 3, Friction Hoist for 350
feet.
9 — Side-Dump, Three-Yard. Narrow-Gauge Waste Cars.
D. A. McPHERSON, Deadwood, South Dakota
JAW CRUSHERS
The following are in Denver stock for immediate ship-
ment. All fitted with manganese Jaw Plates and in first-
class condition:
1 — 15x24 Allis-Chalmers Blake.
1 — 13x24 Allis-Chalmers Blake.
1 — 13x24 McFarlane Blake.
1 — 13x24 Farrell Foundry Blake.
1 — 30x5 Robinson-Rea Co.* Blake.
3 — 10x20 Davis Iron Works Blake.
2 — 9x15 Davis Iron Works Blake.
3 — 7x10 Standard Blake.
1 — 9x15 Davis Iron Works Dodge.
3 — 7x10 Gates Iron Works Dodge.
1 — 7x10 Denver Roll Jaw.
1 — 7x16 Samson.
The Morse Bros. Machinery and Supply Company
DENVER, COLORADO LT-7-7
LET US INCORPORATE YOUR COMPANIES
All popular charters; Delaware, Maine. West Virginia, Nevada, etc.
Expert corporation lawyers all states. Charterguide A4. free. INTER-
STATE CORPORATION SERVICE SYSTEM — A. Clarksburg, West Va..
Reno, Nevada. TF
WANTED — Chrome iron ore containing not less than 40 per cent
chromic oxide nor more than S per cent silica. Deposits meeting these re-
quirements will be investigated and shipments contracted for. Address
American Refractories Company, S. H. Dolbear. engineer, 1411 Merchants
National Bank Bdg., San Francisco. TF
WANTED — Hauling contracts anywhere. Seven years experience with,
auto trucks in mountains and deserts. Can handle any proposition. Cali-
fornia Auto Trucking Co., 860 Waller St., San Francisco. Phone Park
5426.
1V1 ACHIISIERY FOR SALE
The following is only a partial list of our large stock of ready to
ship machinery. Write us your requirements.
DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS
(500 Volt)
1 — 1 H.P. Three Rivers. Type
TR. 1200 R.P.M.
1 — 5 H.P. Westinghouse. 1500
R.P.M.
1 — 7% H.P. General Electric,
Type CQ. 1800 R.P.M.
1 — 10 H.P. WestinghoUBe, 1250
R.P.M.
1 — 30 H.P. General Electric.
Form A. 625 R.P.M.
1 — 30 H.P. General Electric,
Form B. 625 R.P.M.
1 — 35 H.P. General Electric.
Form H. 975 R_P.M.
1 — 50 H.P. General Electric,
Form H, 900 R.P.M.
1 — 50 H.P. Bullock. 600 RJ>.M.
1 — 55 H.P. General Electric.
Form H. 925 RJJM.
1 — 75 H.P. Westinghouse. 800
R.P.M.
(220 Volt)
1 — 1 H.P. Three Rivers, 1500
R.P.M.
1 — 2 H.P. General Electric,
Class CJ. back geared, 1740
R.P.M.
1 — 4 H.P. WeBtern Electric.
1000 R.P.M.
1 — 5 HP. Three Rivers. 1700
R.P.M.
1 — 5 H.P. Crocker-Wheeler. Type
CM. 1220 R.P.M.
2 — 5 H.P. Crocker-Wheeler. Type
CM. 1000 R.P.M.
1 — 1214 H.P. Electrical Mchy.
Co.. 1750 R.PJM.
1 — 13 H.P. Crocker-Wheeler.
Type CM. 1000 R.P.M.
2 — 15 H.P. General Electric,
Type CQ, 1000 R.P.M.
1 — 20 H.P. Western Electric,
470 R.P.M.
1 — 20 H.P. General Electric,
Type CQ, 925 R.P.M.
1 — 40 H.P. Milwaukee, 960
R.P.M.
(126 Volt)
1 — % H.P. Waite & Bartlett.
1000 R.P.M
1 — 2% H.P. General Electric.
1900 R.P.M.
1 — 3 H.P. General Electric,
1820 R.P.M.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
MOTORS
3 Phase, 60 Cycle
1 — 3 H.P. Westinghouse. 220/
440 Volt. 1700 R.P.M.
2 — 3 H.P. General Electric. 220/
440 Volt, 1800 R. P. M.
1 — 5 H.P. General Electric. 220/
440 Volt, 1800 R. P. M.
1 — 10 H.P. General Electric.
220/440 Volt. 1800 R.P.M.
2 — 20 H.P. General Electric.
220/440 Volt, 1200 R.P.M.
2 — 30 H.P. Westinghouse. 220/
440 Volt. 825 R.P.M.
1 — 40 H.P. General Electric,
220/440 Volt, 900 R.P.M.
1 — 100 H.P. General Electric,
220/440 Volt, 600 R.P.M.
1 — 120 H.P. General Electric.
Synchronous, 440 Volt, 300
R.P.M.
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
2 — 10 Ton Baldwin-Westing-
house. Standard Gauge, 250
Volt.
2 — 7 Ton Jeflery. 30" Gauge,
250 Volt.
1 — 5 Ton General Electric. 24
Gauge, 250 Volt.
2 — 3 Ton Jeflery, 24" Gauge,
250 Volt.
STEAM LOCOMOTIVES
1 — 50 Ton Shay. 36" Gauge.
3 — 50 Ton Baldwin, Standard
Gauge.
STEAM DRIVEN COM-
PRESSORS
1 — 8x9x12 Leyner.
1 — 10x10x10 Smith-Vaile.
1 — 12x13% x 8% x 16 Leyner
Compound.
1 — 10x16x9x14 Rand Imperial
Compound.
2 — 14x14x22 Rand, Class C.
1 — 14^x16x10x17 Leyner Com-
pound.
1 — 14 x 16 x 9 % x 16 Norwalk
Compound.
1 — Il%x20%xl8xllx22 Leyner
Compound.
1 — 16x18x11x22 Leyner Com-
pound.
1 — 18 x 20 x 13 % x 20 Norwalk
Compound.
BELT DRIVEN COMPRESSORS
1 — 8x8 Bury. Single.
1 — Il%x6i4xl4 Leyner Com-
pound.
1 — 14%x9%x8 Ingersoll-Rand
Compound.
1 — 24 Vi x 14 & x 14 Ingersoll-
Rand Compound.
BLOWERS
1 — 85 cu. ft. Piqua Positive
Blower.
1 — 24 cu. ft. Connersville Posi-
tive Blower.
1 — No. 5 Root Positive Blower.
6 — No. 5 Baker Positive Blow-
1 — No'. 3 Garden City Positive
Blower.
1 — No. 2 Garden City Positive
Blower.
1 — No. 10 Sturtevant Monogram
Blower.
1 — No. 6 Sturtevant Pressure
Blower.
1 — No. 1 Buffalo Pressure
Blower.
EXHAUSTERS
4 — 108" Garden City, Double
Steel Plate Exhausters, for
hot blast.
1 — 8' Steel Plate Mine Fan, En-
gine driven.
2 — 96" Sturtevant Steel Plate
Exhauster.
1 — 72" American Steel Plate
Exhauster.
6 — 60" Sturtevant Steel Plate
Exhausters.
3 — No. 7 Sturtevant Monogram
Exhausters.
1 — No. 7 Buffalo Volumne Ex-
hauster.
1 — No. 6 Sturtevant Monogram
Exhauster.
2 — 36" Sturtevant Steel Plate
Exhausters.
7 — 35" National Steel Plate Ex-
hausters.
MORSE BROS. MACHINERY & SUPPLY CO.
1732 Wazee St., Denver, Colo.
July 7, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
51
POSITIONS WANTED
Thr i*ost of advertising for positions wanted i* '- cents per word per
Insertion, Minimum order 50 oenta. Replies forwarded without extra
Charge, Remittances must accompany order. Copy must bo received
Saturday morntnf for the following' week's issue.
MINING ENGINEER returned from two years successful management
of important gold property in South America, now open for engagement.
Over 16 yean experience, development, construction and operation of
nun-- and mills in Spanish America, Canada and the United States. Ad-
dress PW 034, Mining and Scientific Press. LT 7-14
MINE FOREMAN wishes to make change: long experience; gets results;
best references. Address PW 635. Mining and Scientific Press. LT 7-21
ALL AROUND PRACTICAL MAN wants position as general foreman of
construction, good organizer of men; married, steady, sober, A-l references;
no job too large to handle. Address PA 632, Mining and Scientific Press.
^ LT 7 * 21
HOISTING PLANT with new H.P. gasoline hoist, rope, ore bucket,
eheave. shaft and boxes. $476. Also several steam, electric and belt hoists,
water wheels, small milling plant and other machinery. U. S. Iron Works.
Seattle. Wash. eow-TP
GOLD AND SILVER MINES FOR SALE — Only first-class propositions
handled. If interested, address S. T. Schreiber. Boise, Idaho. TP-eow
ENGINEER AND MECHANIC, age 32. American, open for position
i Gas engines. Meitz & Weiss and Wordberg oil engines, gen-
erators, motors, hoist and millman
ing & Scientific Press.
Go anywhere.
Address PW 633. Min-
LT 7-14
ENGINEER WISHES POSITION; hoisting, stationary or marine; steam
or gas. Have had long, varied experience as chief engineer and mine me-
chanic. All sorts of installations, repairs and adjustments. Solve your
gas engine problems and reduce your fuel expense. References and service
letters. Address M. A. K., Box 228, Oatman. Arizona. LT 7-14
MINING ENGINEER. 13 years experience in mining, cyaniding, concen-
tration and management, age 37, married. Good references. Open for
engagement after June 1. Denver interview. Address PW 600, Mining
and Scientific Press. Lt 7-14
POSITION WANTED — Melt-room man and assayer, experienced in smelt-
ing cyanide precipitates and refining base bullion. Some experience as mill-
man. Address PW 606. Mining and Scientific Press. LT 7-7
WANTED — Position as mill superintendent. Thoroughly experienced;
flotation a specialty. Now operating flotation plant successfully; desire
change. Best of references present employers. Address PW 614. Mining
and Scientific Press. LT 8-1
THOROUGHLY COMPETENT ASSAYER AND CHEMIST desires position
with smelting works, mill or mine; also surveying, superintendence. Excel-
lent references for skill and good work. Address PW 607, Mining and
Scientific Press. LT 7-7
MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS wants a permanent circulation rep-
resentative in every mining community in the world. Replies will be held
confidential if desired. Address, The Manager. Mining and Scientific PresB.
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE
We offer for sale the following equipment for Immediate delivery,
subject to prior Bale.
6 Standard Callow 8-ft. tanks, complete.
2 Type 1-B Callow Duplex Screens, complete with overhead step
pulley, steel housings, spray boxes, etc. Equipped with phosphor
bronze ton cap belts.
8 Butchart Tables, complete with linoleum covers and No. 2 type
riffling.
Above equipment in very good condition, used only two months.
Prices npon application
Address all communications to
UTAH LEASING COMPANY
305 Newhouse Bldg., Salt Lake
WILFLEY TABLES
7 — No. 4, perfect condition, complete with new riffles; practically
unused. Immediate delivery.
2 — No. 2, good condition.
2 — No. 6, with new riffles, steel frame, perfect.
Southwestern Wrecking Company
El Paso, Texas
POSITIONS AVAILABLE
Announcements in i hi s column arc Becured through the co-operation
of many of the largest mining companies in the United States Ad-
vertisements under this heading will be Inserted two limes without
charge. Additional insertions charged at the rate of '2c. per word.
SALES ENGINEER WANTED — Sales engineer of ability and experi-
ence with ore-treatment machinery. Pine opportunity for one who can
make good. Address PA C28, Mining and Scientific Press. LT 7-14
MECHANICAL DRAFTSMEN — Several men required who are experi-
enced on mill and smelter design. Liberal salaries. Business Men's Clear-
ing House, Denver, Colorado. LT 7-14
TEMPORARY FREE REGISTRATION
While present heavy demand continues for well-qualified men all
branches mining, milling, smelting, we will accept, without regis-
tration charge, applications from mining or metallurgical engineers,
assayers. chemists, etc.. who are technical graduates and who would
consider salaries of $125 and lower. Desirable positions secured
promptly. We have placed fourteen thousand men in positions, at
salaries up to $6,500.00 per annum. Established 14 years.
Business-Men's Clearing House, Denver, Colorado
ANTIMONY ORES WANTED
Any grade over 15#> . State quantity which can
be delivered. State Analysis. Send Samples.
NICHOLS-LAYNG CHEMICAL CO., INC.
KIRKWOOD AVE. AND QUINT ST., SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
Structural Steel Head Frame
Two compartment 70' designed for 100
H.P., complete with sheaves and ore bins.
One of the most substantial gallows frames
in the southwest. K.D. marked for re-erec-
tion, exactly the same as new. Send for
photos.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING
EL PASO, TEXAS
COMPANY
MOT OR TRUC KING
MOUNTAIN HAULING A SPECIALTY
California, Nevada, Arizona.
E. M. MOORES,
15th and Alabama Streets,
Telephone Market 7274
SAN FRANCISCO
COMPLETE STAMP MILL
50 stamps, 1050 lbs., Denver Engineering Works, latest type, chrome
steel shoes and dies, complete with all timers, feeders, etc. Used
three months; perfect condition.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING COMPANY
EL PASO, TEXAS
(OPPORTUNITIES CONTINUED ON PAGE S2)
52
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
FOR SALE
NEW 400 H.P. BOILER — IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
New 400-H. P. Hawkes Combination Fire and Water
Tube Boiler, 200 lbs Pressure, Steel Setting.
STANDARD AMERICAN DREDGING CO.
NO. 414 13TH STREET OAKLAND. CAL.
TUBE MILL BARGAIN
4-ft. by 20-ft. tube mill, brand new, complete,
weight, 16 tons, f.o.b. cars, $1500.00.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING COMPANY
EL PASO, TEXAS
C YAM ID
PROMPT DELIVERY
San Francisco and New York
W. M. DU VAL & CO.
13 Gold Street
New York
112 Market Street
San Francisco
CYANIDE
CASSELL BRAND
We have 10 tons in stock for immediate delivery and no
restrictions for export.
PACIFIC WESTERN COMMERCIAL CO.,
149 California St., San Francisco
Ball and Tube Mills
The following in stock ready for immediate shipment:
10 — 6x12' either manganese lining: for ball work or El Oro or
Silex for tube mills.
9 — 5' 6"x8' Ball Mills, manganese lining.
4 — 5' 6"xl6' Tube Mills. Fl Oro or Silex.
1 — 5x22' Tube Mill. Silex Uned.
1—5' 6"xl6' Tube Mill. Silex lined.
1 — 4x15' Tube Mill. El Oro lfned.
The Morse Bros. Machinery and Supply Company
DENVER, COLORADO LT-7-7
HENRY B. LISTER,
Attorney at Lair
Notary Public and Commissioner of Deeds for New York
806 Pacific Bdg., Fourth and Market Streets, San Francisco.
.■; ' ■>
For Lubrication of
Mine Machinery
SECURE a lubrication service for
your mine equipment that is excep-
tionally economical and at the same
time highly efficient.
Hoisting Engines
Compressors
Winding Machines
Blower Fans
Crushers
Drills
Motors
Cars
Locomotives
This equipment when lubricated with
ALBANY GREASE
will produce maximum results, operating
with cool, easy running bearings — at a
minimum cost. We have collected data
in detail giving results of comparative
lubrication tests on mine equipment
which points out the great saving secured
with Albany Grease. This data will be
sent you on request. You can conduct a
test on Albany Grease at our expense. A
sufficient quantity of Albany Grease and
an Albany Cup will he sent you without
charge, upon receipt of your request.
I Your dealer sells Albany Grease. If not, order direct. \
.■ Albany Lubricating Co.
Adam Cook's Sons, Props.
708-10 Washington Street
New York
Established 1858
.Iiilv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
68
V- ' ■■■■My- '-;.-.- ■:.: ■;^,^:.;. v --
Miningf s<"'f« Press *$*°
±_ £
Mill Building and Ore Bins
Will sell separate or together complete steel
mill building for housing hundred ton mill
marked for re-erection, complete. Ore bins
are exceptionally heavy, capacity 500 tons;
made of steel throughout. Write for blue
prints.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING COMPANY
EL PASO, TEXAS
CRUSHING ROLLS
We have the following sets of latest type Crushing
Rolls in Denver stock ready for immediate shipment.
All have been thoroughly overhauled and are in first-
class condition in every respect.
setB 16x36 Colorado Iron Works.
" 16x36 Davis Iron Works.
" 14x36 Allis Reliance outbored bearing.
" 14x30 Allis Reliance outbored bearing.
" 14x27 H. & B. Parallel.
" 14x27 Davis Iron Works.
" 12x20 Davis Iron Works.
" 12x20 H. & B. Parallel.
" 12x12 Davis Sampling.
The Morse Bros. Machinery and Supply
Company
DENVER, COLORADO
NEW AND SECOND-HAND MACHINERY
Before you order your equipment get my prices on new and
second-hand boilers, steam and gas engines, pumps and all
classes of machinery. Also carry a line of high compres-
sion Diesel crude oil engines in small sizes. No spark
troubles ; just the engine for prospectors.
Give full details when writing
PAUL H. COOP, 1111 Hobart BIdg., San Francisco
CORLISS EIVGIIME
We can make immediate delivery on the following en-
gines, which are in good mechanical order:
1—100 H.P.
1—110 H.P.
1—120 H.P.
1—150 H.P.
SOUTHWESTERN WRECKING COMPANY, El Paso, Texas
40-H. P. Fairbanks-Morse
Gas Hoist
Single Drum, direct connected, geared, complete with 750
ft. new f" rope; absolutely perfect, immediate delivery.
Southwestern Wrecking Company
El Paso, Texas
POWER PUNT
For Immediate Delivery
2—350 B.H.P. Wolf Cross Compound Superheated
Steam Locomobiles complete, with Condensers,
Boiler Feed Pumps, Injectors and Feed Water
Heater.
2 — Dahl Liquid Oil Burning Systems Complete with
Pumps and Heaters.
2— General Electric A.T.B. 32 pole, 345 K.V.A. 3-60-
480 Engine Generators.
2— Type B.L.C., 35 K.W.H., 850 R.P.M., 125 V., Belt
Driven Exciters.
S— Fort Wayne 60 cycle, 219 K.V.A. (175 K.W. 8-10
P.F.), 33,000 volt primary to 480 volt secondary,
single phase Transformers.
2— Type H, 60 cycle, 25 K.V.A., 33,000 volt primary to
110-220 volt secondary, single phase Transformers.
1 — Blue Vermont Marble Switchboard, with all neces-
sary instruments.
8 — 3-phase Aluminum Cell Lightning Arresters.
6—200 amp. Choke Coils.
Above equipment has been slightly used but not
misused and is guaranteed to be in first-class con-
dition. Power plant is for sale only as a whole.
Mill Equipment
1 — 32"xl0' Gates Revolving Screen.
1 — 6'xl6" Hardinge Mill.
2 — 32'xl5' Dorr Agitators and Tanks.
2 — 36" Perrin Presses.
1 — 6x9 Aldrich Vertical Triplex Pump.
1 — 42x48 Belt Driven A.C. Tube Mill.
1 — 52" Merrill Precipitating Press, 30 leaves.
1— No. 787 H-H-M Steel Bullion Safe.
1 — 42" Carlin Grinding pan.
2 — Erie City Economy Boilers.
1 — 3x2x4 Duplex Boiler Feed Pump.
Full Refinery Equipment.
Lot large Redwood Tanks, good condition.
Pulleys, Shafting and Transmission Equipment.
Motors
2—50 H.P. 3-60-440, 720 R.P.M. G.E. Motors.
1 — 40 H.P. 3-60-440, 900 R.P.M. G.E. Motor.
2—15 H.P. 3-60-440, 900 R.P.M. G.E. Motors.
All above motors equipped with starting compen-
sators arranged for conduit wiring, no voltage release
and overload relays.
Miscellaneous
1— No. 1174 F.M. 1000-lb. Portable Scale.
1— No. 1128 F.M. Platform Scale.
1 — No. 1046 F.M. double beam Warehouse Scale.
1 — No. 1928 ten-ton F.M. single-beam Wagon Scale.
1— 50-ton F.M. 4'xl0' Track Scale with Type R Regis-
tering Beam and Steel Frame.
1 — 7x10 Double Cylinder Steam Hoist.
1—15 H.P. Fairbanks Gasoline Hoist and 500 ft. rope.
Complete Boarding House Equipment.
Power Plant may be inspected at Beowawe, Nev.
Other material at Buckhorn, Nev.
Write for particulars and prices. Above list is
incomplete.
Nevada Engineering & Supply Company
Reno, Nevada
54
MINING and Scientific PRESS July 7, 1917
BUYER
-*-=^ Machinery and Supplies of Dependable Manufacturers are here Listed
tfg Addresses will be found on the Sixth followinq Page •••
f ^J33 If uou do notfind what you wantcommunicatewith Mining and Scientific Press Service
]
Acetylene Generators
Billiard, E. D.
Acetylene Lamps
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Bullard, E. D.
Harron, Rickard St McCone.
JuBtrite Mfg. Co.
Agitators
Chalmers St Williams.
Dorr Company, The.
Hammond Iron Works.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Western Pipe & Steel Co
Airometers
Denver Hydro Company
Air Pipe
Bemie Bro. Bag. Co
Tay, George H.
Air Receivers
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Reardon, P. H.
Tay, George H.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Air Tubing
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Amalgamated Plates
Angels Iron Works.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
San Francisco Plating Works.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Assayers' and Chemists' Directory
(See Index to Advertisers)
Assayer' and Chemists' Supplies
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Dixon Crucible Co.. Joseph
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Bags
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Balances and Weights
Ainsworth & Sons, Wm
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co,
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
Thompson Balance Co.
Ball Mills
(See "Mills")
Bearings
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Reardon, P. H.
Belting
Angels Iron Works.
Diamond Rubber Co.. The.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Goodrich Co., The B. F
Harron. Rickard & McCone
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W
Reardon. P. H.
Tay. George H.
Blowers
Allis-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Reardon, P. H.
Rix CompreBsed Air & Drill Co.
Boiler Graphite
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Boilers
AlliB-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
He idrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
He ;idy Iron Works, Joshua.
Mine St Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
National Eng. St Equip. Co.
Reardon. P. H.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Boots and Shoes
Putman Boot & Shoe Co.
Brick. Fire
Atkins. Kroll & Co.
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Briquet ting Machinery
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
General Briquetting Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Briquetting Ores, Coal, Etc.
General Briquetting Co.
Buckets
AUis-Chalmere Mfg. Co.
Atlae Car & Mfg. Co.
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Leschen & Sons Rope Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
New York Engineering Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Union Construction Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
WeBtern Pipe & Steel Co.
Burlap and Cotton Goods
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Burners, Oil
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Reardon, P. H.
Cableways, Suspension
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.
Fulton Engine Works.
Leschen & Sons Rope Co.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Sacramento Pipe Works.
Sauerman Bros.
Canvas Air Tubing
Bemie Bro. Bag Co.
Cages
Angels Iron Works.
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Carbons, Borts, and Diamonds
Atkins, Kroll & Co.
Diamond Drill Carbon Co.
Cars
Allis-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Casing
Tay, George H.
Cast Iron Pipe
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Tay, George H.
Castings
Angels Iron Works.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Lunkenheimer Co., The.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Pacific Foundry Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Union Construction Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Yuba Construction Co.
Chain
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Chemicals
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
RoesBler St Hasslacher Chem Co.
Chemical Castings
Pacific Foundry Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Chilean Mills
(See "Mills")
Classifiers
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado D*on Works Co.
DeiBter Machine Co.
Dorr Company, The.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendy D;on Works, Joshua.
Morse BroB. Machy. & Supply Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Clutches, Friction
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Compressors, Air
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Chalmers & Williams.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg, & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron WorkB, Joshua.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
International High Speed Steel Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
MorBe Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
National Eng. St Equip. Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Oliver Filter Co.
Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co.
Reardon. P. H.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Compressors, Hydraulic Air
National Eng. & Equip. Co.
Concentrator Belts
Chalmers & Williams.
Diamond Rubber Co., The.
Goodrich Co., The B. F.
Concentrators
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron WorkB Co.
Deister Concentrator Co.
Deiater Machine Co.
Eccleston Machinery Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
James Ore Concentrator Co.
Lane Mill & Machinery Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Serm Concentrator Co.
Stimeon Equipment Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Concrete Mixers
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Condensers
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Cameron Steam Pump Wks.. A. S.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp,
Converters
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp
Conveyors, Belt or Screw
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Goodrich C, The B. F.
Harron, Rickard St McCone.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Union Construction Co.
Cranes
Harron, Rickard & McCone
Link-Belt Company.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co
Cross-Arms
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Crucibles
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Crushers
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Bacon, Earle C.
Bartlett & Snow Co., C.
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Denver Quartz Mill & Crusher Co.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. St Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Johnson Engineering Works.
Lane Mill & Machinery Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Cupels
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Cyanide Plants and Machinery
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Butters & Co., Ltd., CharleB.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Dorr Company, The.
Hamilton, Beauchamp, Wood-
worth, Inc.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Kelly Filter Press Co.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Oliver Filter Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Redwood Mfra. Co.
Stearns-Roger Mfg. Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Dewaterers
Chalmers Sc Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co,
Dorr Company. The.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Oliver Filter Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Drafting Material
Ainsworth & Sons, Wm.
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Dragline Excavators
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.
Fulton Engine Works.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Marion Steam Shovel Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Sauerman Bros.
Union Construction Co.
(Continued on page GG)
July 7. L917
Made in U. S. A.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
1 I
65
Tltr Slogan of the Cameron "Chorai In : Die I iramtol ITifnJ.*'
High Efficiency
"BULLDOG" A * ainst Hi s h Heads
Rock Drill and Mining Steel
Hollow
Solid
Has no superior, and is used with all
drills wherever the BEST is needed.
Manufactured only by (he
International High Speed Steel Co.
at its works, Rockaway, N. J.
Main Office: New York City
Pacific Coast Representative:
H. D. Staley, 132 Lick Building, San Francisco, Cal.
Sacramento Pipe Works
MANUFACTURERS
SHEET STEEL RIVETED PIPE,
WELL CASING and AIR PIPE
WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTERS
Standard Pipe — Screw Joint Casing, Pipe and Casing Fittings,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS.
Valves and Brass Goods.
SACRAMENTO. CAL.
Drill
Building
exclusively —
Come to
Specialists
Want Irtll
Watk&
30-36 1 Dale Avenue
Paterson, N, J.
The upper illustration shows two 5-ln. 3-stage
Cameron Pumps, direct connected, to 300 H.P.
motor, giving a capacity of 600 G.P.M., against
1,225 feet head at 1,760 R.P.M. These
Cameron
Centrifugals
were run continuously without inspection for sev-
eral months, and gave their initial high efficiency.
After replacing the packing in the stuffing boxes,
they have been operated to date without stopping.
This is just another example of the continuous
High Efficiency you can be sure of when you in-
stall CAMERON CENTRIFUGALS.
As shown by the lower illustration, they are
very simple in design, compact and strong, with
horizontally split casings, which give ready access
to the working parts.
Bulletins and Full Information on Bequest.
A. S. Cameron Steam Pump Works
1 1 Broadway, New York
San Francisco Los Angeles
Seattle
56
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7. 1917
THE BUYER'S GUIDE
Dredges and Accessories
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Marion Steam Shovel Co.
New York Engineering Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co.. G. W.
Union Construction Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Yuba Construction Co.
Drill Makers and Sharpeners
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co
Wood Drill Works.
Brills. Air and Steam
Angela Iron Works.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Reardon. PH.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Wood Drill Works.
Drills, Core
Harron. Rickard A McCone
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Union Construction Co
Drills, Diamond
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Drills, Electric
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Drills, Prospecting
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
New York Engineering Co.
Reardon. P. H.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Union Construction Co.
Drills, Steel
International High Speed Steel Co.
Employment Bureau
Business Men's Clearing House.
Pacific Audit A System Co.. Inc.
Engineers
(See Professional Directory)
Engines, Internal Combustion
A llis-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Lane Mill & Machinery Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros Machy. A Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Price Pump A Engine Co.. G. W.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Tay. George H.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Engines, Steam
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Morse Bros Machy. A Supply Co.
Nordbere Mfg. Co.
Traylor Eng A Mfg. Co.
Explosives
Du Pont Powder Co
Hercules Powder Co.
Fans, Ventilating
Albany Lubricating Co.
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Reardon. P. H.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Filters
Angels Iron Works.
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Chalmers A Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co
Oliver Filter Co
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co
Filter Bags
Filler Fabrics Co.
Filter Presses
Braun Corporation. The
Braun-Knecht-Heimann wo
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Kelly Filter Press Co.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Fire Extinguishers
Bullard. E. D.
Justrite Mfg. Co.
First Aid Equipment
Ballard. E. D.
Siebe. Gorman A Co.. Ltd.
Flotation Apparatus
Butters A Co.. Ltd.. Charles.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Filter Fabrics Co.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Stimaon Equipment Co.
Forget
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup Co.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Mine A Smelter Supply Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Frogs and Switches
(See "Railway Supplies")
Furnaces, Assay
(See "Assayers' and Chemists' Sup-
plies")
Furnaces, Boasting and Smelting
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Mine A Smelter Supply Co.
Pacific Foundry Co.
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co,
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Gaskets
(See "Packing")
Gasoline Locomotives
Fate Co.. Ths J. O.
Gears
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Dodge Sales A Eng. Co.
General Electric Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese A Gottfried Co.
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Generators
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
General Electric Co.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Westinghouse Elec. A Mfg. Co.
Giants, Hydraulic
(See "Hydraulic Mining Mach")
Graphite Prod acts
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Grease, Lubricating
Albany Lubricating Co.
Heaters, Feed Water
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Dodge Sales A Eng. Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Hoists, Electric
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Bartlett A Snow Co.. C. O.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Fulton Engine Works.
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Link -Belt Company.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Price Pump A Engine Co., G. W.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
■Westinghouse Elec. A Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp
Hoists, Oil and Distillate
Western Gas Engine Corporation.
Hoists, Steam or Air
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Fulton Engine Works.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup Co
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co.
Mine A Smeltpr Supply Co
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Price Pump • Engine Co.. G. W.
Reardon. P. H.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp-
Hose
Angels Iron Works.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co.
Diamond Rubber Co.. The.
General Electric Co.
Goodrich Co.. The B. F.
Harron, Rickard A McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Reardon. P. H.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Tay. George H.
Hose, Air
Bemis Bros. Bag Co
Hose Couplings
Angels Iron Works.
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
National Tube Co.
Powell Co.. Wm.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Tay. George H.
Wood Drill Works.
Hydraulic Mining Machinery
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
American Spiral Pipe Works.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
New York Engineering Co.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co.. G. W.
Sacramento Pipe Works.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Injectors
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Lunkenheimer Co., The.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
National Tube Co.
Powell Co.. Wm.
Tay. George H.
Iron Cements
Smooth-On Mfg. Co.
Jigs
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chalmers A Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Link-Belt Company.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Stearns-Roger Mfg. Co.
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp.
Laboratory Supplies
(See "Assayers' and Chemists' Sup-
plies")
Lamps, Arc and Incandescent
General Electric Co.
Westinghouse Elec. A Mfg. Co.
Lamps, Miners
Braun Corporation. The
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Bullard. E. D.
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Justrite Mfg. Co.
Lead Joint Pipe
National Tube Co.
Tay. George H.
Locomotives, Electric
American Locomotive Co.. Ltd.
Atlas Car A Mfg. Co.
General Electric Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Westinghouse Elec. A Mfg. Co.
Locomotives, Gasoline
Fate Co.. The J. O.
Locomotives, Steam
American Locomotive Co.. Ltd.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co.
Lubricants
Albany Lubricating Co.
Dixon Crucible Co.. Joseph.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Reardon. P. H.
Lubricators
Albany Lubricating Co.
Dodge Sales A Eng. Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Lunkenheimer Co., The.
Powell Co.. Wm.
Reardon. P. H.
Tay. George H.
Machinery, Used
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co
Magneslte
Atkins. Kroll A Co.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Metal Buyers and Dealers
American Metal Co., Ltd.
American Zinc. Lead A Smelt. Co
Atkins. Kroll A Co.
Beer. Sondheimer A Co.
Consolidated Min. A Smelt. Co
of Canada. Ltd.
Edgar Zinc Company.
Empire Zinc Co.
Granby Min. A Smelt. Co.
International Smelting Co
Ozark Smelting A Mining Co
Selby Smelting A Lead Co.
U. S. Smelt. Refining A Min. Co
Vogelstein A Co., L.
Wildberg Bros.
Meters — Flow, Air, Gas, Water
General Electric Co.
Rix Compressed Air A Drill Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp
Mills — Ball, Pebble and Tube ■
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Braun Corporation. The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co
Bullard. E. D.
Chalmers A Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co
Eccleston Machinery Co.
Hardinge Conical Mill Co.
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Johnson Engineering Works.
Mine A Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co
New York Engineering Co.
Price Pump A Engine Co.. G. W.
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp
Mills, Chilean
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chalmers A Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Quartz Mill A Crusher Co
Harron. Rickard A McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Lane Mill A Machinery Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co
Traylor Eng. A Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump A Mach. Corp
Motor Trucks
White Company. The.
Motors
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chalmers A Williams.
General Electric Co.
Harron, Rickard A McCone.
Hendrie A Bolthoff Mfg. A Sup. Co
Mine A Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. A Supply Co
Westinghouse Elec. A Mfg. Co.
Oil and Grease Cups
(See "Lubricators")
OH Well Supplies
Diamond Rubber Co.. The
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
National Tube Co.
Powell Co.. Wm.
Tay. George H.
Oil, Flotation
General Naval Stores Co.
Hunter-Johnson Co.
Pensacola Tar A Turpentine Co
Ore Bags
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Ore Bins
Hammond Iron Works.
Western Pipe A Steel Co.
Ore Buyers
(See Metal Buyers and Dealers)
Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Catting
Apparatus
Bullard. E. D.
Oxygen Apparatus
Bullard. E. D.
Siebe. Gorman A Co.. Ltd.
Packing
Diamond Rubber Co., The.
Smooth-On Mfg. Co.
Tay. George H.
Paint, Preservative
Dixon Crucible Co.. Joseph.
Patent Attorneys
Dewey. Strong A Townsend.
(Continued on page 58)
.Inlv 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
57
"Pacific"
Forged Steel Balls
Forged Steel Shoes and Dies
Hammered Iron and Steel
Cam Shafts
Prompt Deliveries
Reasonable Prices
Communicate with our San Francisco Office
1206 Hobart Bdg. Phone Sutter 3489
ANGELS IRON WORKS
Mining Machinery
Angels Camp, California
Mar io it
Steam Shovels, Dredges, Draglines
and Kindred Machinery
TAKING into account its very difficult
operating conditions, and the known ability of
the c^t^^TT'^"- B ° ""»M>< «!"■<»«!> with whatever It starts.
Uie Canadian Uondyke Minine Company. Ltd.. of Dawson, Y. T.. some
year, ato concluded that the best move it could mate, when purchS
a Placer M.mnc Dredte. was to select a "Marion." The wisdom of
this decision is today evident in the fact that wisaom ot
This Marion Dredge Operated Late Into De-
cember— 175 Miles From the Arctic Circle
—with the air so cold that the Dredge would have
frozen up solidly if stopped even a few moments— necesBitatins a comnlcte
shutdown until Sprint. The Canadian KJondyke Minim] Company El?
is now employinir Marions" exclusively. "uwjr, la.
J?,'™? T"' r ^ uir ™=»''- >"••". 'an J# m d m "M,rlm." We
w=mavs„bmuT^f a ' , ' <:,,lar,al, J 0U ! »»»' ™t .. . tasi. upon which
1™™! " ' recommendations. There will be no obligation
upon you in reguesunc this information. "
E The Marion Steam Shovel Company, Marion, Ohio
>-« Branches: Miami, Chlcsjo, «™ York, PMIidelphli, Sin Frmclito, Sural.
1 ESTABLISHED 1884
It's AH -Around Efficiency That Counts
in Tanks and Pipe
That is why
"National Quality"
tanks and pipe are be-
ing- used so widely to-
day in thousands of
engineering - and mining"
projects.
"NATIONAL QUALITY"
Wood Tanks and Pipe
We manufacture every kind of mining- tank and pipe
using- only the best Douglas Fir and California
Redwood. Write for our Catalog: and Information.
NATIONAL TANK & PIPE COMPANY
275-P, Oak Street
RADIUM
Portland, Oregon
PRODUCTION
AND USES
By SYDNEY FAWNS
00 pases. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 postpaid.
CONTENTS: History, Appearance, and Energy of
Radium. Radio-activity of the Earth. Sea, Air, and Sun.
Description of Radium Rays and Emanations. The Uses
of Radium. The Occurrences of Radium Ore. Extraction
of Radium. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.
For Sale by
MINING and Scientific PRESS
420 MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO
EjHciblvhed 1657
ALevfchen 6 Jon»r Rope Cb.
JH.IjouM, Mo.
-WIRE ROPE for MINE J 1 , BXCAVATORJL.
ORANEJ 1 , OABLEWAYJ 1 , TRAMWAY.E.
DHEDGEJ 1 <m d ,/TEAM/HOvEUrt
Branch tf-toreii* j**
NewYork-Chlca^-Dpnvei!- |J
ii l aHfreJu»flfo.^nfranriJ<|p./"7ai
OIL FINDING
An Introduction to the Geologica
Study of Petroleum
By E. CUNNINGHAM CRAIG, with an Introduction hy
SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD
195 pases. Illustrated. Cloth, 5% x 9, $2.40 postpaid.
This admirable book, while intended primarily for
geologists, and especially for young geologists, is written
in a style so free from technicalities that It may be
studied with profit by a far wider circle, including all
those interested in the petroleum industry either in an
administrative capacity or as investors. The book will
be especially helpful to those making preliminary ex-
aminatons of a field.
The chapter headings are: The Origin of Petroleum,
Processes of Formation; The Migration, Filtration, and
Subterranean Storage of Petroleum; Lateral "Variation;
Geological Structure; Indications of Petroleum; Strati-
graphy; Location of Wells; Field "Work; Indoor "Work.
For Sale hy
MINING and Scientific PRESS
4SO MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO
58
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 191T
THE BUYER'S GUIDE
Pebbles
Atkins, Kroll & Co.
Harron, Bickard & McCone
Hardinge Conical Mill Co.
Perforated Metals
A Ills-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua
Ludlow-Saylor Wire Co.
Meeee & Gottfried Co.
Pipe Fittings
American Metal Co.. Ltd.
Lunkenheimer Co.. The.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
National Tube Co.
Pacific Foundry Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co
Powell Co., Wm.
Beardon. P. H.
Sacramento Pipe Works
Smith, S. Morgan.
Tay, George H.
Western Pipe & Steel Co
Pipe, Air
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Tay. George H.
Pipe. Iron
American Cast Iron Pipe Co
Tay, George H.
Pipe, Blveted
American Spiral Pipe Works.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
New York Engineering Co.
Sacramento Pipe Works.
Smith, S. Morgan.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Pipe, Steel
American Spiral Pipe Works.
National Tube Co.
New York Engineering Co
Sacramento Pipe Works.
Tay. George H.
Western Pipe & Steel Co
Pipe, Wood
National Tank & Pipe Co
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Bedwood Mfrs. Co.
Placer Mining Machinery
American Spiral Pipe WorkB.
Angels Iron Works.
Fulton Engine Works.
Harron. Bickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Marion Steam Shovel Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
New York Engineering Co.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co.. G W.
Beardon, P. H.
Sauerman Bros.
Senn Concentrator Co.
Union Construction Co.
Yuba Construction Co.
Pneumatic Tools
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Harron, Bickard & McCone
Powder
Du Pont Powder Co.
Hercules Powder Co.
Preservatives, Wood
General Naval Stores Co.
PenBacola Tar & Turpentine Co.
Preservatives, Metal
Dixon Crucible Co., Joseph.
Prospecting Supplies
Braun Corporation. The.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Harron, Bickard & McCone.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
New York Engineering Co.
Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co.
Pulleys, Shafting and Hangers
(See "Transmission Machinery")
Pomps, Air Lift
Price Pump & Engine Co.. G. W.
Beardon, P. H.
8ullivan Machinery Co.
In persoll -Rand Co.
?umps. Centrifugal
A Ilia-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
'-STieron Steam Pump Wks.. A. S,
Frenier & Son.
General Electric Co.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup Co
Tnckson Iron Works. Byron.
Krogh Pump Mfg. Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
Oliver Filter Co.
Piatt Iron WorkB.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
R*>ardnn. P H
Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co.
Tay, George H.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Wortbington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Yuba Construction Co.
Pumps, Hydraulic
National Eng. & Equip. Co.
Pomps, Reciprocating
AlliB-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Cameron Steam Pump WkB..A. S.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
MorBe Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
Piatt Iron Works.
Beardon, P. H.
Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co.
Tay, George H.
Wortbington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Pumps, Vacuum
Cameron Steam Pump Wks.. A. S.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Piatt Iron Works.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
Reardon. P. H.
Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co.
Quicksilver
Atkins. Kroll St, Co.
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Quicksilver Furnaces
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Railway Supplies and Equipment
American Locomotive Co., Ltd.
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Bams, Hydraulic
National Engineering Co.
Rescue Apparatus
Bullard, E. D.
Elmer, H. N.
Siebe, Gorman & Co., Ltd.
Bock Crystals
Diamond Drill Carbon Co.
Rolls, Crushing
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.
Bacon. Earle C.
Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Denver Quartz Mill & Crusher Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Lane Mill & Machinery Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Rope, Wire
American Steel & Wire Co.
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Leschen & Sons Rope Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Sauerman Bros.
Safety Appliances
Bullard, E. D.
Harron. Bickard & McCone.
Siebe, Gorman & Co., Ltd.
Sample BagB
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Samplers
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Saw Mill Machinery
Harron. Bickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Schools and Colleges
(See "Index to Advertisers")
Screens
Alii s-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O.
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Cal. Perforated Screen Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Harron. Bickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua
James Ore Concentrator Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Ludlow-Saylo#Wire Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Shafting
{See "Transmission Machy.")
Shoes and Dies
Angels Iron Works.
Chalmers & Williams.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Shovels, Electric and Steam
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Marion Steam Shovel Co.
SUex
Atkins, Kroll & Co.
Hardinge Conical Mill Co.
Smelters and Refiners
American Zinc, Lead & Smelt. Co.
Beer, Sondheimer & Co.
Consolidated Min. & Smelt. Co.
of Canada, Ltd.
Empire Zinc Co.
International Smelting Co.
Ozark Smelting & Mining Co.
Selby Smelting & Lead Co.
U. S. Smelt. Refining & Min. Co.
Vogelstein & Co.. L.
Wildberg Bros.
Smelting Machinery
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Colorado Iron WorkB Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Sup. Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Pacific Foundry Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Worthington Pump & Mach. Corp.
Springs
American Spiral Pipe Works.
Cary Spring Works.
Barron, Bickard & McCone.
Stamp HUls
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Angels Iron Works.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Harron, Bickard & McCone.
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg, & Sup. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
Nordberg Mfg. Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Wellman-Seaver -Morgan Co.
Worthington Pump. & Mach. Corp-
Steel, Drill (Hollow and Solid)
Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co.
Ingersoll-Band Co.
International High Speed Steel Co.
Sullivan Machinery Co.
Steel, Drill and Sheet
Sacramento Pipe Works.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Steel, Tool
International Highspeed Steel Co.
Suction Dredges
Krogh Pump Mfg. Co.
Marion Steam Shovel Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
Union Construction Co.
Yuba Construction Co.
Tanks, Cyanide
Chalmers & Williams.
Hammond Iron Works.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Redwood Mfrs. Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Worthington Pump. & Mach. Corp.
Tanks, Steel
Hammond Iron Works.
Western Pipe & Steel Co.
Wilcox & Co.. S. H.
Tapes, Measuring
Lufkin Bule Co.
Thickeners, Pulp
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Engineering Works Co.
Dorr Company. The.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Oliver Filter Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co,
Tractors
Price Pump & Engine Co., G. W.
Yuba Construction Co
Tramways, Aerial
Broderick & Bascom Bone Co.
Fulton Engine Works.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Leschen & Sons Rope Co.
Morse Bros. Machy. & Supply Co
Sauerman Bros.
Transits
Ainsworth & Sons. Wm,
Transmission Machinery
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
General Electric Co.
Harron, Rickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Lane Mill & Machinery Co.
Link-Belt Company.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Price Pump & Engine Co,. G W.
Reardon, P. H.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co.
Trucks, Motor
White Company. The.
Tube Mills
(See "Mills")
Tubing, Air
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Tubes
National Tube Co.
Tay, George H.
Turbines, Hydraulic
Allis-Ch aimers Mfg. Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone
Pelton Water Wheel Co
Piatt Iron Works.
Smith, S. Morgan.
Turbines, Steam
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.
General Electric Co.
Westinghouae Elec. & Mfg. Co
Valves
(See "Pipe Fittings")
Valves, Automatic
Denver Hydro Company
Ventilating Tubing
Bemis Bros. Bag Co.
Water Wheels
Angels Iron Works.
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Morse Bros. Mach. & Sup. Co.
Pelton Water Wheel Co.
Piatt D-on Works.
Smith. S. Morgan.
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co
Waterproof Coating
Smooth-On Mfg. Co.
Welding, Oxy-acetylene
Bullard, E. D.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Prest-O-Lite Co., Inc.
Well Drilling Machy. and Supplies
American Well Works.
Harron. Rickard & McCone.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Wheels, Car
Angels Iron Works
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua.
Winches
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co.
Hendy Iron Works. Joshua.
Wire Cables
(See "Rope, Wire")
Wire, Insulated
American Steel & Wire Co.
General Electric Co.
Meese & Gottfried Co.
Zinc Boxes
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Chalmers & Williams.
Colorado Iron Works Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Hammond Iron Works.
Koering Cyaniding Process Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
National Tank & Pipe Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
Redwood Mfrs. Co.
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co,
Zinc Dust and Shavings
American Zinc, Lead & Smelt. Co.
Atkins. Kroll & Co.
Braun Corporation, The.
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co.
Denver Fire Clay Co.
Granby Min. & Smelt. Co.
Mine & Smelter Supply Co.
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.
U S. Smelt., Refining & Min. Co.
.Inly 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
59
Simplicity plus
Durability
the keynote of success of the
LUNKENHEIMER
"Clip" Gate Valve
It has but two internal movable parts, viz: the stem and single, sharp
tapered double faced disc. The body and bonnet are held together by a steel
"Clip," which adds strength and rigidity to the valve and facilitates taking
apart for cleaning or repairs.
The joint between the body and bonnet is practically indestructible, it
being a seamless copper wire gasket, partially imbedded in the top of the
valve body. The stuffing box can easily be repacked while valve is under
pressure and wide open.
The body and bonnet are made of Lunkenheimer "Valve-iron" with the
trimmings of Lunkenheimer "Valve-bronze." For handling cyanides, creosote,
alkaline solutions, etc., the "Clip" can be furnished in ALL IRON.
Specify Lunkenheimer "Clip" and insist on having the genuine.
Your local dealer can furnish them; if not, write us.
Write for Booklet No. 505-CD.
IHE LUNKENHEIMER ££;
—"QUALITY"—
New York Chicago
Largest Manufacturers of
High Grade Engineering Specialties
In the World.
CINCINNATI
Boston
London
1917
READY NOW
1917
MORRISON'S MINING RIGHTS
15th Edition — Enlarged and Revised to Date
Lode and Placer Claims — Tunnels— Mill Sites and Water Rights — Statutes
and Decisions — Forms and Procedure on Patent Applications
By R. S. MORRISON and EMILIO D. DE SOTO
of the Colorado Bar
One Volume — 780 Pages — Price $4.50 Delivered in Postal Union
THIN PAPER POCKET EDITION
Abandonment
Adverse Claim
Alaska
Aliens
Angles and Variations
Annual Labor
Apex
Application for Patent
Bureau of Mines
Circular to Applicants
Coal Lands
Conveyance
Corporations
Cross Lodes
Departure From Side Lines
Dip
Discovery and Location
District Rules
Ditches and Water
Drainage
Dump
Easements
Ejectment
Examination of Title
Flooding
Forcible Entry
Foreign Corporations
Forest Reserves
Forfeiture
Fraud
Glossary
Homestead Act
Indian Reservation
Injunction
Inspection and Survey
Interference of Claims
Known Lode in Places
Land Office Regulations
Lease
Length of Lodes
License
«. ■ CONTENTS.
Liens, Judgments and Mortgages
Location of Lodes
Lodes, Veins and Ledges
Measure of Damages
Mexican Grant
Mexican Mining Law
Mill Sites
Mineral Land
Miners' Lien
Miners' Rights, Congressional
Recognition
Mining Districts
National Forests
Negligence
Nuisance
Oil and Gas
Oil Claims on Public Domain
Ore Buyers
Ore Contracts
Patent
Penal Provisions
Philippine Islands
Placers
Placer Containing Lode
Possessory Title
Prospecting Contract
Protest
Record
Relocation
Replevin
Right of Way
Sales and Options
School Claims
School of Mines
Severance
Side Veins
Soldiers' Claims
Spurs
State Lands
Statutes, U. S., in Force
Statutes, U. S.. Repealed
Statute of Limitations
Statutory Requirements, Lodes
Statutory Requirements, Placers
Surveyor General's Circular
Surveyor General's Fees
Tailings
Taxation
Tenants in Common
Tide Lands
Timber Act
Timber and Stone Act
Trespass
Tunnel Sites
U. S. License
U. S. Patent
Veins Uniting on Dip
Vein Wider Than Patent
Walls
Width of Lodes
Withdrawal Acts
Working Contracts
For Sale by MINING and Scientific PRESS, 420 Market Street, San Francisco
iHBHnnnm
60
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Dash Indicates Every Other WeeK or Monthly Advertisement-
Page
Aineworth & Sons, Wm., Denver 62
Albany Lubricating Co., New York 52
Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, Wis —
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.. Birmingham, Ala. 62
American Locomotive Co., New York 27
American Metal Co., Ltd., New York 47
American Spiral Pipe Works, Chicago —
American Steel & Wire Co.. Chicago 35
American Well Works, Aurora. HI . —
American Zinc. Lead & Smelting Co.. St. Louis. 49
Angels Iron Works, Angels Camp, Cal 57
Assayers, Chemists and Ore Testing Works. . . .46
Atkins. Kroll & Co., San Francisco 49
Atlas Car & Mfg. Co.. Cleveland, Ohio 62
Bacon, Earle C, New York 62
Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O., Cleveland, Ohio. . . .37
Beer, Sondheimer & Co.. New York —
Bemis Bro. Bag Co.. St. Louis 8
Blake, Moffitt & Towne. San Francisco 62
Braun Corporation. The, Los Angeles, Cal 47
Braun-Knecht-Heimann Co., San Francisco. .36-47
Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis 38
Bullard. E. D,, San Francisco 37
Business Men's Clearing House, Denver 51
Cal. Perforated Screen Co.. San Francisco 62
Cameron Steam Pump Works, A. S., New York. 55
Cary Spring Works. New York —
Cement Gun. New York 33
Chalmers & Williams, Chicago Heights, HI —
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago 36
Colorado Iron Works Co,, Denver 63
Con. Min. & Smelt. Co., Trail. B. C, Canada. . .48
Coop, Paul H., San Francisco 53
Deister Concentrator Co., Fort Wayne, Ind 61
Deister Machine Co., Fort Wayne. Ind 64
Deming Co., The, Salem, Ohio 61
Denver Engineering Works Co., Denver —
Denver Fire Clay Co., Denver 38
Denver Hydro Co., Denver 25
Denver Quartz Mill & Crusher Co.. Denver. . . .36
Denver Rock Drill Mfg. Co., Denver 47
Dixon Crucible Co.. Joseph, Jersey City, N. J.. 62
Dodge Sales & Eng. Co., Mishawaka, Ind 24
Dorr Company, The, Denver —
Duplex Truck Co.. Lansing, Mich —
Du Pont Powder Co., Wilmington, Del 12
Du Val & Co., W. M., San Francisco 52
Dwight & Lloyd Sintering Co., Inc., New York. 49
Eccleston Machinery Co., Los Angeles. Cal 12
Elmer, H. N., Chicago ■ —
Empire Zinc Co.. New York 49
English Iron Works Co., The, Kansas City, Mo, 14
Fate. J. D., Plymouth, Ohio —
Frenier & Son, Rutland, Vermont 62
Fulton Engine Works, San Francisco —
Page
GaUgher Machy. Co.. Salt Lake City. Utah. . . . —
Gardner Governor Co., Chicago —
Garratt & Co., W. T., San Francisco —
General Briquetting Co., New York 48
General Electric Co., Schenectady. N. Y 30
General Engineering Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. 46
General Naval Stores, New York 62
Hamilton, Beauchamp, Woodworth. Inc., San
Francisco 46
Hammond Iron Works, Warren. Pa 14
Hardinge Conical Mill Co., New York —
Harron, Bickard & McCone, San Francisco.... —
Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.. Denver. 10
Hendy Iron Works, Joshua, San Francisco. . . .6-7
Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del —
Hunter- Johnson Co., San Francisco 62
Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York 11
International High Speed Steel Co., New York, .bo
International Smelting Co.. New York 48
Irving-Pitt Mfg. Co., Kansas City, Mo 36
Jackson Iron Works. Byron. San Francisco. . . . —
James Ore Concentrator Co., Newark, N. J. . . .62
Jasper Quarry Co., Sioux City, Iowa 37
Johnson Engineering Works, Chicago 61
Justrite Mfg. Co., Chicago 16
Koering Cyanide Process Co., Detroit. Mich... 36
Krogh Pump Mfg. Co., San Francisco 10
Ladysmith Smelting Co., Ltd., Victoria. B. C. . .49
Lane Mill & Machinery Co., Los Angeles, Cal. .62
Leschen & Sons Rope Co,, A,. St. Louis 57
Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., New York —
Link -Belt Company, Chicago, 111. —
Ludlow-Saylor Wire Co.. St. Louis 5
Lufkin Rule Co., Saginaw. Mich 62
Lunkenheimer Co., The, Cincinnati, Ohio 59
Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, Ohio 57
MePherson, M. C, Deadwood. S. D 50
Meese & Gottfried Co., San Francisco 64
Mine & Smelter Supply Co., Denver 9
Minerals Separation North American Corp.,
New York 13
Mines Supply Co., San Francisco 50
Moores, E. M„ San Francisco 52
Morse Bros. Maehy. & Sup. Co., Denver
35-50-52-53
National Eng. & Equipment Co.. Seattle, Wash. 25
National Tank & Pipe Co., Portland, Ore 57
National Tube Co.. Pittsburgh. Pa... Front Cover
Nevada Engineering & Supply Co., Reno, Ner. .53
New Mex. State School of Mines. Socorro, N. M.46
New York Engineering Co., New York 27
Nichols-Lvang Chemical Co.. San Francisco. . . .51
Nordberg Mfg. Co.. Milwaukee, Wis 15
Oliver Filter Co., San Francisco 2
Ozark Smelt. & Min. Co., The, Cleveland. Ohio. 48
Page
Pacific Audit & System Co., Inc., San Francisco. —
Pacific Foundry Co.. San Francisco 35
Pacific Tank & Pipe Co.. San Francisco 28
Pacific Western Com'l. Co.. San Francisco 52
Pelton Water Wheel Co., San Francisco —
Pensocalo Tar & Turpentine Co,. Gull Point. Fla.62
Piatt Iron Works. Dayton. Ohio 37
Powell Co., Wm.. Cincinnati, Ohio —
Prest-O-Lite Co., Inc., Indianapolis, Ind —
Price Pump & Eng. Co.. G. W., San Francisco. .35
Professional Directory 39-46
Reardon, P. H., San Francisco 60
Redwood Mfrs. Co., San Francisco —
Reeves Pulley Co., Columbus, Ind 34
Remington Typewriter Co.. San Francisco 24
Rix Compressed Air Drill Co.. San Francisco. . . —
Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co.. New York. 34
Sacramento Pipe Works, Sacramento, Cal 55
San Francisco Plating Works. San Francisco. .35
Sauerman Bros.. Chicago 18
Schools and Colleges 46
Selby Smelting & Lead Co., San Francisco 49
Senn Concentrator Co., San Francisco 3
Siebe. Gorman & Co., Ltd.. Chicago —
Smith, S. Morgan. York, Pa —
Smooth-On Mfg. Co., Jersey City, N. J 34
Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco —
Southwestern Wrecking Co.. El Paso, Tex
50-51-52-53
Standard Oil Co., San Francisco —
Steams-Roger Mfg. Co., Denver 37
Stimpson Equipment Co., Salt Lake City, Uath.61
Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago 17
Tay, George H., San Francisco 61
Thompson Balance Co., Denver —
Traylor Eng. & Mfg. Co., Allentown, Pa 33
Toch Bros., New York —
Troy Wagon Wks., Troy. Ohio —
Union Construction Co., San Francisco 62
U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., Boston. 48
United Filters Corp., Salt Lake City. Utah.. 20-21
Utah Leasing Co.. Salt Lake City, Utah 51
Vogelstein & Co., L., New York 48
Wellman-Seaver-Morgan Co.. Cleveland, Ohio... 63
Western Gas Engine Corp., Los Angeles 34
Western Pipe & Steel Co.. San Francisco —
Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh.
Pa 23
White Co., The. Cleveland. Ohio 19
Wilcox & Co.. S. H., New York —
Wildberg Bros., San Francisco 48
Witte Engine Works, Kansas City, Mo —
Wood Drill Works, Paterson, N. J 55
Worthington Pump & Machy. Corp., New York. 18
Yuba Construction Co.. San Francisco 34
FIRST
STREET
HUB
ki
SAN FEANCISCO
Wi
(ulachinery cuw supplies jo/
II FIRST
"street
cgmn xt
COLUMN -HOISTS
Steel Split Pulleys
Wood Split Pulleys
Air Compressors —
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT
WRITE FOR PRICES
July 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
61
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
Triplex
Pumps
FOR
Mine
AND
Mill
All Sizes
Carried
in Stock
Write for
Catalog
GEORGE H. TAY CO., Mission Street, Cor. Second, San Francisco
Janney Flotation Machines
are not on experiment. They are in successful operation in some of
the world's largest mills. Either
Janney Straight Mechanical Machines
or
Janney Mechanical and Air Machines
are adaptable to every class of ore that can be treated by flotation.
Our testing laboratory is conducted by metallunriets who are ex-
perts in the process. Let us tell you what JANNEY Machines can
do with your particular ore.
STIMPSON EQUIPMENT CO.
Sole Selling Agents
FELT BUILDING, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
INVESTIGATE THE
DEISTER-OVERSTROM TABLE
FOR CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY
-
BULLETIN of this table just issued.
The Deister CONCENTRATOR Company
Office, Factory and Test Plant: FORT WAYNE, IND.
Cable address: "RETS/ED." >. B. C. 5th Edif/on. Bedford McNei/l.
THE EXAMINATION OF PROSPECTS
By C. GODFREY GVNTHER, E.M.
Author of "Electro-Magnetic Ore Separation."
222 Pages. 79 Illustrations. Leather, Pocket Size.
92.0O Postpaid.
Mr. Gunther's book emphasizes not only the fundamental
business aspects of prospecting, but also the applications
of economic geology to the examination of prospects.
The first part of the book covers the general considera-
tions — tho preliminary phases of the work. The latter deals
with deposits — types, distribution, structural features, ores
and ore-shoots, etc.
It is a compact practical book.
Carried In Stock by
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420 MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO
MARATHON
GRINDING
MILL
has demonstrated its su-
periority over the Chilean,
Pebble and other Mills in
t an official test.
Write for a reprint
copy of it.
Johnson Engineering Works, Chicago
First National Bank Building
Ferine Coejt Manner, H. L. Van Winkle. 160 Beele St., Sen Franciico
MINE
PUMPS
There is a Deming Pump
to meet your every pump-
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Made in all types (verti-
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operation by any power.
A statement of your pumping specifications will enable
our experts to recommend to you the proper pump.
The Deming Co., Salem, Ohio
General Distributing Houses:
San Francisco, Cal., Simonds Machinery Co., 117 New Montgomery St.
Denver, Colo.. - - - - Hendrie & Bolthofl Mfg. & Supply Co.
Chicago, 111., - - Henion & Hubbell. 217-331 North Jeflereon St.
New Tork City, - - - Ralph B. Carter Co., 153 Chambers St.
600 Illustrations
Over 850 Pages
Twelve Folding Plates
1916 New, Revised and Enlarged Edition
The Modern Gasoline Automobile
Its Construction, Operation,
Maintenance and Repair.
By Victor W. Page, M.E.
A Complete Automobile Book, Showing Every
Recent Improvement.
Price $2.50
For Sale by MINING and Scientific Press, 420 Market St.. San Francisco
62
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
AMERICAN CAST IRON PIPE COMPANY
MANUFACTURERS OF
BIRMINGHAM, ALA.
ALES OFFICES
Birmingham, Ala. — Box 908.
Columbus. Ohio— 607 New Hayden Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minn. — 712 Plymouth Bldg.
New York City— No. 1 Broadway
Chicago, 111—512 1st Nat. Bk. Bldg.
Dallas. Tex.— 1217 Praetorian Bldg.
Kansas City, Mo.— 716 Scamtt Bldg.
San Francisco, Cal.— 71 1 Balboa Bldg.
SEND FOR CATALOG
A-9 OF BALANCES
BX-9 OF ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS
WRAmSWOETB
• arsons
"||»IIJJ;irtHl.l!«:!^.| ; VHl i< i
DENVER.C010.
U.S.A. »
LOCOMOTIVES
and CARS
FOB MINES, SMELTERS, ETC.
ELECTRIC CARS
Switches. Frogs, and Equipment.
THE ATLAS CAR & MFG. CO.
Dept. K, CLEVELAND, OHIO.
BACON v FARREL
ORE & ROCK
CRUSHING v WORLD KNOWN
ROLLS-CRUSHERS
Dixon's (pilnee r ) Boiler Graphite
The Boiler Graphite that gives results and saves money.
Send for booklet No. 141-T.
Made in JERSEY CITY, N. J., by the
Joseph Dixon Crucible Company
&&3
Established 1827
FRENIER'S SAND PUMP
THE MOST DURABLE FOR
SLIMES, TAILINGS, BATTERY SANDS, Etc.
AGENTS
Allis-Chalmers Co. Steams-Roger Mfg. Co.
Chicago. 111. Denver, Colo.
Harron. Riekard & McCone. San Francisco
Frank R. Perrot. Sydney and Perth. Australia
FRENIER&SON. RUTLAND. Vl
FLOTATION
PURE PINE OIL : : PINE TAR OIL
HARDWOOD AND COAL TAR CREOSOTE
General Naval Stores Co., 90 West Street, New York
BLAKE, MOFFITT & TOWNE
DEALERS IN PAPER
S7 TO 45 FIR8T STREET, SAN FRANCI8C0, CAL.
BRANCH HOUSES IN LOS ANGELES AND PORTLAND
DREDGES FOR GOLD AND TIN
UNION CONSTRUCTION CO.
604 Mission St.. San Francisco, Cal.
NEILL JIGS AGENTS FOR
UNION CHURN DRILLS D „
bounder oil engines Hucyrus Lompany
/UFK/N
Backed by a record of 25 years
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CATALOG ON REQUEST
th e /ufkin Pule (7a
Measuring
Tapes and
Rules
SAGINAW, MICH
New York
THE LANE SLOW SPEED CHILEAN MILL
Simply Constructed — Strong — Dependable. It is especially noted for
superior amalgamating ability, and is capable of delivering such
a fine product for cyanide or flotation that it is often possible to
avoid using a regrinder. Send for 52 page catalog describing this
most efficient machine.
LANE MILL & MACHINERY CO., w tfft£iC!\J8?»-
California Perforating Screen Go.
Manufacturers of perforated Sheet
Metals of all kinds for Mining and
Milling Machinery and other uses.
16 Harrison St., San Francisco
Jigs, Screens, Sand and Slime
Tables, Classifiers, Automatic
Ore Feeders, Etc.
Manufactured by
JAMES ORE CONCENTRATOR CO.
35 Runyon Street Newark, N. J.
PINE
FLOTATION OILS
Pcnsacola Tar & Turpentine Company
F. E. MARINER, Pres.
Gull Point, Fla.
FLOTATION OILS
Coal Tar, Coal Tar Creosote and Distilled Pine Products
Prompt deliveries from the Coast. Write for Samples.
HUNTER -JOHNSON CO., 3U s , S3fe£ir al
West Australian Mining Practice
By E. Davenport Cleland. 268 pages, 110 illustrations. 14 folding
plates. Cloth. 88.00.
A description of the mining methods followed by the principal
gold mines of Western Australia.
For Sale by
MINING and Scientific PRESS
420 .MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO
-i ii t x 7. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
63
THE PORTLAND FILTER
Ask for Bulletin 28-B!
Continuous and Automatic
A thin cake, quickly formed, thoroughly washed
with little solution and water, and easily removed,
is the basis of Portland Filter success.
The capacity per unit of filtering area is very
great, and the absence of manual labor and atten-
tion, economy in power and reduced wear on
cloths makes up a cost total which in fairly large
installations does not exceed $0,035 per ton of
dry solids.
Patented features place the Portland Filter in
a class by itself. Free and unobstructed drainage
within the sections results in perfectly uniform
suction and drainage over the entire width of
face of the machine. Cake is loaded evenly, and
is dislodged without clinging more to one part
than another.
The Portland is sold outright, and there are
absolutely no royalties to pay. It is a completely
finished machine, easy to assemble.
Colorado Iron Works Company
New York Office: 309 Broadway DenVeP, ColO.
ELECTRIC MINE HOISTS OF EXCEPTIONAL QUALITY
One of the Latest
W-S-M Types
Hoist Designed and Built for the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co., Cananea. Mexico
The hoists which we build today are
splendid tributes to the way in which we are
utilizing our 30 years experience by tore-
seeing the hoisting needs ot the mining in-
dustry. The hoist shown, for example, is
provided with machined herring-bone gears
encased in oil-tight housing; steel drums;
weighted steel safety brakes, and strong
steel clutches, all operated by compressed
air cylinders with cataract cylinders at-
tached. The brakes are instantly applied
upon failure of air pressure or if electric
current is cut off.
5
You can secure continuous operating economy
by letting us work out your lioisting problems.
Wfmw-StMRllQKm Co.
NEW YORK— Hudson Terminal
CLEVELAND, OHIO, U. S. A.
DENVER— 611 Ideal Building
MEXICO, D. F. Apartado 1220
64
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 7, 1917
Single Deck Simplex Slimer
Note:
Double Deck Simple!
Sand Table
Single Deck Simplex
Sand Table
Simplex Rougher and Finisher (Large Size)
GIVE US A TRIAL ORDER
Our new patented feature on the tables consists of
the cleaning or dressing zone being elevated or higher
than the riffled portion of the table, but substantially
parallel therewith.
This will epable you to make a cleaner concentrate
and lower tailing; also treat a much larger tonnage
and gives the table an automatic control of the line of
separation.
This is the reason why the Deister SIMPLEX tables
are the best you can buy today.
MANUFACTURED AND SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY
Cone Baffle Classifier
(Patented)
WRITE FOR CATALOGUE TODAY
DEISTER MACHINE COMPANY
EMIL DEISTER, Pro.
HOME OFFICE AND FACTORY:
East Wayne Street,
W. F. DEISTER, Vice-Pre..
FORT WAYNE, IND., U. S. A.
:*.>>
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short center silent drive for any speed or power.
SEND FOR DATA SHEET
JUmt kdottfriri* Company
ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS
SAN FRANCISCO
660 Mission St.
PORTLAND
67 Front St.
SEATTLE
558 First Ave. So.
LOS ANGELES
400 E. Third St. cor. San Pedro
•
EDITORIAL STAFF:
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COURTENAY DEKALB.
Associate Editor
W. H. STORMS - Newt Editor
Mining *s» Press
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Science has no enemy save the ignorant
Issued Every Saturday
San Francisco, July 14, 1917
$4 per Year — 15 Cents per Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
Paga
. . 37
Notes
The Striking Miners 38
Labor disturbances in Montana and Arizona; dissatis-
fied aliens; extravagant ways of living; should the cop-
per companies share their profits with their em-
ployees? M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
The New Metallurgy 39
Early development of hydro-metallurgy coincident
with early development of the science of chemistry;
mechanical improvements again gave smelting the
lead; electro-chemistry now threatening to supersede
pyro-metallurgy. M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
Opportunity fob Small Obe-Producebs 40
Government's call for lead; shippers to smelters
may require one-sixth of the lead to be sold to the
Government; recognition of the rights of small pro-
ducers; miners may force smelters to contract through
associations for ore-selling. M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
DISCUSSION
The Development of Flotation.
By A. Schwarz 41
Perspicacity of Dr. Gahl's comments in 1916; finds
frothing due to water-soluble substances; reaction be-
tween oil and sulphide minerals; reaction between the
water-soluble 'frothers' and substances in the pulp
forming soaps, thus modifying surface-tension. M. &
S. P., July 14, 1917.
Pibe-Pbotection in Shafts.
By Frank A. Madson
Two methods of fire-fighting in shafts; fire-plugs at
intervals; modification of Grinnell automatic sprinkler
system. M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
The Extra-Lateral Right.
By Wm. E. Colby and Leroy A. Palmer
Most of the apex-suits are appealed; such litigation
most common where placer-claims are numerous; de-
sirable to sever surface from mineral titles. Con-
flicting surface-locations chief cause of litigation; any
land-classification based on geologic opinion will pro-
voke litigation; extra-lateral right an anachronism.
M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
41
42
Hyobo-Metallubgy v. Smelting. Page.
By A. E. Drucker 44
Prophesies displacement of pyro-metallurgy by wet-
methods. M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
Misfires.
By Miner , 44
M. & S. P.. July 14, 1917.
ARTICLES
Seale-Shellsheab 'Cascade' Process 44
Method at Central mine, Broken Hill; reduction of
power-cost; no propellors needed. M. & S. P., July
14, 1917.
Principles of Flotation — II.
By T. A. Rickard 45
Bubbles, conditions of formation and stability; thick-
ness of the film; cause of the bubble's lifting power;
the substance of the film; selective adsorption of oil on
mineral; viscosity in relation to bubble-films; attrac-
tion of mineral to the oil-water interface; air does not
attach itself to mineral; statement of the flotation
hypothesis. M. & S. P., July 14, 1917.
What is a Metalliferous Mineral?
By L. 0. Howard 55
Ruling of Commissioner of General Land Office on
carnotite ore; 61asses it with borax, salt, limestone,
and potash for purposes of land-classification; bases
opinion on fact of radium and uranium being used as
salts, and denies that vanadium is a metal. M. & S. P.,
July 14, 1917.
Obubo Tin-Silver District, Bolivia.
By Francis Church Lincoln 57
Age of the Oruro mines; the tin-silver vein-type;
geological setting; order of the ore-minerals. M. & S.
P., July 14, 1917.
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Mining 59
The Mining Summary 63
Personal 68
The Metal Market 69
Eastern Metal Market 70
Company Reports 71
Meeting Nevada Section A. I. M. E 72
Mining Decisions 72
Established May 24. 1860. as The Scientific Press: name changed October
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Price. 15 cents per copy. Annual subscription, payable in advance:
United States and Mexico, $4: Canada, $5: other countries in postal union,
25s. or ¥6.
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
Transporting Union Drill over 40 Mile Trail
These Field Pictures
Tell The Story
The Union Prospecting Drill
is incomparably light and can be transported,
handled and operated with an ease heretofore
unknown for a drill having its capacity.
The Type B Drill shown in the bottom illustration
weighs 2150 lb. Drills of this type are drilling 60 ft.
ground and deeper, at the rate of 20 to 25 ft. a day,
using 5-in. casing, which cuts a 6% in. diameter hole.
The engine burns %o of a gal. of gasoline per hour.
Every Drill guaranteed.
Bulletin, giving' complete description, on request
Union Construction Company
604 Mission Street San Francisco
H. G. PEAKE W. W. JOHNSON
Engineers and Dredge Builders
Agents for Bucyrus Placer Dredges on the
Pacific Coast, in British Columbia and Alaska
July It, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
37
DITORIAL
R I C K A R D
Editor
1
NDKX for Vol. 114, January to June 1917, is now
ready ami may be obtained by writing to this office.
SEVENTEEN copper-mining companies distributed
$91,669,281 in dividends for the first half of the cur-
rent year, as compared with $65,046,051 during the cor-
responding period of last year.
W7TIAT kind of postal facilities exist in parts of Mex-
" ico, such as Chihuahua, is illustrated by the fact
that a letter sent from this office on March 5, 1912, has
just come back marked, in French and Spanish, "Re-
turned owing to interruption of communications."
T) EFERRING to the use of alpha-naphthylamine in
■*-*- flotation, as patented recently by Mr. Harry P.
Corliss, we are able to state that since the use of it was
introduced at the Magnia mill, in Arizona, the tailing
has been reduced to 0.3% copper, as against 0.6% for-
merly, on a 4 to 4^% feed. Mr. Corliss has another
patent for the use of nitro-naphthalene.
A NNOUNCEMENT is made from Petrograd that it is
-^*- intended to place many Russian mines in charge of
Americans. This is said to have been decided by the
Mining Commission of the Ministry of Trade. It is also
reported that American capitalists will be offered the
island of Saghalien, or the Russian half of it, for ex-
ploiting petroleum and coal deposits. All this is im-
portant, if confirmed.
OT. JOHN DEL REY, the deepest metal mine in the
^ world, is, as our readers know, a gold mine in Brazil.
According to the latest report the shaft is now 6800 feet
deep, and yet the manager is able to state that ' ' a change
has undoubtedly taken place in the lower horizons
[levels] which seems favorable both as regards the
quality of the mineral [ore] and also as regards the size
of the lode, as shown by its sectional area." "We con-
gratulate Mr. George Chalmers and his excellent staff.
yiNC-PRODUCTION is far below the present capaci-
*-* ties of the mines and reduction-works. This has
led to a consideration of possible new uses. It is pointed
out that the excessive demand for iron and steel has re-
sulted in a shortage of galvanized sheet-metal; likewise
tin-plate is harder to get, and sheet-copper is selling at
almost prohibitive prices. Considering the applicability
of sheet-zinc to many purposes for which galvanized and
tinned sheet and sheet-copper have ordinarily been em-
ployed, the New Jersey Zinc Company has decided to
erect a sheet-zinc mill at Palmerton, Pennsylvania. This
may encourage a permanent increase in the utilization of
zinc in that form. The price of sheet-zinc averages to-
day about 7 1 cents per pound more than the spelter
from which it is made. The cost of rolling is small com-
pared with this difference, thus indicating an oppor-
tunity to enlarge the demand for the metal in that di-
rection.
"T" STIMATES of cost have been hard hit by the War,
J - J especially if they were such as might be considered
sanguine even in time of peace. Thus the Chile, or Chu-
quicamata, forecast of producing copper for 4 cents per
pound may be compared with the 9 cents that is declared
as the average of producing copper "at the plant" dur-
ing the last quarter. To this cost "at the plant" must
be added 3.75 cents per pound for freight and insur-
ance — both abnormal just now — and marketing, so that
the real cost is 12.75, which is in violent contrast to the
cheerful 4 cents of the prospectus.
TF we have failed on occasion to be impressed by the
-*- doings of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of
America, we are all the more glad to express respect for
the manner in which the leading members of the Society
assembled to consider ways and means of doing patriotic
service immediately after the declaration of war. We
have read the account of that meeting as recorded in
Bulletin No. 108 and confess gladly that it does honor
not only to" the group of men participating but to the
profession that they represented so worthily. Mr. W. R.
Ingalls, as president and chairman, steered the meeting
most happily and made a number of pertinent sugges-
tions. He said, for example : "In this national crisis we
professional men are anxious to know what we can do
and to do what we can. Nobody yet knows. We must
find out what we can do." Mr. Lawrence Addicks, with
his experience as a member of the Naval Consulting
Board, described the difficulty of making use of the tre-
mendous volume of offers to serve. He quoted, from a
recent proclamation of the President, the statement that
"if the metal industries fail, the work of the statesman
and the soldier is absolutely useless." A telegram was
read from Colonel Robert M. Thompson in which that
excellent citizen said: "My advice would be, pull to-
gether to increase production and urge every individual
to decrease his consumption." That is to the point; it
combines the purposes alike of the organization identified
with Mr. Bernard Baruch and of Mr. Herbert Hoover,
of raw materials and food administration. Capt. Stuart
Godfrey, of the Engineer Corps of the Army, made a fine
speech crowned by the quotation of Henley's poem on
'Peace and War.' Incidentally he stated that the av-
38
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
erage normal size of the gallery made by the tunnelling
engineers at the front, as at Messines, is 4 feet high, by
2| feet wide, and that the average rate of progress is 12
feet per day. Three men work at the face, one excavat-
ing, one filling the sand-bags, and one resting. He said :
"This is a day of great opportunity, not only for the
individual, but for the Nation as a whole. We shall
suffer, if the "War lasts; we shall feel it, but we shall
grow." Yes, indeed, grow great and fine instead of big
and fat. After Capt. Godfrey came Major Dwight,
whom most of us know better as Arthur S. Dwight. He
was one of the first to join the Engineer Officers' Reserve
Corps and has taken an honorably prominent part in
organizing the First Reserve Engineers, a volunteer regi-
ment recruited in New York. Others contributed to the
discussion, notably Mr. P. E. Barbour, who also holds a
military commission. Then came an interesting sug-
gestion, made by Mr. S. C. Thomson, well known in
South Africa, that American coal-miners should be re-
cruited, and sent under the direction of American mining
engineers, to re-open the coal mines around Lens as soon
as that district has been re-conquered by the British.
Mr. Thomson had written to the Director of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines and had received a sympathetic reply.
Reference was also made to a resolution forwarded by
the San Francisco section of the Society recommending
that one or more representatives or commissioners be
sent to Europe with a view to ascertaining what was the
most useful service that could be rendered by the Society
as a whole or by its members.
rPHINGS are not always what they seem. Sometimes
•*- we wish they were. Among the items of news that
would be labeled 'important, if true' are two appearing
in the daily press. The first states that the new 'grenade'
employed by our destroyers has proved most effective
against the Enemy's submarines, this grenade being
sufficiently violent when exploded even within 50 feet
of a U-boat to send it to the bottom. Therefore less
accuracy of fire, as compared with an ordinary shell,
suffices to destroy the assassin of the seas. This report
is given some measure of dignity by being tagged as a
'Special Dispatch' from Washington. Next we are told,
from El Paso, that General Gonzales, commanding in
Northern Mexico, has expressed sentiments friendly to the
United States and to our Allies. "A well defined move-
ment favoring an open break with Germany" has devel-
oped, and it is predicted that Mexico will declare war
against the Enemy within 30 days. Furthermore, the
Mexican government intends to make the Tampico oil-
fields safe as a source of supply for the allied fleets by de-
claring a zone within which traffic will be restricted. This
sounds cheerful, but the best is yet to come. It is an-
nounced, from the same not wholly reliable source that
the mines, mills, and smelters of Mexico are to be placed
under the protection (or confiscation?) of the Govern-
ment of Sefior Carranza in order that they may produce
metals and munitions for the Allies. The introduction
of a device to destroy submarines and the protection of
American mining enterprise in Mexico would be two
developments so gratifying as to border on the mar-
velous. For such a turn of events we hope devoutly.
The Striking Miners
Since we wrote on this subject, last week, the trend of
events has been all the wrong way. Strikes have multi-
plied and spread in the principal copper-mining dis-
tricts, particularly in the South- West. At Butte only a
tenth of the pay-roll is at work. Circumstantial evi-
dence would appear to indicate that the four recent un-
derground fires in this district were of incendiary origin.
The testimony of a survivor from the Speculator dis-
aster shows that the fire in that mine was started by a
sub-foreman who ignited the insulation of an electric
wire, the lead-pipe covering of which had been broken,
in the shaft. The managers have been slow to ventilate
these facts because they feared that men would be in-
timidated from coming to work. However, the suspicion
of incendiarism was sufficient to cause many men to stop
work several weeks before the strike. In the Globe-
Miami district the three big mines are idle, and regular
troops have arrived to prevent disorder. The mines of
the Clifton-Morenci district are practically shut-down.
Bisbee is much in the same plight. Austrians, who con-
stitute a considerable part of the labor element in Ari-
zona, have shown themselves truculent; they have at-
tacked American miners and threatened violence to
county officials. On July 5 the President telegraphed to
ex-Governor Hunt asking him to use his influence as a
mediator. Meanwhile a favorable sign is the evidence
of jealousy and antagonism between the I. W. W. — the
Industrial Workers of the World, known also as 'I Won't
Work' — and the International Union of Mine, Mill, and
Smelter Workers, which is headed by Charles H. Moyer,
formerly identified with that anarchistic organization the
Western Federation of Miners. Mr. Moyer has charged
the rival organization, now the principal agent in fo-
menting these unpatriotic proceedings, with being
financed by German money and stimulated by German
propaganda. We are slow to believe anything so damn-
able, but Senator Charles S. Thomas, of Colorado, has
come out with a positive statement that domestic war is
being made behind our backs "by individuals in the
employ of our enemies." The sheriff at Clifton has
stated in print that it is difficult for him "to believe,
especially at this time, that any loyal American would
contemplate anything which might in the slightest de-
gree cripple the Government of our country. The clos-
ing down or hindrance of the great copper industry in
this section would prove a direct blow, and a heavy one,
to the Government of the United States. ' ' It would in-
deed ; and yet, Mr. Sheriff, you must know that nearly
50% of the men on the pay-rolls of the copper mines in
Arizona are Americans only from the fact of domicile.
They came to the United States to obtain higher wages;
most of them do not speak our language ; and only a few
of them have become citizens in spirit as well as in form.
July 14, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
The problem of labor-control in these copper-mining
districts is largely that of disciplining a mol> of un
educated aliens, for whom the fact of the United States
being at war is only an opportunity to make unreason-
able demands upon their employers. In our last issue
we published, under '.Mining News,' the demands made
by the union at Miami and the straightforward reply
made by Mr. C. E. Mills, the manager for the Inspiration
Consolidated Copper Company. The demands indicate
a 'hold-up' during time of war. That is all that need be
said of them : they include the abolition of the contract-
bonus and of the sliding-scale, besides a minimum wage
of $6 for all men working underground. We are in-
formed by an engineer, not now in the employ of the
local companies, that two organizers of trouble at Miami
were formerly members of the "Western Federation and
one of them was a colleague of Moyer during the bitter
strike at Houghton. Our correspondent listened to the
open-air speech-making, and informs us that there was
very little said about the scale of wages, but a great deal
about the 'rustler's card,' which is simply the black-list
of those known to be fomenters of trouble, sometimes
legitimate labor-leaders, but usually lawless agitators.
Our correspondent has talked with a great many Ameri-
can miners, carpenters, and engineers and has ascer-
tained that these had no wish to strike. The miners are
"disgruntled over the cost of living and some blame it
on the mining companies," he says. At Miami break-
fast costs 30 cents; lunch (put up at a restaurant), 40
cents; supper, 50 cents; $10 per month is paid for a
xoom, 25c. for the round-trip fare in an automobile, and
$1.35 for the hospital fee, making in all $56.30 per month
for necessaries as against wages at $5.40 per day, or
$151.20 per month. Our informant himself lived in this
way; he asserts that a man and wife can live at Miami
for nearly the same cost as the single man, so that he is
of the opinion that the strikers are "unreasonable."
It is not the cost of living but the spending for luxury
that has impoverished the mine-worker. The statement
has been made that the miner can save no more at $5.50
per day than he could formerly when his wages were
$3.50. This is untrue, if any idea of thrift be implicit.
When wages were $3.50, the miner could save $1 ; now,
granting an increase of 50% in the cost of living, he
should save $1.75. He does not do so, but that is not
the fault of his employer. The idea that the copper com-
pany must increase its scale of wages in proportion to
the dividends it pays is neither just nor practicable. It
would work a hardship on other forms of industry,
notably gold mining. The Ford system of paying ex-
travagant wages may prove beneficial to a particular
business while it is prospering, but it means the diver-
sion of labor from other sources and the continuous
fomenting of unrest. We agree that it seems inequitable
that the copper companies should gain so greatly from
the abnormal market created by the War while other
businesses are suffering from the same cause, but we do
not see why any further part of their dividends should
go to laborers that are already receiving 60% more than
before the War. If the profits of the copper companies
are to be taxed, they should be taxed by the Govern
tor the benefit of the nation ami for the success of the
struggle in which we are engaged.
The New Metallurgy
Hydro-metallurgy of the common metals had a brief
vogue about 70 years ago, and aroused the enthusiastic
hopes of the mining world. There are fashions in
technology as in other things, and back of them lies
a compelling principle. It is a part of the spirit of
progress, which the biologist would call variation. An
invariable metallurgy would be possible only in a world
of shrunken intelligence. It is associated with the em-
piricisms of mastercraftsmanship, exaggerating the im-
portance of the 'cunning' workman hedged about by
secrecy. The earlier development of hydro-metallurgy
coincided with the beginnings of conscious strength in
the field of chemistry when men realized that they were
exchanging the juvenilities of an art for scientific un-
derstanding. Scarcely more than a hundred years ago
the phlogiston theory of combustion still inflamed the
imagination of scientific enquirers. Although over-
thrown by Lavoisier near the end of the 18th century,
the notion lingered far into the 19th. The first half of
the last century was essentially a period of investigation
into chemical laws and of weeding out the absurd medie-
val conceptions of pseudo-science. It is not surprising
that the chemists, in the flush of epoch-making discov-
eries, should then have challenged the supremacy of
Vulcan. It was at this time that Ziervogel worked out
the delicate balance between iron and copper in an
argentiferous matte, enabling him, by a complicated and
equally delicate method of roasting, to extract the silver
as a water-soluble sulphate. Augustin had preceded
him with a chloridizing roast of copper matte to admit
of leaching the silver chloride in hot brine. Following
on the heels of these came the hyposulphite system, which
endured until replaced by the cyanide process. For the
treatment of copper the Longmaid-Henderson method
was brought forward about 1842 in an effort to solve the
problem of cheap and high extraction from cupriferous
cinder coming from the pyrite-burners at sulphuric-acid
works; this consisted of chloridizing the copper by a
final roast with salt, condensing the gases and vapors,
and leaching the residual 'cinder' with water and tower-
acid, whereby the copper, gold, and silver were extracted.
These are but examples of many hydro-metallurgic
processes that aroused interest before the impetus of
mechanical improvement, accompanying the reduction
in cost of power-generation, gave to pyro-metallurgy a
decided lead. The principle of mere bigness also had
much to do with this development ; enlargement of shaft-
furnaces, deeper blast-penetration, water-jacketing of
the smelting zone, and finally the bessemerizing of copper
matte, coming to its consummation in capacity and
economy through the Great Falls type of huge basic-
lined converter. Perhaps pyro-metallurgy may not have
40
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
reached the limit of its evolution, but a new science has
come to maturity as a lusty younger brother of chem-
istry. Electro-chemistry has renewed the assault on
smelting. Mr. A. E. Drucker says this week in our Dis-
cussion department that "present-day smelting methods
of extracting copper . . . will be replaced gradually
by a combined roasting and hydro-metallurgical treat-
ment on the spot." A similar prophesy was made boldly
several years ago by Mr. Pope Yeatman. These opinions
point the direction of metallurgic advance. Other con-
ditions must soon give way to practices more scientific and
savoring less of the muscular metallurgy of Tubal Cain,
such as the forging of steel that will ultimately be set
aside through control of the physico-chemical relations
of its constituents to produce the qualities desired.
Clearly the future development of metallurgy will be in
the utilization of wet recovery and electrolysis on the
one hand, and the direct use of energy in the form of
high current-density in the electric furnace on the other.
This seems to be indicated further by the growing possi-
bilities not only of high recoveries from ores by flota-
tion but by the possibility of producing cleaner concen-
trate than ever before, and also by the making of suit-
ably refined salts for reduction, all of which will be de-
manded by the newer metallurgy.
Opportunity for Small Ore-Producers
Small producers of lead will be interested in the cir-
cular issued by Mr. Clintpn H. Crane, the chairman of
the Committee on Lead, a sub-committee of the Council
of National Defense, calling for offers of that metal at
the rate of 8 cents per pound. We reproduced the circu-
lar last week, and we direct special attention to it as the
embodiment of a principle that we hope will be expanded
in the administration of the work coming under the pur-
view of other committees for supplying raw materials to
the Government. Complaint has been general because
the organization of the committees on metals seemed to
exclude participation of the independent producer in
the prevailing high prices. As a result the agitation for
State smelters, and for other means of control to ensure
a fair deal, has been intensified recently. Now comes
Mr. Crane, saying in his circular, ' ' If you do not own a
smelter, may we ask you to instruct the smelter which
smelts your ores to furnish one-sixth of the lead-content
of the ore which it accepts from you in July on this Gov-
ernment order and notify them that you will accept in
settlement for that amount of lead in your ore the price
that the Government is paying." That price is 8 cents
per pound, a material improvement over the 4| cents
that the smelters have been paying on acceptances. The
small shipper will point sarcastically to the "one-sixth"
of the metal-content to be paid at the higher rate, and
to the joker in the phrase that limits this enjoyment to
those whose ore the smelter "accepts." The imputation
of favoritism apparently has a peg to hang on ; that must
be admitted. Even Mr. Crane must concede it. Never-
theless, it is a symptom that the Government recognizes
its duty to treat equally the offerings of the great and
the small. It would be interesting to see what would
happen if shippers familiar with accurate sampling, but
having no contracts with the smelters, were to offer ore
of favorable composition in response to the Govern-
ment's call. It is doubtful if it would be rejected. The
difficulty is that the owners of small mines, who are
being crowded out of the boom-market today, lack the
financial nerve to maintain their rights. A man may
have moral backbone enough to fight for his democratic
privileges, but he must also have a large financial cord
in his spine to carry the war into the smelting company's
preserves so that it may become aware of the invasion.
It is for this reason that we have urged organization as
the surest and most rational means of gaining recog-
nition from the smelters. In his inner consciousness the
small shipper must realize that he rarely can deliver a
large tonnage of ore on a long-time contract. He may
talk about three carloads a week when making an offer,
but when the time of delivery comes it too often happens
that he may deliver three carloads in the first week and
then stop until he has developed more ore. Likewise,
having neither adequate means for sampling, nor proper
training for doing it correctly, he over-guesses the metal-
content of his ore. To the smelter, who must look ahead
in calculating furnace-charges that will maintain a
nearly uniform metal-burden and invariable slag-type,
without which economical working-conditions are im-
possible, it is of the utmost importance to have depend-
able supplies of ore at command. Until the small pro-
ducers can render themselves dependable by effective
organization they will suffer as a class because of the
general shortcomings of the individual. On the other
hand, if 40 small operators with mines tributary to a
single shipping-point were to form an association, main-
taining a sampling-works, experienced samplers, and an
assay-office, with a good business man as general man-
ager, and this organization could guarantee 20 carloads
of ore per week, of known composition, we believe the
smelters would be ready to make contracts. Whenever
dozens of such organizations in a State are associated for
doing business on a larger scale, the moral force of num-
bers and their consequent responsibility will soon make
them a power in the metal world. We have sympathy
with the hardships of the small worker; he is indeed
crowded out of the banquet-hall, but effectiveness comes
from momentum, and momentum is a product of factors
in which mass is more easily attained than velocity. The
power of democracies lies in the association of groups
rather than in the possession of a potential. The ability
of the small ore-producer to reach the market and to re-
ceive respectful treatment lies in association. Through
joining an organization he will be forced to take his own
measure more correctly, and the development of such
groups of independent producers, enjoying both tech-
nical and financial credit, will lead to a recognition that
men standing alone, and having but a driblet to offer,
cannot expect to command.
.Tulv 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
41
DISCUSSION
Our reader* are invited to um thie department for the diecustion of terluu'ml and other matter* jur/uhiim/ in
mining and metallurgy. Tim Editor welcomes ejcpreteiont of views contrary to hie own, believing thai careful
criticism it more ralmddr thou nisiml. rompliimnt.
The Development of Flotation
The Editor:
Sir — On this late date I find in your publication an
article written by Rudolf Gahl on the 'Future Develop-
ment of the Flotation Process' in your issue of December
30, 1916. Dr. Gahl's interesting observations still hold
good, although they are at this time nearly one year old
and that means a lot in the flotation process. He dis-
cusses in this article my patent No. 807,501, and 1 would
like to add a little to the cold legal language in which
such patents are naturally written.
In my work in the flotation process, which dates back
to 1903. I never have been and I never am, up to this
present date, a believer in what is known as the 'adhe-
sion' theory of the flotation process. One of the detri-
ments to the flotation process is our distinction between
organic and inorganic chemistry. Of course, there is no
such thing, and it is only a term of convenience. Students
of the flotation process are mostly accustomed to either
organic or inorganic work, and will often overlook the
possible reactions between substances belonging to either
class, yet the formation of compounds between organic
and inorganic substances is very well known and I be-
lieve plays an important part in flotation. The formation
of insoluble soaps, such as those of magnesia, alumina,
lime, and barium, will undoubtedly influence the process
very materially.
Dr. Gahl, in the latter part of his article, makes the
observation that he finds a great deal of support for the
assumption that froth is caused by water-soluble sub-
stances. We have, like a red thread going all through the
process, a combination of sulphide minerals and hydro-
carbons or their derivatives. We can also take almost
any flotation agent and extract something water-soluble
out of it. We can take that same agent after the extrac-
tion is made and its usefulness is materially decreased.
This shows that the soluble substances are of great im-
portance, and it is my theory that a chemical reaction be-
tween the mineral and these soluble substances takes
place. When I described in my patent a sulphide-coat-
ing I had in mind not only a sulphide mineral but a sul-
phide compound which I believe formed between the so-
called organic oils and the so-called inorganic minerals.
Since this patent was applied for I have spent close
to 15 years more or less on experimentation on the flota-
tion process and have practically verified this theory,
that is, that the flotation process depends for its success
upon the presence of water-soluble substances which
actually react with the mineral and also form certain
insoluble soaps. Insoluble oils may be present and may
help the process, but solely through the action of modify-
ing the surface-tension.
The successful float means to obtain the proper reagent
(mostly of organic character) to promote the proper
chemical reaction between the mineral and this reagent,
and to select modifying agents to obtain the right sur-
face-tension, without, however, interfering with the chem-
ical reactions of the water-soluble substances; and both
reagents must be used in quantity insufficient to cause
chemical enclosure of gangue-particles by excessive froth-
ing.
A. Schwarz.
Webb City, Missouri, June 18.
Fire-Protection in Shafts
The Editor:
Sir — I am interested in learning the best methods of
preventing shaft-fires in vertical and inclined shafts. I
have seen no recent articles on this interesting phase of
mine-safety, and I would appreciate a discussion of fire-
prevention in shafts.
Take the case of an inclined shaft, say 68° dip, of
three compartments, timbered with hemlock laths, dry,
containing steam-pipes, pump-discharge pipe, and elec-
tric cable ; the shaft is up-cast seven months in the year
and down-cast the remainder of the time. In case of a
fire the current of air would undoubtedly reverse from
down-cast to up-cast. On the assumption that the shaft
will be up-cast when fire breaks out, how shall we guard
this shaft to control the flames? Two solutions present
themselves. The first is the usual type of protection.
The discharge-line from the pump is tapped at every
level, a valve inserted, and a rubber hose, 15 to 50 ft.
long, connected. Assume that fire has broken out on the
15th level, and must be fought from the 14th. The head,
if the valve were opened wide, would be over 1400 ft.
Provided that two or three men could hold this hose with
that terrific pressure and that the hose did not burst,
could they play down on the fire in an up-cast shaft?
The heat would be great and I believe that their efforts
would be fruitless. We could only seal the shaft and let
the men in the mine take their chances through the other
exits. The other solution is a modification of the Grinnell
automatic sprinkler system. Three sprinkler-heads
would be placed every 25 ft. or 50 ft. in the shaft, one
in each compartment. The sprinkler-lines could be con-
nected to the discharge-pipe from the pump and thus
have the advantage of the full head on the water-column.
42
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
The heads could be so placed that when the fusible plugs
melted the full play of the water would be on the hang-
ing side and from there drop to the foot. The result
would be a curtain of water. There is one strong objec-
tion to this system. The fire could crawl up the cedar-
blocking behind the laths before the laths would catch
fire, and since the play of water would be on the laths
the crawl of the fire in the blocking would render the
scheme valueless unless blocking and laths were omitted
from each set where the sprinkler-head is installed. I am
desirous of knowing what other methods of fire-protec-
tion in shafts are known.
Frank A. Madson.
Bessemer, Michigan, June 18.
The Extra-Lateral Right
The Editor :
Sir — I am greatly interested in V. G. Hills' comment
on my extra-lateral right article in your issue of June 23,
for it was the desire to stimulate intelligent criticism and
discussion of this subject that prompted me to write the
series. I might suggest that if any of your readers are
interested in contributing to this discussion I will gladly
send each one addressing me in care of the Mining and
Scientific Press, a re-print of a series of the four com-
plete articles. I make this suggestion as it will save un-
necessary discussion on points which are fully covered in
the re-print, and which were necessarily eliminated to
save space in the abstract of two of these articles which
appeared in your columns. Referring to Mr. Hills' com-
ment I thorouhgly appreciate that there are many extra-
lateral complaints that cause trouble but which are never
actually filed in court, and that many suits are filed and
then compromised before determination by the courts.
This, however, is an incident of all litigation no matter
what its character. Intimate knowledge of these prob-
lems in California and in other "Western States during
the past 15 years or more leads me to state that the extra-
lateral situation has no more than its proportion of this
fringe or penumbra of threatened and compromised liti-
gation which inevitably accompanies other equally im-
portant property-right problems. The law yet remains
to be devised that will be free from such difficulties.
I would take exception to Mr. Hills' conclusion that the
litigated cases are only a small proportion of "the host of
cases which are not appealed;" it is certainly not the ex-
perience here in California and neighboring States; nor
do I agree with him when he states that the cause of the
multitude of surface-contests "is directly traceable to
the apex-law." An examination of the reported cases,
and the experience with such cases covering a long period
of years, does not support this conclusion. Disputes as
to priority of location, exact position of surface-bound-
aries, performance of the various acts of location and of
annual labor, are the major causes underlying such liti-
gation, and the fact that such litigation is common wher-
ever placer claims are numerous is absolute proof that
the extra-lateral right is not responsible for most of these
surface eases. The moment the ownership of the sur-
face controls ownership of the vein vertically beneath, it
is inevitable that the right to the surface is going to be
more frequently and more bitterly assailed and contested
than in the ptst. To argue that dimunition of surface-
litigation will result from abolishing the extra-lateral
right is to ignore the logic of the situation. Even' foot of
surface-ground will, in such event, have an added value,
and there will be just as many 'jumpers' and 'black-
mailers' left in the world. I am glad that Mr. Hills and
I can agree so thoroughly on the importance and necessity
of the complete severance of surface and mineral titles in
the event that the extra-lateral right is abolished. In fact
I gave Mr. Hills credit for and quoted his excellent state-
ment of the advantage to be derived from this policy, in a
foot-note to my original article which was necessarily
eliminated from the Mining and Scientific Press ab-
stract because of lack of space.
San Francisco, June 23.
The Editor:
Sir — I have read with much interest Mr. Colby's dis-
sertation on the extra-lateral right in your issue of
June 2. My acquaintance with the mining law is chiefly
from the standpoint of the engineer, and the mere engi-
neer who ventures to discuss this subject with a lawyer
of Mr. Colby's standing, may seem like one who rushes
in where angels fear to tread, but I confess that I have
found myself in much the same situation as that of the
cynical Persian poet who evermore came out the same
door wherein he went, a situation in which I felt that
Mr. Colby's article also leaves us. Much of Mr. Colby's
argument against the abolition of the apex law seems to
be predicated on a fear that Congress will remove that
part of the mining code as an offending appendix is re-
moved by cutting it out and putting nothing else in its
place. Many representatives of the mining industry and
of mining organizations, however, are watching the situa-
tion, so it is hardly conceivable that such an atrocity
would be perpetrated, and an atrocity it unquestionably
would be.
I was surprised at the small proportion of cases due to
apex litigation, but just what are considered as mining
cases in this summary? I am writing where I have no
opportunity to refer to Morrison's or any other reports,
but I have seen many cases, such as trespass, master and
servant, leasehold, and the like, reported and discussed
as mining cases because they arose in connection with
mining, but if we are to consider only such questions as
are peculiar to mining, would not the proportion of apex-
cases exceed the 1.9% quoted from Shamel? Mr. Colby
quotes from Charles S. Thomas of Colorado: "Now the
vast amount of mining controversy — and I am speaking
of numbers of actions — has not been apex-litigation.
They have been the most expensive and the most far-
reaching. They have perhaps resulted in the greater
proportion of injustice: but the conflicting (surface)
locations have produced the multitude of cases, a small
July 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
43
percentage of which perhaps reach the Court of Appeals,
hut whose aggregate has burdened the prospector and
locator with an expense almost unbearable." Note that
these cases "have been the most expensive and the most
far-reaching. They have perhaps resulted in the greater
proportion of injustice." Is not the fact that a law
works an injustice a potent argument in favor of pro-
viding means for its elimination? Instances of such in-
justice are numerous and well-known. The Butte litiga-
tion had its origin in the extra-lateral right. It has been
stated that a certain wealthy Californian bought a run-
down mine, simply because he realized the possibilities of
an apex-suit against his rich neighbor. After the ex-
penditure of thousands of dollars in attorneys fees, geolo-
gists, and engineers, the defendant won the case, the
judge deciding on plain common-sense grounds, although
he stated that the plaintiff's contentions as to geological
conditions were entitled to consideration. A more tech-
nical judge might have decided differently. This case
probably is not reported, as I think it was not appealed,
the plaintiff having died before the decision. In an-
other case a company spent many months and thousands
of dollars developing a supposed blind-lead. After ob-
taining a gratifying showing of ore, ordering new equip-
ment, completing tests and making plans for a mill, they
were served with notice of suit by their neighbor, on the
pretense that their so-called blind-lead was merely the
faulted portion of a vein having its apex on the neigh-
bor's ground. "When any system opens the way to prac-
tices that are little short of blackmail, and gives the
strong a chance to oppress the weak by ruinous litigation,
we are justified in taking steps to correct it, even though
it appear drastic at the outset.
It is a notable fact that many neighboring companies
in different mining districts have voluntarily agreed to
disregard the extra-lateral rights they might have against
each other; they have accepted the vertical planes as
their boundaries. Such agreements have been entered
into by some of the large mining companies of the coun-
try, not because they were afraid to stand up for what
was rightfully theirs, but, as a straight business proposi-
tion, because they recognized the futility and the ruinous
nature of such litigation as apex-suits usually entail.
Note the last sentence of the quotation from Senator
Thomas. Why do we have conflicting surface locations?
Aside from the man who goes out and deliberately jumps
a claim, the one who makes a conflicting location does so
for the purpose of obtaining an extra-lateral right on a
vein which exists in the senior location and is so situated
that it will cross one of the end-lines of the latter on its
dip. A potent argument in favor of the abolition of the
extra-lateral right is that it will do away with conflicting
locations, excepting, of course, those made for the avowed
purpose of claim-jumping. There can be no doubt that
such a change would be radical and would call for other
changes as well, but I do not see wherein the difficulties
will be insuperable nor do I think that the laws need be as
"profoundly amended" as Mr. Colby suggests. He him-
self states, in his first conclusion, that in nearly every
case where the extra-lat*»aJ feature has been incorpo-
rated in the laws of other countries it lias I n abolished
eventually. My own experience has been confined to this
country, hut I have read ami heard many Btatem
particularly with reference to British Columbia, thai
such abolition has been accomplished without confusion
and that the general effect has been beneficial.
I have been told that in the boom-days of Leadville it
was not uncommon to see several groups of mm within
the area of one claim, each sinking madly in an effort to
be the first to reach a vein and claim a discovery. I do
not think any one would wish to impose such a require-
ment under present-day conditions, but Mr. Colby seems
to fear that such might be a necessity if the extra-lateral
right were abolished. Every one, I think, must recog-
nize the fact that the abolition of the extra-lateral right
will entail a modification of the requirement of discov-
ery ; but need this modification be so radical, or do away
with such rights as a discovery would naturally confer?
In other words, the fact that a discovery might not be
required in every case need not do away with certain
indisputable rights that it would confer if actually made.
An actual discovery in a controversy over the character
of land would have just as much weight as ever, and per-
haps more. The discovery of a vein should entitle the
discoverer to locate one or more additional claims on the
dip. I believe that it might be practicable to carry the
policy still farther and allow the location of mining
claims on geologic evidence. It has been held before the
courts and the Land Department as well that such indica-
tions as would put a man of ordinary prudence on his
guard as to the mineral character of a piece of land would
preclude its entry under the agricultural law. This does
not actually require the visible presence of mineral of
value, and there have been numbers of coal-land cases so
decided where there was no outcrop within miles. If
such evidence is sufficient to preclude an agricultural
location certainly it should be sufficient to sustain a min-
eral location.
I do not appreciate the weight of Mr. Colby's argu-
ment that "such elimination of discovery would destroy
the simplest test whereby mineral lands are now prac-
tically and easily classified under existing laws so that
mineral locators are able readily to obtain the same
lands. ' ' The actual discovery would always be held to be
the most conclusive evidence as to the mineral character
of the land. The modification would be that where such
an actual discovery were not feasible it would not be in-
sisted upon; but other competent evidence tending to
prove the character of the land might be accepted.
In discussing the feasibility of a classification of min-
eral lands by the Government, Mr. Colby says, "It would
mean aggravating delays where mines were discovered in
rugged or desert regions remote from centres of travel.
Is it his idea that under a law providing for classification
a man who might make a discovery in a remote region
would be required to wait for Government classification
of the land before he could perfect a location ? Such a
law would be wholly inconsistent with past and present
44
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
practice. Our laws provide for the classification of coal-
lands, and land once classified as containing coal can only
be disposed of by taking the coal into consideration, that
is. by purchasing at the appraisal price under the coal-
land laws or by making a filing under the non-mineral
law which reserves the coal to the Government ; but this
does not for a minute prevent a man from filing on coal-
land that has not yet been withdrawn or classified as
such. Anyone who makes a discovery of coal on land not
withdrawn or classified may purchase it under the coal-
land laws, provided he furnish evidence as to the likely
existence of coal. He is not required to furnish evidence
of outcrop or actual discovery on the tract that he seeks,
provided he can show reasonable geologic evidence as to
its character. This is submitted in the form of affidavits
with the filing so that it readily can be seen that if we
follow out this same principle in our mineral laws there
need be no barrier to immediate location of a mining
claim wherever an actual discovery is made.
Nevertheless, any classification of land which depends
on an opinion, geologic or otherwise, is bound to provoke
litigation, and I am coming to agree with Mr. Colby that
the proper solution is a separation of surface and under-
ground rights. This should be done by incorporating
into every agricultural patent a clause reserving to the
Government all mineral existing in the ground conveyed,
and making it available for prospecting, provided the
claimant to the surface is properly secured against
damage. This is only a step farther than the eoal-land
act of June 17, 1910. It provides that anyone making an
agricultural entry on lands withdrawn or classified as
valuable for coal must reserve to the Government or its
agents all coal therein, and the right to prospect and
mine for the same. The act also fixes the means by which
the agricultural claimant shall be secured against damage
to the surface. The purchaser of the coal under an agri-
cultural claim acquires such surface rights as are abso-
lutely necessary to mining, but one who purchases a tract
of coal-land on which no agricultural claim has been
located obtains surface-title as well.
My conclusion is that the extra-lateral right is an
anachronism. It is bound to go sooner or later, and
should be disposed of, as suggested by Mr. Colby, by
segregation of surface and underground rights, and also,
as he likewise suggests, revision must be general and only
after careful consideration by most competent men. To
this I might add : if eventually, why not now ?
Leroy A. Palmer.
San Francisco, June 25.
Hydro-Metallurgy v. Smelting
The Editor:
Sir — The present-day smelting methods of extracting
copper from table and flotation concentrates will be
gradually replaced by a combined roasting and hydro-
metallurgical treatment on the spot. Such is proving to
be the case with zinc-blende and gold and silver-bearing
concentrate. During the next few years we shall see
some remarkable advances in the treatment of copper
sulphides by hydro-metallurgical methods.
Why go to the extra expense of handling and trans-
porting copper concentrate to a smelter when it can be
treated at the mine at a greater profit by combined
roasting and leaching, producing refined electrolytic
copper direct? Let us have some discussion on this im-
portant subject.
A. E. Drucker.
New York, June 28.
Misfires
The Editor:
Sir — Every miner, like myself, is interested in the
matter of safety, and as misfires constitute one of the most
dangerous elements of the miner's daily work this par-
ticular matter has interested me greatly. I have read
with unfailing interest the several contributions on this
subject appearing under 'Discussion' in your paper, and
it seems to me that another contribution analyzing all
that has been said in the way of experience and sugges-
tion would be timely and appreciated by all who realize
the great importance of this subject.
Miner.
Angels, California, June 20.
Seale-Shellshear 'Cascade' Process
*This flotation process was invented by Seale and
Shellshear, previously of the Junction North mine,
Broken Hill. The patents have been acquired by the
Minerals Separation and De Bavay's Process Co.
Fleury James Lyster, of the Zinc Corporation, and
James Hebbard, of the Sulphide Corporation, have
modified and improved the design of the boxes. The
latter company has installed the process on the lead
mill of the Central mine, Broken Hill, and is making
experiments with a view to adapting it also to the zinc
mill. The plant consists of a series of five boxes ar-
ranged above one another, the total height being about
24 ft. The pulp is elevated to the first box and in cas-
cading from one box to another the necessary agitation
is provided without any revolving impellors. The only
power absorbed is that involved in elevating the pulp
to the top box. On the Central mine considerable sav-
ings have been made possible, not the least of which is
a reduction of fully 150 hp. in treating the same amount
of material, while repair-costs are reduced to a mini-
mum. This plant is displacing a large number of tables.
The introduction of the process has widely extended
the scope of flotation separation. The Broken Hill
South mine is also experimenting with the 'cascades'
in the lead-section of their slimes plant, where it is pro-
posed to install six boxes in series, each containing
three ll/16th in. water-jets. Lieut. H. V. Seale — one
of the inventors — is at present on active service with
the A. I. F., while Wilton Shellshear, the other inventor,
is with the Burma Mines, Ltd.
'Mining d- Engineering Review.
July 14, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
4.".
Principles of Flotation— II
By T. A. RICKARD
Bubbles. We saw how the floating of the needle was
aided by bubbles of air attached to it. That suggests, but
does not explain, the latest and most successful phase of
notation. To understand it we must go back to the small
boy 's soap-bubble. The man that understands the phys-
ics of a soap-bubble has mastered the chief mystery of
notation. The boy, who, as pictured by Millais, watches
the birth, ascent, and disappearance of the iridescent
sphere of his own making, is the type of our modern
metallurgist, who makes the multitudinous bubbles con-
stituting a froth and then wonders to what natural laws
his filmy product owes its existence.
To put it briefly, the hoy, having dissolved soap in
water, holds a little of the liquid in the howl of his clay
pipe while he blows through the stem. The soapy water
forms a film that is distended by the boy's warm breath
into a lovely sphere, which is lighter than the surround-
ing air, and therefore rises, while the sunlight falling
upon it undergoes refraction into the colors of the spec-
trum. When the boy blows through his pipe into pure
water, he makes bubbles likewise, but they burst in-
stantly. The high tension shatters them. They do not
burst explosively by expansion of the air within their
envelope, but by lateral displacement of the substance
composing their incompletely elastic films. To prevent
such immediate collapse it is necessary to lessen the ten-
sion, that is, to diminish the contractile force at work in
the watery substance constituting the exterior of the bub-
ble. This can be done by introducing an impurity or
contaminant. Water has the highest surface-tension of
any common liquid, so that the addition of almost any
other liquid — such as oil, alcohol, or acid — will lower the
tension. The boy rubs the soap between his wet hands
and dissolves it in the water. The soluble soaps contain
an alkaline base, such as potash or soda, combined with
a fatty acid, such as oleic or palmitic, extracted from tal-
low or oil. The boy uses oleate of soda, a compound of
soda and oleic acid. The flotationist uses oleic acid, and
much of the early work was done with this thick oil. In
both cases, boy or man, playing at bubbles or working at
metallurgy, the oil serves to lower the surface-tension of
the water and to prolong the life of the bubbles that are
made out of this modified water.
Two phases of the subject may be compared : The.
needle that floats on tap-water will sink in distilled
water, because the latter lacks the air-bubbles that assist
flotation. Although the tap-water has a lower surface-
tension on account of its slight impurity, that effect is
less decisive than the aeration. The bubble blown in
pure water will break almost as soon as it comes into
existence, but the solution of a little soap in the water
will enable a boy to blow bubbles that sail away beauti-
fully. The lowering of the surface-tension by tin- con-
taminant lessens the tendency of the bubbles to collapse.
We have seen, in the camphor experiment, how the oil
would lower the surface-tension not only of the bubble-
film but also of the water in which it might be gener-
ated ; that lowering of the surface-tension promotes wet-
ting, which is antithetic to floating. If, to water on which
mineral particles are floating, an addition of alcohol or
caustic soda be made, or even the vapor of alcohol be
allowed to play over the surface of the water, the mineral
particles sink. The intense local contamination of the
water has decreased its surface-tension so much as to in-
crease the relative effect of gravity. Instant wetting
ensues. It is evident therefore that oil can be used
effectively in flotation in two ways : Either in such large
quantity as to raise the mineral by sheer buoyancy or in
such small quantity as to coat the particles of mineral, in
preference to the gangue, and also decrease the surface-
tension of the water in such a way as to promote the
formation of a stable froth. Luckily the increased wet-
ting power of the water due to the solution or emulsifica-
tion of the oil is rendered largely ineffective by the oil-
ing of the mineral particles themselves, on the surfaces
of which the oil displaces the water and thus prevents
wetting, while the lack of adhesion between oil and
gangue serves differentially to aid the wetting of the
latter by the water.
The changing colors of the bubble indicate that the
thickness of the film is not constant ; on the contrary, it
may vary within wide limits without noteworthy varia-
tion of the surface-tension. That makes an important
difference between a liquid film and any ordinary elastic
membrane. ' ' The tension in a liquid film is independent
of the stretching, provided that it is not so great as to
reduce the thickness of the film below about five mil-
lionths of a centimetre." 1 This result is promoted by the
use of a solute that will be strongly adsorbed at the sur-
face of the solution. 2 As the film is being stretched, the
new surface formed at the thinner portion will contain
less solute, owing to the time needed for adsorption, so
that the new surface will be stronger than the old. Like-
wise, when water has been modified by a relatively insol-
uble contaminant, the components of the film can so
dispose themselves that the surficial forces will be the
same everywhere, that is, they tend to remain in equilib-
rium, including the force of gravity, which otherwise
would pull them apart. Thus the tension at the surface
iPoynting & Thomson, op. cit., page 137.
sHildebrand. Fig. 2, page 169, M. & S. P., July 29, 1916.
Also Willard Gibbs' 'Thermodynamics,' page 313.
46
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
of a contaminated liquid is able to adjust itself within
fairly wide limits, and a film made of such a liquid can
remain in equilibrium, whereas a film of pure liquid
breaks at once. A soap-bubble will last for hours, a pure-
water bubble persists for a fraction of a second. More-
over, the presence of a contaminant in water may also
affect its viscosity, or internal friction, whereby it offers
resistance to change of shape. This strengthens the film
of a bubble generated in modified water. It has been
asserted 3 that a concentration of the contaminant occurs
.it the surface of such a liquid, causing the viscosity to be
also for the sides of the glass vessel. They last longer
than the bubbles blown in oil because they are made out
of a liquid containing a decided contaminant, the dye.
Next, I blow ajr more energetically, and I note that when
the bubble is about to escape from the blue water it raises
the surface into a mound (A in Fig. 13), emerging at
the point of it (as at B) as if the air had dragged the
water in an effort to overcome a viscous layer. This in-
deed is the fact. I caught one bubble in the act ; it came
slowly through the little heap of water and remained
poised at the top of the mound, finally breaking away,
-~ jZ- Z- Z - L-8*i ~-- F ~-J~-Z
- T+_- _~-_- _*- ~ ° -_ F ° "_ _
:-----_- F -:-:-:IS"r
— I a F_ — _ o
-_ -_ - _ -*:- _ f ~- z
— - — — ~ 1 — o
-: L _ r °- -g^ ~ AL ~ ~ 0IU
5 o _ WATER
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
magnified as compared with the body of the liquid. This
statement is well founded.
An interesting experiment to illustrate this phase of
the subject can be made by floating kerosene over blue-
colored water and then passing air into the lower liquid.
When bubbles are formed in the oil, they are short-lived,
but they last long enough to indicate that the oil is not
a pure and perfectly homogeneous liquid. In such a
liquid, the bubble would break on arrival at the surface.
The fact that two bubbles touch without coalescing (K,
K, Fig. 13 ) proves that there is a film of variable compo-
sition between them. When I blow air gently into the
colored water, 7 the bubbles that rise into the oil are
colorless. They accumulate at the upper surface of the
oil, where they show an attraction for each other and
sSamuel S. Sadtler, in Minerals Separation v. Miami suit.
1915. Emphasized recently in the Butte & Superior case.
"How variously it can he seen and 'interpreted is shown by
the descriptions given hy Messrs, Durell, Norris, and Rickard,
in 'The Flotation Process,' pp. 137, 315, 35S; also by Messrs.
Taggart and Beach in Trans. A. I. M. E., September 1916.
"Some of these experiments may seem almost childish to
the supercilious, but I can commend them not only as giving
insight into fundamental principles but as likely to stimulate
thoughtful discussion.
while the water subsided sluggishly to its leyel. Finally,
I introduced air more rapidly into the water. The bub-
bles broke through the viscous water-oil interface and
carried portions of water with them. These portions
slipped from the north (B,B) to the south pole {F, F)
of the bubbles and fell away, sometimes not until the
bubbles had reached the upper surface of the oil. An
intermediate stage is shown by C, C. This water that
detached itself from the air-bubble was not a stable film
but a viscous coating. It assumed various forms, cres-
cent, hemispherical (D, D), lenticular, flatly globular
{E, E), or even shapeless (£?). The retention of a form
that is not spherical is proof that the force of surface
tension is overcome by the high viscosity of the film at
the water-oil interface. 8 Occasionally some of the blue
water remains as a globule attached to the surface of the
.oil, as at S. On reaching the oil-water interface the
globule (as at W) will merge itself slowly with the liquid
from which it originated.
If a similar experiment is made with carbonated
water, in which minute bubbles of nearly equal size are
generated quickly, one can see the little bubbles, like
bright colorless beads, leading a much bigger globule of
»As elucidated recently by A. F. Taggart in the Butte case.
July 14, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
47
blue water upward ^is at .1'. .1' in Pig. 14) through
tin- oil to the surface, where the babble breaks and the
globule of water falls baek through the oil in oblately
spheroidal shape (B, B). Sometimes two. or even three,
couples rise tandem (as at A" and A'"). At the sur-
face of the oil the coalescence of several bnbbles may
leave one large bubble to which several small globules of
water are attached (as at C), or globules of blue water
(D) may remain floating in the oil, as if hanging from
the surface of it. Sometimes the bubble may be over-
weighted and, after rising a little way, it descends (K).
If the couples collide, the bubbles are released and leave
their freight of water, which drops back. The interest-
ing feature is the air-bubble's ability to lift a water-
globule so much larger than itself. This is due to the
fact that the water comes from the water-oil interface
and includes oil.
The amount of the contaminant in the froth of a flota-
tion-cell can be measured by analysis. The concentra-
tion in a film may proceed so far as to form a solid, as
when using hard water. The use of oil as a modifying
agent is advantageous because it is not prone to enter
into chemical reactions with impurities in the mill-water
even when thus concentrated in the bubble-films; other-
wise some other contaminant might be used. Indeed,
it is likely that oil will be replaced by some contaminant
that is cheaper and that may also induce some desirable
chemical reaction. Several such substitutes are now
being tried in flotation plants.
The question has been asked, when a bubble is formed
in a liquid, is it a spherical hole filled with gas or is it a
sac ; in short, has it a skin or not ? The reply to this
question involves the whole theory of surface-tension and
bubble-making. "When a pure gas is blown into a pure
liquid, the bubbles rise rapidly to the surface, where they
burst instantly. The gas injected into the liquid is sub-
ject to the gas-liquid tension, therefore the surface of the
liquid enclosing the portion of gas assumes a spherical
shape in obedience to that tension, because a sphere occu-
pies the least space. The liquid in contact with the gas
will have a different orientation of its molecules and it
will be slightly denser than the internal liquid. These
conditions will accompany the globule of gas in its pas-
sage upward. The form of the liquid periphery persists
but the substance of the liquid in contact with the gas is
changing as the bubble rises. An analogy is furnished by
the motionless cloud on a mountain. The cloud retains
its shape, although its substance is fleeting. Ascend the
mountain and you find yourself surrounded by a mist
that is traveling at the rate of 20 or 30 miles per hour, or
even faster; yet as seen from the valley the cloud seems
fixed. The explanation is that the moisture-laden air
sweeps into the cold area on one side, either the snowy or
shady side of the peak, and there the moisture is con-
densed to globules of water constituting a fog or mist ;
these are visibly driven forward, to be expanded suddenly
and dissipated into clear air as soon as they pass beyond
the cold area, but their place is taken by others coming
on behind, so the shape of the cloud persists although the
substance of it is rushing forward at the speed of a rail-
way-train.
Now the important question arises: What is the sub-
stance of the film of the bubble as it passes from one
liquid into another? The attachment of blue water to the
bubble in the water-oil experiment is confusing, because
it obscures the fact that, as the coating of water slips
away, the bubble acquires an oily film and when tem-
porarily at rest on the surface it is enveloped in an oily
film. No blue tinge can be detected, if the effect of reflec-
tion from below be avoided. On the other hand, if the
experiment be repeated with heavy oil (colored by 'oil
orange') and alcohol, it will be found that the bubbles
that come to roost at the upper surface of the alcohol are
orange-colored. Thus, as scientific theory would suggest,
the bubbles take a film of the liquid having the lower
surface-tension or less molecular cohesion. In passing
from water to oil or from oil to alcohol the bubble has an
oily film at the end of its journey. If a bubble were gen-
erated in water and passed successively through oil and
alcohol, it would have a water, oil, and alcohol film in
KV 4T6R I L
WATER
Fig. 15
sequence. If the bubble passed in the reverse direction
it would have an alcoholic film in the alcohol, the oil, and
the water alike, because alcohol spreads over oil and oil
spreads over water, the liquid having the less cohesion or
surface-tension being pulled by the molecular attraction
of the liquid having the stronger cohesion or surface-
tension. There is this to be added, however, that the
bubble generated in water would have some water in its
oily film when in the oil, and some oil in its alcoholic film
when in the alcohol. Each liquid in turn serves slightly
to contaminate. On the return journey, the alcoholic
film, contaminated slightly by the air and by any impur-
ity in the alcohol-air interface, would resist modification
by the oil and by the water (forming the lower layers of
liquid) because the alcohol would spread over to the oil-
air interface and over the water-air interface. Imagine a
globule of oil in an air-bubble enclosed by water (Fig.
15) : the oil spreads and forms a film to enclose the air.
Now imagine a globule of water in an air-bubble sur-
rounded by oil; the water does not spread, because the
pull of the air-water and water-oil surfaces is greater
than that of the oil-air surface ; therefore a water-filmed
bubble will acquire an oil film when passing into oil ; on
the other hand an oil-filmed bubble will retain its film
in making the same entry through water.
"We have seen that mineral has a selective adsorption
for oil rather than for water and that in this respect it
differs from gangue. Metallic particles adsorb air, but
48
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14. 1917
this fact is relatively unimportant in flotation because the
air approaches them when it is enclosed within a liquid
envelope that is contaminated by oil. Therefore the ad-
hesion of oil for the metallic surface becomes the domi-
nant factor. The older notion that the affinity of air
for metallic surfaces played an important part in flota-
tion has been set aside, because of the absence in the
flotation-cell of any direct contact between air and
mineral. Metallic surfaces, such as those of minerals,
are supposed to adsorb air and that is why they are not
readily wetted. It may be due to molecular density,
coupled with reduction of inter-moleeular distance,
which is practically the same thing as a reduction of sub-
capillary porosity. Adsorption of air would also bear a
relation to the higher density of the mineral. Such
adsorption plays its part in the older surface-tension
processes, such as those of "Wood and Macquisten, but in
the later flotation processes there is present insoluble
oil or a soluble frothing agent, and this renders it im-
possible for the globule of air to come into direct eon-
tact with the mineral. It is not the air, but the film
around it, that provokes the attachment of the bubble to
the mineral.
Now let us consider the air-bubble made in water con-
taining an impurity that decreases its surface-tension.
In the language of flotation we would say that this im-
purity is a contaminant modifying the water. As soon
as the air enters the water it assumes a globular form as
before, but when the bubble reaches the surface it per-
sists ; it does not burst at once. The bubble in the water
is a spherical hole occupied by air ; the air has displaced
the water and is enclosed by it ; the water-surface in con-
tact with the air is in a state of tension as compared with
the interior body of water, and that causes contraction
into spherical shape. The surface-tension lias been low-
ered by the contaminant so that the bubble-film is in a
state of less strain than a similar film of pure liquid,
hence a diminution in the tendency to contract and to
collapse. Moreover there is a tendency for the contami-
nant, whatever it be, to concentrate at the air-water sur-
face; there is a differentiation of the constituents of the
liquid, causing the surface to differ slightly in composi-
tion from the bulk of the solution and so to accentuate
the modification due to the presence of the impurity.
The bubble-film or air-liquid contact adsorbs the con-
taminant until equilibrium is established, and the con-
taminated liquid of the film carries some of the contami-
nant all the way to the surface, despite the interchange
between molecules or particles of the contaminant on the
way up. This differentiation and concentration of the
contaminant at the surface of the water in contact with
the air-bubble ma3 r indeed be likened to a film or mem-
brane, so that the bubble may be regarded as a sac, but it
is a sac the substance of which is not fixed while the
bubble is moving upward through the water. It cannot
be regarded as enclosed within a definite film until it
reaches the end of its journey, and even then the film is
co-terminous with the surface at which it rests, and the
play of light upon it shows that the re-arrangement of
its substance is still in progress, as the excess of liquid
drains to the south pole. The variability in the surface-
tension due to the shifting of the contaminating particles
is essential to the longevity of the bubble-film. That
brings us to a recognition of an important factor:
viscosity.
Viscosity. This is defined as the internal friction of
a liquid or its resistance to a change of shape. Two
years ago the part played by viscosity in establishing a
bubble-film was subordinated to emphasis on the lower-
ing of the surface-tension of the water in the ore-pulp.*
Since then this branch of the theory has been elucidated
by Messrs. Taggart, Beach, and Bancroft. 5
The addition of alcohol increases the viscosity of water
up to about 47%, after which the further addition de-
creases the viscosity. Alcohol, of course, lowers the sur-
face tension of water, but an experiment" will prow that
the change of viscosity is the dominant factor in making
a. froth. If alcohol, to which 5% water has been added,
be stirred violently in the glass-jar machine familiar to
flotationists there will be no formation of froth, but if
the experiment be repeated with tap-water, to which 1%
of alcohol is added, then a froth is produced at once.
Such an alcohol-water froth is non-persistent, because
the absolute viscosity is low. To increase it we must
have a colloidal suspension ; for example, the foam on
beer. The colloidal protein of beer yields a froth that
lasts longer than the bubbles on champagne, which are
short-lived, like the alcohol-water foam of the experiment
just described. To obtain a froth sufficiently persistent
to serve a metallurgie purpose it is necessary to increase
the viscosity of the bubble-films. This is one of the
functions of the oil, and it is one that follows upon its
affinity for metallic surfaces. It adsorbs or concentrates
(at the surface of the bubbles) the mineral particles in
the pulp so as to form an interface that is more viscous
than either the oil or the water or the mixture of the
two. 10 It is the presence of solid matter that contributes
to the viscosity of the bubble-films in the froth.
If a needle be floated on water by means of a raft made
of wooden matches and if a chip of wood he floated to
one side of it, one can use a magnet to turn the raft and
needle on the surface of the water without moving the
chip. This shows that the surface, or water-air inter-
face, has no noticeable viscosity. " If, however, the sur-
face be dusted with finely pulverized ore. then the mag-
net will cause the chip to move with the rafted needle.
^However, I pointed to the probability of viscosity con-
tributing to the tenacity of the film, even in the needle experi-
ment on tap-water, and quoted Boys to show that increase of
viscosity was involved in the lowering of surface-tension in
enabling a bubble to persist. M. & S. P., Sept. 11, 1915, p. 3S5.
sMore particularly in their expert testimony at Butte, from
which I have quoted already.
^Described by Wilder D. Bancroft in his testimony at Butte.
"Taggart.
"Taggart. He pointed to the fact that the addition of the
oil increased the viscosity of the surface so as to cause it to
act as a solid within small distances, close to the raft, but
considerably less than when the powdered ore was sprinkled
upon the oiled surface.
.lulv It. 191'
MINING and Scientific PRESS
19
I ■
ur
_^^m
Nik
A
1
Wk^^*
■ ^rf*
.
'k
" ■ Aifr SB
: (
-
THE FEOTH IN A CALLOW CELL
The viscosity lias been so greatly increased by the addi-
tion of solid matter to the interfacial film that the sur-
face behaves as if it were solid. Next, if a drop of oil,
sufficient to lower its surface-tension, be added to the
water, the chip will not turn when the rafted needle is
moved by the attraction of the magnet. Such increase
of viscosity as has been caused by the oil is insufficient
to form a resisting medium. Finally, if powdered ore is
dusted upon the oil-contaminated surface, again the chip
does not move with the raft, because "the surface has
been stabilized and made highly viscous." 12
If water and kerosene be poured successively into a
glass bottle, and if then finely-divided copper, called
'bronze powder', be introduced and the contents of the
bottle be subjected to vigorous shaking, and then allowed
to remain quiescent, the copper powder collects at the
oil-water interface and from it slowly a bronze film will
separate itself and become pendant. This, when viewed
"I am quoting from Mr. Taggart's testimony, from which
the description of the experiment also is taken.
ANOTHER PHOTOGRAPH, SHOWING THE FROTH OF TWO ADJACENT CELLS
50
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
by transmitted light, is seen to be a lace-like fabric, like
a cobweb that has been long exposed to dust. 13 It is a
film of particles of kerosene and water so viscous, owing
to the inclusion of the powdered copper, that it hangs
like a curtain ; it is an adsorption layer of bubble-film
matter hanging from the oil-water interface. The pres-
ence of the powdered copper has stabilized the film.
It is important to note that such increase of viscosity
as prolongs the life of the bubble-film need not be metal-
lic. When pine-oil is added to water, and the mixture is
agitated, the froth that comes to the surface of the water
is thin and evanescent. When to this there is added lyco-
podium powder, which is of vegetal origin, being the
spores of club-moss, the froth becomes thick and lasting. 14
If the lycopodium be used without the pine-oil, no per-
sistent froth is made. In this case, as with the bronze
powder, the effect of the solid is to stabilize the froth by
making the bubble-films more viscous. The gangue would
serve for this purpose if the particles of gangue could
pass into the oil-water interface, but it happens, as we
have seen, that the oil exerts a preference for the particles
of mineral, so that they are adsorbed preferentially.
Another experiment : 1C When a needle was floated on
water in a beaker and a drop of caster-oil was added,
the needle did not sink. When another drop of the same
oil was added, the globule moved to the needle and ad-
hered to it. But it continued to float. When a drop of
pine-oil was allowed to run down the side of the beaker,
the needle sank as soon as the pine-oil touched the water,
while the globule of oil remained afloat. Apparently the
increase of viscosity due to the thick oil counteracted the
lowering of the water's surface-tension.
The effect of saponine, noted in Hoover's book as being
so detrimental to flotation, can now be explained. Al-
though it does not increase the surface-tension of water,
but tends rather to decrease it very slightly, according
to Freundlich. it causes a marked increase of viscosity.
The result is a good froth ; but it exhibits no essential
adhesion, that is, the saponine solution is not adsorbed
by the mineral. Therefore the froth does not persist and
the mineral is not floated.
Any substance that is adsorbed into the oil, or the oil-
water interface, of the bubble will pass into the film. If
it does that the substance will be floated. Mineral goes
into oil in preference to gangue. If a particle of sulphide
is in the vicinity of oil a*nd water, the oil-surface of the
sulphide grows larger and the water-surface grows
smaller, until the sulphide at the last takes a position
within the oil. Reversely, a particle of quartz takes a
position within the water. The greatest possible area of
sulphide that can be covered by the oil is when the sul-
phide is within the oil; therefore the particles of sul-
phide tend to encase themselves within the oily substance
of the bubble-film and so not only stabilize it but give
"F. E. Beach, who performed the experiment in the court-
room at Butte. R. B. Yerxa repeated it for me at Miami.
"Bancroft, who performed the experiment in the court-room
at Butte.
"Made for me by Mr. Yerxa in the laboratory at Miami.
themselves the opportunity of being floated to the sur-
face in the froth.
Oil-Films. In the course of the first trial of the Miami
lawsuit, at Wilmington, a series of demonstrations was
made in court for the purpose of argument. These ex-
periments were photographed and placed in the record.
Some of them are of scientific interest. Fig. 16 shows
the curved pipette employed to pass an air-bubble to the
bubble-holder, which is a bell-mouthed glass tube. Fig.
17 shows the play of a bubble on the oil placed upon a
particle of galena lying at the bottom of a vessel con-
taining water. In A the particle of galena and the
bubble-holder are shown. In B a globule of oil rests on
the galena. The oil is 1J times the volume of the galena
particle. In C the air-bubble is adhering to the oil on the
galena and drawing it up, forming a neck of oil between
the bubble and the galena. The photographs exhibit the
affinity of the oil for the air-bubble. If the bubble failed
to raise the particle of galena, this should not occasion
surprise, as it was much too large — several thousand
times bigger than the average pulp treated in flotation.
In Fig. 18 similar experiments on particles of unoiled
galena of a reasonable size — about 20 mesh — are recorded
photographically. In the first of this series the bubble-
holder is approaching one of three particles, in the
second it is moving away with one of them, and in the
third with another. In Fig. 19 another series of experi-
ments is shown, but with oiled particles of galena, of plus
20-mesh size. In the third member of this group it will
be noted that all of the galena particles are being car-
ried away by the bubble. Two of the particles are ad-
hering to the third particle, which is attached directly to
the bubble. Ordinary tap-water was used. These experi-
ments, and others like them, showed that particles of
galena will adhere to an air-bubble, whether they are
oiled or not. The adhesion takes place even when the
mineral carries an excess of oil. Particles of chalcocite
do not adhere so readily to the air-bubble when they are
unoiled as when they are oiled, but the evidence given
in this suit was incomplete ; moreover it was not shown
whether a bubble made out of water suitably modified
will, or will not, adhere to an unoiled particle of chal-
cocite. The motion-pictures of these demonstrations cost
a great deal of money, but it will be acknowledged now, I
believe, that they threw but little light on the theory of
flotation.
The adhesion of air, as a bubble in water, to mineral
particles is easy enough to prove, but such bubbles, as
far as I have been able to ascertain by experiments, will
adhere to almost anything that happens to be near-by.
Trying some of these experiments recently with Mr.
Yerxa, at Miami, I found that a large air-bubble would
not lift an 8-mesh particle of chalcocite without a good
deal of coaxing, but when a minute (accidental) air-
bubble became poised on the chalcocite then the big
bubble attached itself to the small one and thereby
raised the mineral particle. When the chalcocite was
oiled the bubble was lifted without hesitation. Examin-
ing the bubble-film, it will be seen (Fig. 20) that the
.lulv 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
51
particle of ohalcoeite hangs from it when in the water,
hut as soon as the babble is tuken out of tlic water into
tin 1 air, the ohalcoeite is enclosed between an inner and
The nature of this oily-water interface is shown by
another experiment. If water and pine-oil are poured
successively into a test-tube and a particle of chaleocite is
dropped into it, we shall find (Pig. 21) the particle
floating at the oil-water interface in such a way that
Fig. 1«
an outer surface,* in both of which the oily contaminant
is so concentrated as to form an adsorption layer.
*As elucidated by Taggart at Butte.
the mineral seems to be in the water, when it is really
enclosed within a downward protrusion of the oil.
When a bubble is in oily water it has only one con-
taminated surface, or adsorption layer, but when it
emerges it has two. See Pig. 22. The oil is concentrated
at the surfaces in contact with the air, outside and in-
side, leaving the less modified water between.
Again, when a globule of pine-oil was placed on the
MIMV. and Scientific PKI SS
,lnl\ 14. l!M7
smooth surface of a lump of ohaleooite under water, the
pine oil was held hj the nhalcoeite as against » bubble
brought in contact with it, but when the globule of oil
the pine oil was adsorbed hj
the bubble A particle of minora! and a bubble sliow
mutual attraction an. I if the mineral particle is minute
1»
the bubble-film..
That
min-
eral |
That n
s «ss -
Thus
Aoaiabiliiv :j»Hio par:
Tlii' a. Ulu ion »f oil to water in a beaker, tor example
causes an oily iiim to appear at the interface between
water and air, When an air bubble meets an oil globule
the) will lv mutual)} attracted and some o( tin- oil will
pass into The interface between water and air. When air
m i upiea a hole in water, forming what is called a bubble,
the periphery of tliis hole presents a surface exposed to
the air within like the surface of the water in the
beaker, In eaoh oast the oil tends to oo&oentrate at that
air surface,
rhe old idea that the mineral particle attached itself
direct)] to air is now relegated to one side; while this
mutual attraction may ovist, it plays a minor part Ivo
cause the air when it approaches the mineral in a pulp
is always enclosed within i watery Rim contaminated
by oil or a ar substance.
It has been disclosed by micros samination* that
tho mineral particle is not in direct contact with air, but
so enclosed within the Dun as not to he in touch with air
either inside or outside the bubble in a mass of froth.
Tho tilm raises itself ovor the particle and wraps itself
under the particle, so that the mineral is enclosed with
in a watery interspace The tilm itself consists of an
\ - in which the oil is concentrated, ami of
an interior surfaoe in which oil also is concentrated,
both of these oily concentrations grading toward the
that lies between them. The oil is concentrated
!>. gas-liquid interface, .ntst as oil ooncentrat -
the surface of water in contact with the atmosphere
The various experiments described in tho foregoing
shown that the oil in a pulp, consisting of
crushed ore and water, performs three distinct fnn<
1 It lowers the surfa. e tension of the water.
2 It assists in the selection of the mineral partk -
It promotes the formation of a stable froth,
w .. . - 1 convenient liquid for Rotation work k
it has a surface tension so high that the addition of
almost any other liquid will lower it. The lowering of
the surface tension diminishes the contracti'..
water ami lengthens the life of the bubbles that arc
,i l\v the inject - . of the
ntsion has
creates*., variable concentration of oil in
film of the bubl - e film to adjus
.• important than t:
strengthen the film where
aatinant at
■ .11 concentrate at the
the liquid beeaus
•tential ei
\ \ ics - s par-
> film, T - aeral in pi
mineral to be drawn int.
- eugthened by reason erease
-Inlv 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
5:i
mineral particles. The electro-static hypothesis has been
discarded in the latest investigations.
Any substance that will lower the Burface-tenBion of
water anil he adsorbed by mineral particles would ap-
pear to promote flotation. The value of a flotation agent
Film in ?— ' h ' ILM ,N
e H »i'«".6iTe mate P, eN««oe.Te 4,/?
Fig. 20
depends upon its ability to 'adsorb' mineral. Most
"f rot hers' or bubble-makers by themselves are not satis-
factory because they laek this ability, and, in order to
correct the deficiency, it is customary to add a 'non-
frothing' oil, which is adsorbed strongly by the min-
1 L
Fig. 21
eral, thereby promoting successful flotation.* A froth
made with a relatively soluble oil, like pine-oil, can be
stabilized hy adding a relatively insoluble viscous oil,
like fuel-oil. The idea of agitation, whether of the vio-
lent and mechanical kind or of the gentle and pneumatic
/HH
kind, is to bring the particles of mineral in contact with
the oily films of the air-bubbles. Whether the oil is
emulsified before or after it is added to the pulp does not
matter at this stage, but the oil must have been presented
to the bubbles in a minutely subdivided condition, so
that they may acquire oily films and so that those films
may come in touch with the mineral particles. In doing
so the globules of oil and the bubbles that they con-
taminate beneficially come in contact with particles of
gangue as well as particles of mineral, but owing to the
tendency of oil to replace water at the surface of the
'Bancroft. In his testimony at Butte.
mineral particles these »ill Be coated with oil and ad-
sorbed into the oily film of the bubbles and rise, whereas,
by reason of the tendency of water to displace oil on the
surface of gangue-particles, those will become wetted and
sink.
'Mineral,' 'metallic,' even 'ore' are used interchange-
ably in the technology of flotation. The misuse of 'ore'
has caused great confusion, for the object of the process
is not to recover the 'ore', but only the valuable min-
eral in the 'ore', rejecting the valueless portion, called
'gangue'. As between 'metallic' and 'mineral', the ref-
erence is not so much to substances containing metals,
for that would include much of the gangue, such as
rhodonite and feldspar, but particularly to minerals hav-
ing a metallic lustre, which feature appears to be favor-
able to the adhesion alike of air and oil. 'Sulphide' is
another synonym, because the sulphur compounds with
the base metals are particularly the object of flotation,
but ' sulphide ' would exclude the tellurides. At least one
sulphide without metallic lustre is amenable to flotation,
namely, cinnabar. So is graphite, which is neither sul-
phidic nor metallic, except in lustre. Likewise certain
forms of scheelite respond to flotation, and it has been
shown by experiment that a stable froth can be made with
lycopodium powder, which is of vegetal origin. So we
must be careful in our use of terms. The use of ' metallic '
and 'mineral' as adjectives to designate floatable sub-
stances is based on a concept of flotation that may soon
be discarded. No classification of floatable minerals can
be made yet and when it is made it must be based on a
better understanding of the physical conditions govern-
ing flotation.
The amount of oil required in froth-flotation depends
upon three factors : the proportion of mineral to be con-
centrated, the amount of water, and the degree of aera-
tion. Air and water are needed to make bubbles ; these
bubbles must be oiled in order that they may engage
the mineral in the pulp. The more numerous the min-
eral particles the greater the number of oily bubbles
needed to arrest them. If the amount of water is
doubled, there will be only half the number of mineral
particles in a unit of space ; therefore more oily bubbles
will have to be sent in search of them than if they were
herded within the smaller volume of water. The idea
that a 'critical' proportion of oil — somewhere under 1%
— is required to perform successful froth-flotation has
no basis of evidence outside the imaginings of a group of
patentees and it has been stultified by the operations of
1000-ton plants using 22 or 23 pounds of oil per ton of
ore, in Utah and Montana. As Wilder D. Bancroft has
said: "The hypothesis of a 'critical point' rests on un-
verified and unverifiable statements."
The Hypothesis. Let us recall the principal points
in the evidence before venturing upon a summary of our
conclusions. I write in the plural advisedly, for the
evidence has come from many sources and the sug-
gestions explaining it have been borrowed from many
writers; the theory, like the practice, of flotation is the
joint work of a large number of investigators.
54
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14. 1917
(1) The needle that floats on tap- water will sink in
distilled water. Although contaminants have lowered
the surface-tensionf of the tap-water, it has more sus-
taining power on account of its aeration.
(2) The bubble blown in distilled water will break as
soon as it emerges, but the solution of an oily substance
will enable a boy to blow bubbles that sail away beau-
tifully.
(3) The addition of oil lowers the surface-tension and
thereby promotes wetting, but the adhesion of the oil to
the surface of the mineral particles causes the water to
be displaced, so that the gangue preferably, not the
mineral, is wetted, and drowned.
(4) Emulsification of the oil provides a means,
through the subsequent breaking of the emulsion, for im-
parting oil in a minutely subdivided state, as needed,
for oiling the bubble-films and the mineral particles.
(5) The contaminant, such as oil, in water concen-
trates at the air-surface and by doing so affords a sur-
face-tension sufficiently variable to be adjustable to
shock.
(6) The oil-water interface is more viscous than the
body of either liquid.
(7) Oil is attracted and adsorbed by mineral particles,
which therefore are pulled into the oily film of the
bubbles.
(8) Bubbles will break when they collide unless there
is a stable film between them, preventing coalescence.
Such stability is furnished by a dissolved substance that
adjusts the surface-tension and also increases the vis-
cosity of the film.
(9) A multiplicity of bubbles, or 'froth,' will serve
a metallurgic purpose if it floats valuable mineral mat-
ter long enough to facilitate a separation from the
valueless components of the pulp.
The recent trend of hypothesis — it has hardly the
status of a theory — is to subordinate sundry ideas promi-
nent a year ago.* The direct 'adhesion' of air to mineral
particles is not so vital as was supposed, because air and
mineral rarely come in direct contact in the flotation
process ; usually either the air-bubble has an oily film or
the mineral itself has undergone oil-filming. The lower-
ing of the surface-tension of water is still a fundamental
factor, but this modification of the water is recognized
as chiefly important not for the first consequence, which
promotes the wetting of the mineral, but for its sec-
ondary result, which is to create a variable tension on
the surface of a bubble-film, and thereby strengthen it
greatly. The addition of acid has ceased to be essential,
it having been found that alkaline water is better for
the treatment of many ores. The acid, like the oil, is
supposed to serve more than one purpose :
(1) To adsorb on the gangue and aid the wetting of it.
(2) To promote the floceulation of gangue-partieles
and the separation of them from the valuable mineral.
tThe layer of liquid subject to surface-tension has a thick-
ness less than the radius of molecular action. R. S. Willows
and E. Hatschek. 'Surface Energy,' page. 8.
*'The Flotation Process,' 1916.
Pine grinding of the ore is recognized as necessary,
not only to separate the mineral from the gangue, but
to assist the making of a froth rich in mineral. No
longer is the mineral supposed to be buoyed by the bub-
bles, as if tftd to a cork, but the minute particles of min-
eral are believed to be drawn into the bubble-film, so
that, to pursue the simile, the life-preserver of cork sur-
rounds and encases the thing to be floated. The idea that
a fixed proportion of oil to ore is necessary has gone with
the supposition that oil only will perform the absorptive
function necessary to a stable froth. Colloidal sulphur,
sulphur di-oxide, and salt-cake have been proved effect-
ive agents in froth-flotation ; and we may expect a steady
increase in the discovery of such substances until oil,
which is expensive, is discarded. The part played by
emulsification and the formation of colloid hydrates are
becoming recognized as possibly important factors. The
violent type of agitation has been found unnecessary,
and, thanks to recent litigation, it is likely that the use
of compressed air under low pressure will supplant the
power-consuming devices of an earlier period. The
trend is toward simplicity both of treatment and appa-
ratus. When air and a cheap modifying agent are found
adequate for the making of a mineral-bearing froth then
the flotation process may be deemed fully developed.
The geology of the Telkwa district in British Colum-
bia has recently been reported upon by Victor Dolmage
who finds occurrences of interest. Among these is a
characteristic type of copper deposit, assumed to be new,
although similar occurrences are not uncommon in the
basin region of the south-western United States and
north-eastern Mexico. This consists in magnetite segre-
gations accompanied with chalcopyrite, bornite, and
tetrahedrite often associated with native silver, the latter
being disseminated through the magnetite in the form of
rounded grains. The ore is found in veins varying from
a width of a few inches to four feet, cutting the Hazleton
group of andesites, quartz porphyries, and tuffs. They
are mineralized as a result of two distinct epochs of vein-
formation, one following the intrusion of the Coast-range
batholith of quartz diorite, which was supposedly in-
jected during Jurassic time, and the other following the
Bulkley eruptives occurring in the Tertiary age and
bringing in diabases, lamprophyres, and soda-syenite por-
phyry. The earlier solutions deposited in the veins, in
the order named, quartz, epidote, hematite, pyrite, zinc-
blende, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, silver-bearing
tetrahedrite, and galena. The later solutions deposited
quartz, much hematite, epidote and calcite with pyrite
and chalcopyrite. The district, as might be supposed
from the description given of the characteristics of the
veins, is one capable of yielding only moderate amounts
of high-grade ore from pockets of superior enrichment
and from the careful cobbing of ore derived from the
wider veins.
China-clay is in sharp demand at the present time,
the domestic grades being quoted as high as $20 per ton
at Eastern points. The best imported fetches $35.
July 14, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
55
What is a Metalliferous Mineral?
By L. 0. HOWARD
.Must persons would probably reply off-hand to the
above query that a metalliferous mineral is a mineral
containing a metal or metals. I might query further,
"What is a metal?" I confess that I have always be-
lieved that I knew the answers to these questions and
that they were axiomatic. However, I have been dis-
abused by a document recently sent out to one of my
legal friends by the Commissioner of the General Land
Office at Washington.
For the past six years there have been mined in eastern
and south-eastern Utah ores containing vanadium,
uranium, and radium, present in the mineral carnotite
in certain Jura-Trias sandstone beds. Lode locations
have been the invariable method of entry. The shallow
depth of most of the ore and the lack of deeper explora-
tion have made the locators content to proceed without
patent. This has been shown to be an unsafe procedure
in certain cases. Lately, due perhaps to unsettled con-
ditions, many claims have been surveyed for patent. In
the Green River area in Emery county a petroleum re-
serve was established on March 14, 1912, as Petroleum
Reserve No. 25, Utah No. 2. This covered most of the
carnotite area and antedates many of the locations. Ap-
plication for a patent to a certain carnotite claim was
filed on September 24, 1915, consequent upon a location
made on January 4, 1914. On May 25, of this year, the
Commissioner of the General Land Office states that the
question "now arises of the metalliferous or non-metal-
liferous character of the mineral sought." The entry
was based on a location claiming a portion of a lode,
vein, or deposit "bearing uranium and other valuable
minerals," and it was stated in the application for patent
that ' ' the mineral found is carnotite ore. ' '
The record appears clear up to this point. The claim
was located and worked in good faith, assessment and
patent work done, survey for patent made and accepted,
and all requirements of the law fulfilled. The ground
was undoubtedly open to entry and patent if containing
metalliferous minerals, according to Section 2 of the Act
of June 25, 1910, as amended by the Act of August 24,
1912 (35 Stat., 697), which provides that "all lands
withdrawn under the provision of this act shall at all
times be open to exploration, discovery, . . . , and pur-
chase under the mining laws of the United States as far
as the same apply to ' metalliferous minerals. ' ' Now
comes the answer to the query, "What is a metalliferous
mineral?" or perhaps one had better say, "What is not
a metalliferous mineral?" Let me quote from a letter
of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, of March
7, 1917, to the Commissioner of the General Land Office
in relation to this case. The Director says: "Deposits
of carnotite or other radium-bearing ores are mined pri-
marily for the production, not of the radium itself, which
is chemically a metal, but of radium salts, which are non-
metallic. Metallic radium is seldom, if ever, produced,
and the non-metallic salts, chiefly the chlorides and bro-
mides, constitute the article of commerce. The radium
ores may be considered in the same category as potash,
limestone, or common salt, which, though the salts re-
spectively of the elements potassium, calcium, and
sodium, classified chemically as metals, have uniformly
been considered by the courts, the Department, and in
mining law as non-metalliferous minerals, as are borax,
. . . and similar substances. The question is some-
what further complicated by the fact that the radium
occurs only in extremely minute quantities in carnotite-
bearing ore, carnotite being a mineral which contains
uranium and vanadium. These ores, however, are earthy
and non-metallic in chemical character. 1 Vanadium is
not even chemically a metal, 2 and although uranium is
chemically a metal, ... as are calcium, the basic
element in limestone, and aluminum, the basic element
in clay . . ., such limited use as it has in the arts is
almost exclusively as an oxide or other salt. The Survey
believes that carnotite is not a metalliferous mineral in
the sense in which the term is used in this act." The
Commissioner quotes, in further support of his ruling,
Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, U. S.
National Museum, who, in his treatise on 'The Non-
Metallic Minerals, Their Occurrence and Uses,' says,
' ' Uranium is never used in the metallic state, but in the
form of oxides or uranates of soda and potash, and finds a
limited application in the arts."
On the basis of the above opinion the Commissioner
has allowed the claimant 30 days in which to show cause
why the entry should not be cancelled. The Commis-
sioner apparently bases his ruling on the following
premises :
1. Radium is not used in the metallic state but in the
form of certain salts, such as bromides and chlorides.
2. Vanadium is not chemically a metal.
3. Uranium, although chemically a metal, is prin-
cipally used as an oxide or salt.
4. Therefore carnotite, which is the economic mineral
containing radium, vanadium, and uranium, is a non-
metalliferous mineral, analogous to borax, salt, limestone,
and potash.
5. Land containing only non-metalliferous minerals is
not subject to entry under the terms of the Act with- :
lEqually true as to some forms of hematite, as for instance,
certain Mesabi iron ores.
2 What is a metal?
56
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
drawing petroleum lands from entry as mining claims.
With No. 5 we have no quarrel, since the law is ex-
plicit in this respect. Considering first No. 1, although
it is true that at present, for reasons well known to those
familiar with radium and its uses, it is deemed expedient
to market radium in the form of its salts, it becomes
pertinent to enquire into certain phases of its use, con-
sidered in a broader spirit than is shown in the opinions
quoted. What is the function of the salt and to what
does it owe its uses? For what is it valuable? "We may
say without question that all its uses are due solely to
the properties of the radium itself, without regard to
the form in which it may be. It may be contained in
barium chloride or common sand. The entire value de-
pends wholly on the content in metallic radium. The
salt, then, is not valuable owing to any particular prop-
erty of its own. Convenience merely requires that, for
easy and efficient use, the radium be carried in some con-
tainer or packing. What this container may be is im-
material, so that it be harmless. The barium chloride or
other salt performs the function of a carrier or con-
tainer, and this is its sole function. One might as well
consider that nails were sold in kegs, because a keg of
nails per se was especially valuable, rather than buy the
keg of nails for the sake of the nails themselves. A keg
happens to be a convenient container. An evidence of the
importance of the metallic radium is the present in-
sistence that all radium salts be rated in terms of the
metallic radium, for it is the metallic radium that is
important, not the salt. As to No. 2, it is obvious that
a strict interpretation places the metallurgists, manu-
facturers, and users of steel in the category of those who
use meaningless and incorrect terms to describe their
products. Docs No. 2 imply that ferro-vanadium is not
a ferro-alloy I If it does, our definition of alloy needs
revision. Webster gives it as a mixture of metals. Also.
in whal category are we to place tungsten, molybdenum,
nickel, aluminum, chromium, and other components of
ferro-alloys'.' Would not the ruling apply to ores of
these 'metals' as weU I
A comparison of No. 1, 2, and 3 shows some interesting
anomalies. No. 1 defeats the entry because, though
radium is chemically a metal, its use is not as a metal;
while vanadium is used as a metal, it is not chemically
a metal: and uranium, while chemically a metal is not
userl as a metal ; so that No. 2 and 3 arc also reasons for
cancelling the entry. Furthermore, how long is uranium
to be used principally as a salt? How long was tungsten
used oidy otherwise than as a metal, and how recently
was it found possible to make tungsten wire? Does the
Survey intend to say that vanadium and uranium are to
have, or do have, but slight use in the metallic arts? If
we adhere to the time-honored definition of an alloy, we
must admit that the use of vanadium and uranium in the
form of ferro-alloys is strictly as metallic substances.
Minerals carrying either of these metals are classed cor-
rectly as metalliferous minerals. If not, pray, what is a
metalliferous mineral? Wherein is the analogy to borax,
salt, limestone, and clayl These are all valuable solely
as such, and not because of the content in boron, sodium,
calcium, and aluminum, whereas the salts af vanadium
and radium are valuable solely because of their content
in these metals. Ferro-uranium is being advertised ex-
tensively today, and it is surely possible that uranium
may find its greatest use in this form.
Further, is it true that carnotite is, or has been, mined
principally for its content in radium? It would seem
that if it could be proved that at any time the carnotite
ores had been diligently sought, and were exploited, as
a source of vanadium and uranium for use in the metallic
arts, without regard to, or thought of, the radium con-
tained, this statement would lose its force. Early in
1912 I had charge of certain carnotite mines in the area
in question. What my clients sought, mined, and
shipped was a material to be utilized as a source of
uranium and vanadium, and not of radium ; in fact,
radium was not even considered. Such a competent
authority as Madame Curie had scouted the idea of these
ores being a commercial source of radium. Work done
by pioneers in Colorado was ridiculed and the term
'radium king' was facetiously applied to the chief ex-
ponent of the theory that these ores could be made to
yield radium commercially. However, his persistence
won success. It was only when the Utah ore was found
to be slightly too low-grade for the extraction of vana-
dium and uranium at a profit that attention was turned
to the possibilities lying in its radium-content ; and it
may be remarked that this particular ore was also rather
too low-grade for profitable radium extraction.
For many years previous to the attempt to extract
radium, countless attempts were made in Colorado to
treat these ores for their uranium and vanadium con-
tents. That complete commercial success did not ensue
was due to the process employed and lack of experience
on the part of the exploiters, not to say unsuitability of
the ore itself as a profitable source of these metals. Pre-
vious to the discovery of the large Peruvian deposit, a
mill was in successful operation in Colorado, furnishing
vanadium salts for the manufacture of ferro-alloys,
utilizing an ore as low in vanadium as many of the car-
notites and containing no uranium or radium whatever;
and much of the market was supplied from this source.
This mill is still in operation.
Finally, is there any doubt that the leading producer
of radium is also utilizing the vanadium and uranium
contents of his ore on a fairly large scale in the metal
industry? In fact, the Standard Alloys Co., a subsidi-
ary, markets both ferro-vanadium and ferro-uraniuin,
for the latter of which claims are made that may lead to
extended use. Is not, then, a mineral carrying uranium
and vanadium a metalliferous mineral in the sense in
which the term is used in the Act, as well as chemically?
Is earthiness peculiar to non-metalliferous minerals? Is
it in any sense a criterion ? Are not many hematites
earthy, many oxidized ores of copper, of lead, and of
many other metals? Are sulphide ores usually com-
posed of metalliferous minerals and oxide ores not?
And what is a metalliferous mineral?
.Inlv 14. l!M7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
57
Oruro Tin-Silver District, Bolivia
By FRANCIS CHURCH LINCOLN
The mini's Of Oruro were worked by the subjects of
the Ineas before the Conquest. Francisco Medrano, a
Spanish curate, learned of them from an Indian, and in
1595 opened the Socav6n de la Virgen and Atoeha mines.
The mines were developed until their silver production
rivalled that of Potosi, by the year 167S. With alter-
nating periods of bonanza and borrasca, the mines of
Oruro continued to flourish until the outbreak of the
Bolivian war of independence. In the three years preced-
ing this war. the silver mines of Oruro paid no less than
$40,000,000 in taxes to the Spanish Crown. As these
taxes were one-fifth of the production, the output must
have been at least $200,000,000. The Bolivian revolu-
tion resulted in a complete paralysis of the mining in-
dustry. It was not until 1885 that revival occurred,
when the Chilean Compania Minera de Oruro purchased
the ancient Soeavon de la Virgen mine and began work.
More recently, this company acquired the Itos property
which is separated from the Soeavon by the San Jose
mine. The latter mine was purchased by the Compania
Minera San Jose de Oruro, also a Chilean corporation.
These companies control the output of the district, which
at the present time is of greater value for its tin than for
its silver. According to M. G. F. Sohnlein, the silver
production of the Oruro district in 1915 was 780,000 oz.,
while the normal monthly production of tin concentrate
by the Compania Minera de Oruro is from 2500 to 3500
quintales and that of the Cia. Minera San Jose from 800
to 1000 quintales.
Oruro, with its 25,000 inhabitants, is second only to
La Paz in importance. It is on the Antofagasta-
Bolivia Ry., 147 miles south-easterly from La Paz, and
575 miles north-easterly from the Chilean port of Anto-
fagasta. Railroad connection is possible also with the
Pacific coast by way of Viacha over the Arica-La Paz
Ry. to Arica, Chile, or over the Southern Railway of
Peru to Mollendo, Peru ; while by way of Uyuni it will
soon be possible to go by rail to the Atlantic coast at
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Oruro lies on the Bolivian
plateau, at an elevation of 12,120 ft. above sea-level. To
the westward, beginning at the outskirts of the town, the
Oruro hills rise to heights of from 1000 to 1700 ft. above
the plateau.
The Oruro ore deposit is noteworthy as presenting the
best-known example of tin-silver veins. Special interest
attaches to this type of deposit both because of its rarity
outside the Republic of Bolivia, and because it forms a
connecting link between pneumatolytic and hydrother-
mal deposits, tin being characteristic of the former and
silver of the latter. The country-rock of the Oruro dis-
trict is quartz porphyry intrusive through Paleozoic
shales. The porphyry is probably of Tertiary age, and
may be more closely classified as a dellenite porphyry.
It contains large phenocrysts of quartz anil orthoclase
and has been highly altered in the vicinity of the veins,
as shown by micro-photographs made by Romana,* who
has exhaustively studied the district. The shales are
dark in color and frequently occur as included fragments
and blocks in the porphyry. The veins worked on all
three properties form a single linked system which ex-
tends in a north-westerly direction diagonally across the
northern part of the Oruro hills. The main vein, known
as the Purisima, has a strike of about N. 15° "W. on the
Soeavon ground, but has many bends and angles, and
develops a westerly strike at the Itos mine. Its dip is
likewise irregular, being at times as flat as 50°. The
width varies from 3 to 8 ft. The vein splits into numer-
ous narrow stringers around blocks of slate in the Itos
ground which re-unite when the vein passes into the por-
phyry on the further side. A depth of 1250 ft. has been
reached on the San Jose property. The veins are gen-
erally filled fissures with the filling 'frozen' to the walls,
but occasionally a fault separates the vein from the
country-rock and in places the filling penetrates the
wall-rock without a distinct line of demarcation. As a
*Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru, No.
57 (1908).
58
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
rule, when the veins enter the slates not only do they
break up into stringers but the tin disappears, though
the silver persists. The primary ore minerals are pyrite,
eassiterite, argentiferous tetrahedrite, argentiferous
jamesonite, and a little galena. The gangue-minerals are
those of the country-rock with a little vein-quartz. The
tetrahedrite contains about 5% silver and the jamesonite
0.2 / . Cassiterite and tetrahedrite both occur as irreg-
ular patches in the pyrite, at times separate and at times
intergrown, but the tetrahedrite displays a tendency to
occur as stringers, while the jamesonite is found mainly
in the form of tufts of fine radiating needles in druses
in the pyrite. In an interesting variety known as 'ring
ore,' pyrite cores are seen encrusted with cassiterite,
while the remaining spaces are filled with tetrahedrite
and jamesonite. The order of the ore-minerals is there-
fore as follows: pyrite, cassiterite, tetrahedrite, jame-
sonite. The pyrite stage, however, overlaps both the cas-
siterite and the tetrahedrite stages, while the cassiterite
stage overlaps that of the tetrahedrite. Thus, while the
deposition of tin was in part contemporaneous with that
of the silver, the silver precipitation continued for a
longer period. Rich silver chloride ores formerly oc-
curred in the oxidized zon« extending downward for
several hundred feet, but these were exhausted in the
early days. Along with the hornsilver ores were present
tin ores known as 'pacos' containing from 4 to 5% tin,
and from 6 to 9 oz. silver per ton. These were cast aside,
but recently have become the object of exploitation. They
are soft and porous, and contain cassiterite, clay, and
iron oxides. At times the eassiterite in the 'pacos' is
white and pulverulent, and it is then called 'white tin'.
Below the oxidized zone there was found a zone of sec-
ondary enrichment from which high-grade silver-sul-
phide ores were extracted in the Colonial period. Under-
neath the secondary sulphide enrichments is the pi-imary
ore which has shown no sign of impoverishment in depth.
From the offices of the Cia. Minera de Oruro, in the
city of Oruro, an ancient cross-cut tunnel, the Socavon
de la Virgen, whence the mine takes its name, extends to
the Purisima vein. The main workings of the Socavon
mine extend to a depth of 725 ft. below this tunnel. The
mine is worked through an incline-shaft which cuts the
Socavon de la Virgen and extends to the third level, 400
ft. below. Prom the third level a winze has been sunk on
one of the branch veins, near its junction with the Pur-
isima, to a depth of 325 ft. Ore from the Itos mine owned
by the same company is brought across the Oruro hills
by means of an aerial tramway. The San Jose mine of
the Cia. Minera San Jose de Oruro has a depth of 1250
ft., making it the deepest tin mine in Bolivia. The
Socavon mine uses electric power, developed by oil en-
gines. Jackhammer drills are employed in the mine. A
considerable amount of the sloping is from ancient fill-
ings and pillars. The mine timbering consists mainly of
dry-walls. About 25,000 gal. of water per diem is
bailed from the mine. Miners are paid three bolivianos
per day, which, at the present rate of exchange, is equiv-
alent to about $1.00. H. P. Grondijs is consulting engi-
neer for the Cia. Minera de Oruro as well as for Abelli
& Co. in the Paziia district.
All the ore is hand-sorted on the surface and the picked
ore shipped by rail to the mill.
Owing to scarcity of water at Oruro, the mills of the
Cia. Minera de Oruro and the Minera San Jose are sit-
uated on the Antofagasta-Bolivia Ry. at Machacamarca
and Poopo. The ore is given a chloridizing roast and the
silver is extracted by hyposulphite lixiviation, at the
same time leaching and precipitating what little copper
is present. The lixiviation. tailing is then concentrated
to recover the tin, the tin concentrate, locally known as
'barrilla', containing from 65 to 70% of that metal.
The Machacamarca mill is under the superintendence of
M. G. P. Sohnlein. The extraction at this plant is about
80% of the tin and 85% of the silver in the ore.
Zinc ore for retorting is roasted to a low-sulphur con-
tent. 'Faulty' sulphur, as it is known in the technology
of the art, is the sulphur remaining in the calcine in the
form of sulphide and as soluble zinc sulphate. This is
distinguished by determining the sulphur combined with
lead and calcium, and deducting that from the total sul-
phur found. The metallurgist assumes that the 'faulty'
sulphur exerts a deleterious effect on the zinc recovery,
while the sulphur present as calcium sulphate and as lead
sulphate is not released from combination in retorting.
Edward M. Johnson, superintendent of the Eagle Picher
Lead Co., says that it is still an unsettled question
whether the detrimental effect of the sulphur held by
zinc in the calcine is due to chemical reactions taking
place in the retort, thereby retaining zinc as a sulphate,
or whether it is because of poor condensation of zinc-
vapor. He states as his experience that no means has
been found for overcoming the difficulty, and the old rule
remains true that "one per cent of 'faulty' sulphur
retains two per cent of zine". Sulphide sulphur in the
calcine has a bad effect in forming matte, which exerts a
highly corrosive effect on the retorts. "The fireman, in
order to save his retorts from 'butchering' does not carry
the distillation as far as he might otherwise do, with a
consequent loss of zinc in the residue. On the other
hand, if the fireman insists upon working off the furnace
a high retort-loss ensues through the absorption of zinc."
Chemical industries will figure at the third National
Exposition under the auspices of the American Chemical
Society at the Grand Central Palace in New York during
the week beginning September 24. The advisory com-
mittee consists of Charles H. Herty, chairman, Raymond
P. Bacon, L. H. Baekeland, Henry B. Faber, Colin G.
Pink, Bernhard C. Hesse, A. D. Little, Utley Wedge,
and others. This will be the most notable representation
of American progress in chemical manufacture that has
ever been made. There will be meetings of the Chemical
and other societies, with addresses by the foremost scien-
tists of the country. The United States government is
also taking a hand in the exposition, and will contribute
in many ways to the interest of the occasion.
.lulv 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
59
As seen at the world's great mining ceiUres by our own correspondents.
wmemsmmmmmmmmBmmamxmmammiwmmmmmmmm\\mm\mmmmm\in.\
i :::...!
ALASKA
New iihiiih'«i.m on Knights Island ami Fidaloo Bay. — 'I'm
Stbiki at the KoMiiin Copper Mine Is Stiij. in- Fohci
but a Settlement is Anticipated. — Activity Neab Valdez.
W. A. Dickey, of Landlock, is developing what is known as
the Kua property near Rua cove on the east shore of Knights
island. This property was bought by W. A. Dickey and Fred
B. Snyder, the latter of Minneapolis, last fall. It is a large
pyrrhotite vein carrying copper. The development to date
consists of a 500-ft. adit and about 300 ft. of cross-cuts from
this adit. The orebody is exposed on the surface at intervals
by open-cuts for about 400 ft. and the outcrop can be traced
for 2000 ft. Under ground 300 ft. of development has been
done this spring under the supervision of Thomas Blakney,
the engineer in charge. Fifteen men are regularly employed.
A water-driven Ingersoll compressor furnishes power for two
jack-hammers, which work effectively. Development will be
continued during the summer, and it is expected that a large
body of low-grade copper ore will be blocked out.
At Fidalgo bay the Alaska Mines Corporation, under the
management of Byron Wilson, is working what is known as
the Schlosser property under a bond and lease. The com-
pany is shipping to Tacoma from 400 to 500 tons of copper
ore monthly that will average about 13% copper. Twenty-five
men are employed, and all mining is done by hand. The ore is
conveyed from the mine to the bunkers on the dock by a Tren-
ton aerial tram. The ore occurs in irregular lenses in a shear-
zone and is a very good grade of chalcopyrite. In prospecting
for the high-grade lenses considerable low-grade ore is being
found that may be milled at some time in the future. The
mine is opened on three levels by adits. Recently a lens
80 ft. long by from 5 to 10 ft. wide was found on the lowest
level. This is the largest body of shipping-ore so far found
during the intermittent working of the mine in the last seven
or eight years. This discovery makes the future of the prop-
erty look good.
At Cordova the strike at the Kennecott Company properties
is still on. The men are camped at Blackburn, four miles
from Kennecott. Saloons at McCarthy nearby are closed
tight and everything is peaceable and quiet. E. T. Stannard.
general manager for the Kennecott company, is to return
by June 25 and it seems to be the general opinion that the
strike will be settled within a few days. A few of the Ameri-
can and Scandinavian miners employed at the mines refused
to affiliate with the strikers on the ground that the men did not
keep faith with the company. These men are leaving, or have
left the camp. The mill-men and all the men at the lower camp
took the same view and are still working. The strike will not
affect the mill-output for some time as there is a large stock-
pile upon which to draw.
W. H. Seagrave, formerly general manager for the Kenne-
cott company, who now has an office in Seattle, is at McCarthy
directing the preliminary work for the Tjosevig-Kennecott
company, for whom he is consulting engineer. This company
is building a horse-trail from McCarthy to the Tjosevig prop-
erty, which is across the glacier from the Bonanza mine, pre-
paratory to doing considerable development work during the
coming summer.
The Ramsey-Rutherford mine, a small gold mine near the
Valdez glacier, nine miles from Valdez, shut-down on June 1,
Some prospecting is being carried on and it Is expected that
the mill will steirt up again in a couple of I the. This prop-
erty has been a steady producer for the last three years. It is
owned and operated by local people who installed a larger
compressor last winter, at considerable expense on account of
location, with which they had hoped to keep ore developed far
enough ahead to operate the mill continuously.
CRIPPLE CREEK, COLORADO
Output of the Disteict Increasing. — Low-gbaue Ore Formerly
considered as waste now being milled at a promt. —
Cresson Consolidated Has a New and Rich Vein. — New
Development Work. — Roosevelt Tunnel Drainage.
The output of gold ores from the mines of the Cripple Creek
district during the month of June, as compiled from the re-
ports of mill managers and district smelter representatives,
totaled 89,740 tons, with a bullion value of $1,064,465.50.
As shown in the accompanying table, local mills of the Port-
land Gold Mining Company treated the heaviest tonnage of
record, 43,650 tons, with a low average value of $2,016 per ton,
and a gross bullion value of $88,008. This tonnage of low-grade
necessarily brought down the average, and it is the lowest on
record, $11.86 per ton. Ore treated at the Independence mill
of this company carried a gold content of only $1.80 per ton.
The treatment figures of the several companies and plants
follow:
Average
Tons value Gross
Plant and location. treated per ton value
Golden Cycle M. & R. Co., Colo-
rado Springs 32,000 $20.00 $640,000.00
Portland G. M. Co., Colo. Springs. 10,190 19.25 196,157.50
Smelters, Denver and Pueblo.... 3,500 55.00 137,500.00
Portland G. M. Co., Victor mill. . .18,150 2.32 42,108.00
Portland G. M. Co., Independence
mill 25,500 1.80 45,900.00
Rex mill, Kavanaugh lease 1,400 2.00 2.S00.00
89,740 $11.86 $1,064,465.50
Including the June output the production for the six months
of 1917 has totalled 431,738 tons with the gross bullion value
of $6,201,668. The Roosevelt tunnel of the Cripple Creek Deep
Drainage & Tunnel Company, according to the measurements
taken by T. R. Countryman, consulting engineer for the tunnel
company, was advanced 153 ft. in June. The flow of water
from the tunnel, passing through the weir at the portal, and
flowing thence into Cripple creek, measured 5152 cu. ft. per
minute. This is the lowest flow recorded since the tapping of
the C. K. & N. water-course in 1912. Work was commenced
the last week in June, on a lateral to extend from the Roosevelt
tunnel to a point under the Cresson Consolidated Mining &
Milling Company's main shaft on Raven hill. A drift has been
started from the west side-line of the Old Ironsides claim of
the United Gold Mines Company, on Battle mountain, and is
headed north-east for the objective point. Low-grade ore is
found in the dike in which the drift is carried.
Stock-transfer books of the Cresson Consolidated Gold Min-
ing & Milling Company, and Golden Cycle Mining & Reduction
Company closed on Saturday, June 30, preparatory to the pay-
60
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
ment of the usual monthly dividends by these corporations on
Tuesday, July 10. The Cresson dividend at the regular rate
of 10c. per share will amount to $122,000; the Golden Cycle
dividend at 3c. per share to $45,000. The directors of the
Portland and Vindicator Gold Mining companies will meet this
week, when the regular quarterly dividends of 3c. each are
expected to be declared.
The Granite Gold Mining Company has gone upon a bi-
monthly dividend basis and will pay its first dividend of 1c.
per share on July 5, to all stockholders of record on June 30.
The amount is $16,500. It is the opinion of men in the confi-
dence of the management that the Granite company will short-
ly be placed on a monthly dividend basis. The Granite mine
is at Victor.
An important new discovery in the Cresson mine was
authenticated by A. E. Carlton, president of the Cresson com-
pany, the last week in June. A new vein has been opened up
at the 14th level of the main shaft, at a distance of 29 ft. from
the main Cresson vein. According to the president's statement,
the vein is 7 ft. wide and he further states that the ore is of
very good grade and will certainly average $35 per ton.
At the annual stockholders' meeting of the Modoc Consoli-
dated Mines Company, held in Denver the last week of June,
the former officers and directors were re-elected as follows:
Frank Cannon, president; A. H. Frankenberg, vice-president;
Richard Roelofs, Thomas Arneal, Mark A. Skinner, E. D.
Avery.
The operations of the company, as shown by the company
report, are being steadily enlarged and the upper levels of the
old incline-shaft have been leased and are producing. The com-
pany is sinking a new vertical shaft on the Battle mountain
end of its property on Bull hill and Battle mountain, and has
raised from the old workings at the 1100-ft. point to surface.
The shaft is being timbered with Oregon-pine square-sets. The
timber was held up by a Government embargo for several
weeks but was recently released, and is now at the mine in
quantity sufficient to square-set to the 1500-ft. level. The Ex-
celsior Mining, Milling & Electric Company, holding a long-
time lease on the Longfellow Gold Mining Company's Bull Hill
mine, through the Stratton Estate control of that company, has
sunk the new shaft to a depth of 300 ft. and has timbered it
down to 2S0 ft. Laterals will be run out to connect with the
workings of the Golden Cycle mine, extended into the Long-
fellow at the 500 and 600-ft. levels, when these depths have
been attained. The leasing company was operating through
the Golden Cycle and has a large tonnage of ore in sight, but
ceased operating through that mine and commenced sinking,
conditional on the lease extension. The Stratton Estate will
save the low-grade ore rejected by the company operating
through the Longfellow shaft, and dumping this low-grade and
waste ore on the ground.
COBALT, ONTARIO
Encouraging Pbospect for a Settlement or the Pending Labor
Dispute. — Aggressive Work Going on in the Mines.
During the fourth week of June ore and bullion shipments
from the Cobalt continued comparatively heavy. A total of 10
cars weighing approximately 763,190 lb. was sent out. Six
companies contributed to the ore shipments, Nipissing with
five ears leading the list. Bullion shipments for the week
totalled 313 bars, weighing 363,250.97 oz. and valued at $288,-
356.64. Bullion shipments so far during the current year
aggregate upward of 5,250,000 oz. valued at over $4,000,000.
The labor situation is still in a state of plasticity, and, al-
though the strike-vote taken Sunday last resulted in a large
majority in favor of striking, as a means of getting the 50c. in-
crease in the present base-wage, the situation is, nevertheless,
viewed with more or less optimism. It is generally believed
the men will finally, and before calling a general strike, decide
upon treating with their employers apart from their union
affiliations either individually or by committee. Should the
men follow this course, there would appear to be a possi-
bility of getting a 'high cost of living allowance' instead of the
present 'high price of silver bonus'. It was along these lines
that a settlement was effected at the Dome and Mclntyre
mines at Porcupine.
The Kerr Lake Mining Company has declared a special divi-
dend of 15c. per share, payable August 10 to shareholders of
record July 5. Half of this dividend will be paid the share-
holders and half will be devoted to patriotic purposes. The
camp is comparatively well supplied with labor, and in a gen-
eral way, developments are going forward aggressively.
PORCUPINE, ONTARIO
The Labor Situation Much Improved. — Wages Are Increased
and a Better Class of Miners Will Now Be Available. —
The Dome and McIntyre Have Hioh-grade Ore and Will
Increase Output.
The situation at Porcupine has improved during the past
week or so, and it is now certain that there will be no general
tie-up here. The Dome Mines company has decided to grant
its employees approximately 50c. per day above the regular
base-wage, which is along similar lines to the action taken
over a week ago by the management of the Melntyre-Porcu-
pine. Labor leaders have stated that although the Mclntyre
management did not deal with and did not recognize the union,
it nevertheless has dealt squarely with its employees and
will from now on benefit by any favors within the power of
the union to confer, in the way of sending the best available
men to work at the mine. The fact of the Dome Mines com-
pany having followed the lead set by the Mclntyre is expected
to have a beneficial effect, not only at Porcupine, but at Cobalt
as well. At present the Dome Mines employs only 350 men and
the increase of 50c. per day will amount to $175 daily, or about
$5250 per month. During 1910 the company paid $SOO,000 in
divdends, and at present there is upward of $700,000 in the
treasury, so that the $63,000 payable yearly under the recent
increase in wages will not greatly affect the earning power of
the company. In fact, the probable higher efficiency that will
result will, it is anticipated, more than make up for the added
outlay in wages. Early next week the cross-cut at the 700-ft.
level of tne Dome will probably enter the orebody 119 ft. wide,
that was indicated by the diamond-drill core and mentioned
but not included in the estimate of the annual report of the
company issued a few weeks ago. This ore is officially stated
to carry an average gold content of $17 per ton. By early
August the cross-cut will probably have crossed the entire
width of the body, at which time driving, winzing, and stoping
will be commenced. With ore once going to the mill from the
stopes in this high-grade ore the grade of the mill-feed will
probably immediately rise to new high-record for this mine.
Hitherto the average grade at Dome has been below $5 per
ton. When it is considered that the milling capacity of the
Dome is about 1500 tons per day, it can at once be seen that
every $1 added to the grade of ore treated would increase the
daily output approximately $1500, which would be a large net
profit.
On June 27 mining and milling operations at the Schu-
macher mine were suspended owing to the decision of the
directorate and management not to grant an increase in wages
to their men, and the impossibility of securing sufficient labor
at the old rate of pay. Mill construction, however, is being
continued at the Schumacher and the new mill will increase
the milling capacity to about 280 tons daily.
The four-weekly report of Hollinger for the period ending
May 20 was somewhat disappointing, in that gross production
had fallen off to $92,000 as compared with around $194,000
during the preceding period. The management, it is under-
stood, is now devoting more energy toward centralizing the
July 14. MIT
MINING and Scientific PRESS
CI
underground work pending the return to more normal labor
conditions and cost of supplies. This policy will ultimately
result In added net profit to those interested In the mine, and
with R return to pre war conditions a new high reeortl In the
rate of dividends will probably he established.
The Melntyre Is now employing about 350 men and pro-
ducing approximately $150,000 per month. Net profits amount
to nearly $90,000 monthly, which is almost on a par with the
Hollincer. Recently, the main orebody was cut by diamond-
drills at a depth of 1550 ft. and determined to be over 3U ft.
wide of high-grade milling ore. The main body, at the 1000-ft.
level, averages around $12.50 per ton.
It is the general opinion that the period of prolonged strain
through which the Porcupine district is passing is at an end,
and that increasing prosperity is at hand.
ELDORA, COLORADO
character of the tungsten ores of bol eiier county, coi.o-
r.viio. — An Important Change with Depth. — Operating
Companies. — MTU, Methods Compared. — Duty on Tung-
sten Ores SOUGHT.
Tungsten ores follow the same law as the ores of gold,
silver, and copper — free-milling at the surface, from which
much high-grade ore can be cobbed. In the early days milling
of tungsten was an easy problem, but as the ore-shoots in-
creased in depth the ores became more complicated and more
tightly bound to the rock in which they occurred and so more
difficult to handle; and at the same time they did not offer
the amount of free ore that might be cobbed from it as at the
surface.
Ores that have been sent to mills for milling have, up to
about two years ago, averaged over 10% tungsten tri-oxide,
where as now they are of an average of about 5% tungsten
tri-oxide. This with the fact that they are of a more compli-
cated nature has caused great changes in the method of
milling.
The depth to which tungsten goes is a problem. Some mines
give promise of good ore to considerable depth and others do
not. The Condor ot the Primos company was one that did
well to the 900-ft. level. The Clyde mine has great bodies of
low-grade ore at 300 ft. and all indications are that they will
continue to greater depth, at least the Wolf Tongue company,
which owns it, will continue to sink the shaft for investigation.
The Primos company is running at full capacity.
The Vasco Mining Co., associated with the Vanadium Alloys
Steel Co., of Pennsylvania, is running steadily. It purchased
the upper Rodgers tract and erected a 50-ton mill last year. It
also purchased the Boyd mill at Boulder and remodeled it for
tungsten ores, and it is running.
The Rare Metals Co., at Rollinsville, has erected a 50-ton
mill and is operating it, purchasing ores from the Beaver dis-
trict. This company has leased mines on Beaver creek and
will operate them.
Mr. Caudray, of Denver, has leased the Lone Chance mine
on Beaver creek, and also the Smith-Ardouel mill and will
mine and mill the ore from this mine.
Jack Clark, who has heen in the tungsten business for some
time, is mining and milling ores at Stevens camp.
The old Colborn mill, near Boulder, has been remodeled for
tungsten ores and will handle it for lessees and from its own
mines.
The Wolf Tongue Mining Co., at Nederland, which has been
in the tungsten business for 13 years and owns considerable
tungsten land, is producing heavily. It mines its own ores and
also leases ground. It has ten mines on the company pay-
roll and 20 sets of lessees taking out ore. The Clyde mine is
at present the heaviest producer. The Cross No. 1, operated
by lease, gives promise of becoming a great producer.
The Bonanza, Star, Orange Blossom, Hoosier, Tenderfoot,
and Town 1...I arc all on the shipping list. Several setH of
lessees arc running the float material over Jigs and tables and
shipping concentrate. The same plan of operation is u
the Primos company, the Vasco company, and others Id the
district.
The mills of the district vary in the methods of Dandling
(he ores. Some believe, and no doubt have sufficient reason for
it. that out one grade of concentrate should be made, and that
of a 60% grade. The Wolf Tongue company from years of
experience has arrived at the conclusion that two grades are
necessary; one of 00% and one of about 20%, called second-
grade; and, if necessary, to run the second grade through a
mill in the same way as crude ore and thus get the first-grade
from this second-grade. Some mills In one operation return
all second-grade ore to the re-grinding machinery as soon
as made and get the first-grade from it while the crude ore
is also going through the mill. This difference of opinion
has never been compared to see just which is the best, but the
Wolf Tongue mill, from careful work in both ways, has suffi-
cient proof to say that to mix the re-ground sand from the
tables or the second jig-product from the jigs with the crude
ore and mill both at the same time does not produce the best
results. The above statement is based on very careful work
and several trials. The best results con be secured by re-
running the second-grade by itself and not by treating it
with the crude ore. This, however, is a matter of difference
of opinion between mill-men here, and each no doubt has se-
cured results to prove his side of the question.
The price of tungsten due to the War has varied. Cali-
fornia with its large deposits of sheelite is ready to meet all
excessive demands, as well as Bolivia and one or two other
South American countries. The talked of tariff on tungsten
seems to be coming along well. The opinion of all the old
tungsten operators is that a tariff of $10 per ton will be
sufficient to meet all demands and insure a permanent business
for some years, and will enable the United States to meet
foreign competition. The tariff is a broader question than is
generally believed, for it involves the products in which tung-
sten is used.
Two or three companies are erecting refining laboratories at
Boulder for the making of tungstic acid and the Rare Metals
Co. at Rollinsville is going to make the acid also.
The future of the tungsten business looks good for many
years to come, or until the field here is worked out. As the
Wolf Tongue and Vasco companies are directly and indirectly
connected with steel companies in the East that will take their
products they will be doing business for some time. The
situation for the other companies is also good, from all that
can be learned.
All the dumps of former years of mining are being jigged
by lessees and screened and sent to the various mills. Greater
depth has increased the cost of mining, the necessity of pump-
ing water being one reason. The Wolf Tongue company has
been furnishing to lessees all equipments, pumps, pipe, and
motors, and charging a royalty of 25% on ore taken out. At
present it is not offering any more leases to anyone.
MEXICO
Effect of the New Constitution on the Mining Industry. — A
Short-Lived Strike. — Increase in Wages Anticipates
Trouble.
Mining conditions at Pachuca are fairly stable, with the Real
del Monte Co. milling 1800 tons per day, the Santa Gertrudis
Co. 1000 tons per day, and La Blanca Co. 500 tons per day.
Owing to the crazy labor provisions of the new constitution,
and to the increasing independence of the Mexican workmen,
the mining companies are anticipating a rough and stormy
voyage. At a meeting of the laborers recently a str';ke wes
called in which all the mechanics, hoist-men, pump-rr in, elec-
62
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
tricians, and the rest participated. In sympathy with them
most of the miners and mill-men walked out. The strike lasted
about a week, at the end of which hunger and thirst for pulque
forced them back to work. This is the usual outcome o£ these
strikes. The Santa Gertrudis Company, however, granted an
increase of pay to the workmen. This was probably a far-
sighted move, as all the companies will undoubtedly be forced
by the Government to accede to the demands of the workmen
i . the near future. Santa Gertrudis has thus gained the
goodwill of the powers that be.
CLIFTON, ARIZONA
The Arizona Copper Company Addresses an Open Letter to
Its Employees in Reply to That Issued by the Miners. —
Text of the Letter.
The Arizona Copper Co. has replied to the letter from the
union miners, the text of which appeared in the issue of the
Mining and Scientific Press of July 7. Folowing is the letter
of the company in full:
TO THE EMPLOYEES OF
THE ARIZONA COPPER COMPANY, LTD.:
In order that you may be fully informed of the answer re-
turned by this Company to the demands recently presented by
your Employees' Committee, I desire to put a copy of it in each
of your hands. The answer given was as follows:
To the Members of the Employees' Conference Committee, or
the Arizona Copper Company, Ltd.
Gentlemen: The conference committee, representing the em-
ployees of The Arizona Copper Company, Phelps-Dodge Cor-
poration, Morenci Branch, and Shannon Copper Company, have
presented for the consideration of the managers a number of
demands.
With regard to these demands The Arizona Copper Company
has the following answer to give:
No. 1. That any grievance arising among men working on
contracts shall be taken up in regular form by the grievance
committee.
The agreement at present in effect between the employers
and employees in this district provides that any employee,
believing himself to be the subject of unfair or unjust treat-
ment, has the right of appeal through the duly appointed griev-
ance committee of the department or company in which he is
employed, and that every employee shall have the right of
ultimate appeal to the manager of such company concerning
any conditions or treatment to which he may be subjected and
which he may deem unfair: under the above provision this
company recognizes the right of any employee working either
by the day or under contract to use such means in seeking
redress of any grievance which he may have.
No. 2. That any employee refusing to accept a contract shall
not be discriminated against or discharged for refusing the
same.
No men who are working in places where a contract is let
shall be discriminated against or discharged, on account of
same.
The present agreement fully covers such cases and no further
rule seems necessary.
No. 3. That seniority rule must prevail both in increasing
and decreasing the force.
This company cannot adopt such a rule in the operation of
its mines, as it would serve neither the interest of the em-
ployer nor employees generally, and would be in direct conflict
with the spirit of the agreement which provides that the
right to hire and discharge, the management of the property,
and the direction of the working force, shall be vested ex-
clusively in the company. The practice of this company in
the past when forces were increased or reduced has had regard
both for the efficient prosecution of the work and for the
personal claims of the workmen, as for instance: When prefer-
ence has been given to married employees when it has been
necessary to curtail the working forces. The adoption of any
rule that would limit the company's rights in this respect
cannot be considered.
No. 4. That time and one-half be paid for all overtime, and
that time and one-half be paid to all craftsmen and their
helpers for all Sunday work, the 4th of July and Christmas.
Inquiry amongst our employees developed the fact that a
large proportion of those who would be affected were such a
rule adopted is not in favor of this demand. We will, there-
fore, defer consideration of it until we can be shown that sub-
stantially the majority of those who would be directly affected
by it are in favor of such a rule.
No. 5. That the living conditions in this district are such
that we are compelled to ask for the Miami scale of wages.
This company recognizes the present conditions with respect
to the cost of living, as given by the committee as a reason for
the demand for an increase in wages at this time, such condi-
tions being due to the European war. and it is prepared to offer
as an offset to the present increased cost of living an increase
of 50c. per day to those employees who are receiving on the
present scale a base rate of wages of from 25e. to 46}c. in-
clusive, per hour, and a raise of 25c. per day to employees re-
ceiving a base rate higher than 46Ac. per hour. This offer to
take effect July 1. 1917, and to continue in effect until after 30
days' notice has been given its employees by this company.
This offer is made upon the following conditions, viz:
That its employees do not go out on strike, and with the
further understanding that such offer will be withdrawn in
the event of a strike occurring which shall have the effect of
suspending the operations of the company.
The company also desires to notify its employees that in
event of a strike it will refuse all guarantees with respect to
reinstatement of any employee, upon resumption of operations
thereafter.
THE ARIZONA COPPER COMPANY, LTD.
By Norman Carmrtiael. General Manager.
Clifton, Arizona, June 30, 1917.
When demands upon a company are made on behalf of em-
ployees through their committee and an answer is rendered, it
is customary for such answer to be communicated to the em-
ployees generally, especially when offers of compromise are
contained, in order to ascertain the wish of the majority as to
whether such answer is satisfactory or not. Such a course
indicates a proper conception of responsibility on the part of
the leaders and shows their respect for the intelligence of the
employees they represent.
A strike, involving loss of work to several thousand men and
the suspension of operations which sustain a large community,
is a very serious matter, and the hasty manner in which the
present strike was called without giving you an opportunity to
even read the reply which we made to your demands and with-
out giving you an opportunity to show, by your vote whether
you preferred to accept the answer given or to go out on strike,
indicates that your interests were not consulted in the matter,
and that your faith in your leaders is not well placed.
The offer which this Company made of an increase of 50
cents per day to those at present receiving from 25 cents to
46* cents per hour, base rate, meant that the largest propor-
tion of you would receive this increase to offset the present
high cost of living, and which you would enjoy during the con-
tinuance of such conditions. Do you realize that this offer was
made upon condition there would be no strike, and that, in
calling you out on strike without putting these facts before
you, your leaders have deprived you of that offer?
THE ARIZONA COPPER COMPANY, LTD.
By Norman Carmichael, General Manager.
Clifton, Arizona, July 2. 1917.
.lulv 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
63
THE MINING SUMMARY
The newt of the week >i* told hy our special correspondent* and. compiled fn m ''<■ local press.
i iiibiiihii ii
.■■;■■! i:
ALASKA
(Special Correspondence.) — Secretary Lane has directed the
Alaskan Engineering Commission to start mining operations
in the Matanuska coalfields immediately. Federal mine in-
spector, Sumner S. Smith, has heen named as resident engi-
neer and will take charge of the operations o£ the mines. The
purpose of the work is to furnish an immediate supply of coal
to the Alaskan Engineering Commission for its use in the
operation of its trains and construction work. It is expected
that the mines will be opened up on a comprehensive plan and
the work will be carried on under the supervision of Mr.
Smith with the co-operation of George W. Evans, district engi-
neer for the Bureau of Mines, stationed at Seattle, and who
already has had experience in the field. The reason for this
action is that the private operators not having commenced
operations on a scale that would insure the Commission an
adequate supply of coal, it was thought best for the Commis-
sion to operate its own mines for the time being at least.
Leasing Unit No. 7, with the equipment on the property, has
been purchased by the Commission to obtain an immediate
supply of coal and work will be started on Unit No. 12, at
Chickaloon, to supplement this. With these two mines in
operation the Commission will be assured of an ample supply
of coal, not only for its use locally but to supply the Govern-
ment boats visiting this harbor.
Reports received at Anchorage from Lewis river are encour-
aging and operators are satisfied that the camp will be pros-
perous. Breunerman and Hamilton reached their holdings
last week and will start operating on June 20. Peterson & Co.
started work on June 11. Sam Wagner and partner are sluic-
ing with good results.
The Alaska Copper company has filed location notices in the
office of the United States commissioner covering the Silver
Dollar, Phoenix, and Black Bear lode mining-claims situated
in the Harris mining district.
The officers of the steamer 'Alaska,' which reached Juneau
June 21, report that the people of Cordova have been unable to
gain any news of the Kennecott strike. It is known that 200
men walked out and that the ore is not arriving as rapidly as
formerly, but otherwise there is no further news of the strike.
E. T. Standard, manager of the mine, is returning north on
the 'Northwestern,' having left Seattle June 19. The Alaska
Treadwell company is contemplating the erection of a trestle
around the 'cave in' as the most feasible means of getting out
the heavy machinery. This will restore the transportation
system to its former status and will do away with tramming
over the 'high line' through the central crushing plant.
Treadwell, June 30.
ARIZONA
Cochise County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Mascot Copper Co. of Will-
cox, controlling 50 claims and operating a railroad 16 miles
long between Willcox and the mines, has been taken over by
the American Smelting & Refining Co. under a long-time lease.
The Mascot company has been shipping between 500 and 600
tons of ore per week. This production will probably be in-
creased.
Willcox, June 20.
On June 27 about 2500 of the 5000 miners employed in the
mines at Bisbee went on strike. They demand an increase in
pay and better working conditions. The companies most seri-
ously affected are the Copper Queen, the Shattuck-Ari/.ona,
and the Calumet & Arizona. The managers of these com-
panies are reported as saying they will close down every mine
under their control in the district rather than submit.
The Bisbee Review of July 3 says: Raising their sights, by
some action, the I. W. W. at Bisbee, have decided that, in the
words of one of last night's speakers at the City Park, "we
will not sign peace terms until every other company which
now has labor trouble on its hands acceeds to the demands of
the strikers, In every part of the country." This action fol-
lowed a similar announcement made by the Butte, Montana,
organization.
But for two mass meetings, held by the I. W. W. yesterday,
one in the afternoon and one last evening, the day was quiet.
No arrests were reported from any part of the district. One
Slavonian resident of Bisbee, however, reports having been
threatened with personal violence if he continued at work. He
was standing in front of the Busy Bee restaurant when ac-
costed by several men. He did not know any of them.
More miners and other underground workers reported for
work at the various mines in the district yesterday. The exact
increase in the working forces was not obtainable, but it is
said to be a substantial one. It is felt and expressed by many
men, thoroughly conversant with the situation, that nearly
complete forces will be on hand at the mines after July 4, on
which day the two companies have declared a holiday.
Many men continue to leave the district for other parts of
the country. The railroad ticket offices are crowded before
every outgoing train departs. It is estimated that upward
of 500 men have left Bisbee in four days. There is another
movement of the I. W. W. This seems to be in the direction
of the Globe-Miami and Clifton-Morenci districts. During the
first day or two of the trouble the influx of I. W. W.'s was
considerable. For some reason, attributed by many to a feeling
that the strike has been lost, the tide has set in an another
direction.
Gila County
Telegrams received at I. W. W. headquarters at Miami late
on the afternoon of July 2 assert that the metal-mine workers
at Jerome will strike in sympathy with the branches that have
walked out in the Globe-Miami district. The messages were
from the secretary of the Jerome branch of the I. W. W. or-
ganization. Local metal-mine workers say that many other
camps throughout the country will shortly follow with strike
orders in their effort to cripple the copper industry until their
demands are granted.
Mohave County
(Special Correspondence.) — Three Dorr agitators are being
installed at the United Eastern mill, which will increase the
total daily capacity of the plant to 300 tons or more per day.
The crushing capacity of the mill is 400 tons daily, but tank
capacity was originally planned on a basis of 200 tons. Six
months operation of the plant convinced the management that
daily capacity should be increased to at least 300 tons. De-
velopment is progressing on both the 565 and the 665-ft. levels,
opening up new ore reserves. The main shaft is being sunk
300 ft. deeper, a supplementary plant having been installed for
that purpose.
While a large amount of ore is being opened up at the Gold
Road property, it is not probable that milling operations will
be resumed there for some time. The increased cost of milling
and mining is given as a reason.
64
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 14. 1917
As high as 340 tons per day has been milled at the new Tom
Reed plant. In a supplementary report to the stockholders,
the board of directors stated that the company has ore reserves
of over 100.000 tons, sufficient to supply the new mill for one
year. Development is progressing on the Aztec vein, but
shipping of ore to the mill is confined to motor-truck haulage
pending the installation of the aerial-tramway. At the Adams
Mining Company's property in the Black Range, two parallel
ve'ns or fault-Assures have been explored by driving about
350 ft. from where it was first cross-cut from the shaft at the
400-ft. level. On one of them valuable ore has been opened
up for 50 ft. In anticipation of a heavy flow of water the
main cross-cut from the shaft is provided with a concrete
bulk-head and a steel door which can be made water tight,
thus protecting the pumping-plant on this level.
Though gold is heavier than tailing dust, it has been proved
at the Tom Reed plant that the heat of the sun will cause it
to come to the surface. Assays made of the tailing-dump last
year by Mr. Rabb, the superintendent, showed that the top
half inch of the pond carried about $15 per ton in gold, while
that below was practically of no value. Accordingly the pond
was systematically scraped and about $10,000 in gold re-
covered. This process is being repeated this year.
Oatman. July 3.
(Special Correspondence.) — On the 400-ft. level of the
Adams mine a body of payable gold quartz has been opened
up in a vein 350 ft. from the working-shaft. The vein is 14
ft. wide and driving is in progress along the foot-wall. C. H.
Palmer, Jr., is engineer for the Adams company and N. A.
D'Arcy is manager. The vein parallels one that has been
driven for 350 ft. without satisfactory results.
Diamond-drilling will be done to explore the Telluride
property adjoining the Tom Reed and the Sunnyside, by
J. I... Mclver, one of the discoverers of the United Eastern.
The same method will be tried at the Mohawk Central by
M. J. Monnette. This is the first time this method of pros-
pecting has been tried here, except on the old Moss mine,
where the Santa Gertrudis Corporation ran two diamond-
drill holes.
J. P. Loftus and J. K. Turner have started operation of a
new 30-ton ball and amalgamating-mill on the Oatman Gold
Top property in the Secret Pass district.
The Gold Ore Mining Co., adjoining the Gold Road, an-
nounces that it has commissioned Otto Wartenweiler, of Los
Angeles, to design a mill with a capacity of 200 tons per day.
A unit of 50 tons will be built first. Mr. Wartenweiler de-
signed the United Eastern mill.
Oatman, June 24.
Pima County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Growler mines, 16 miles
south-west of Ajo, have been bonded for $250,000 by a group
of Ajo capitalists. The Growler was owned by George H. Mor-
rill, of Boston. It was formerly known as the Colonial Cop-
per Co. There are 26 claims in the group. The mines are
worked through a shaft 325 ft. deep and a 200-ft. incline.
Tuscon, June 20.
Yavapai County
Ninety per cent of the day-shift at the United Verde copper
mine at Jerome reported for work on Sunday, following the
rejection Saturday by members of the Jerome local of the Inter-
national Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers of a pro-
posal to submit to the membership a strike vote on the question
of joining the Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 800,
of the Industrial Workers of the World, in a strike declared
Saturday by the latter organization in the Jerome copper
district.
All of the smaller mines, which closed down on July 7 pend-
ing announcement of the result of the vote, were at work with
practically full forces today.
Yuma Cuukty
(Special Correspondence.) — Mining is active in the hills
adjacent to Wenden and Salome. At Salome the Navajo Mines,
Cobrita Verdi, Glory-Hole, and several others are coming into
prominence.
At the Navajo Mines there is an encouraging showing, and
an adit on the main vein is being driven. Charles Redall, of
the Cobrita Verdi, has recently shipped in machinery from
Goldfield, Nevada, and is installing it preparatory to starting
work. At the Glory-Hole, with a complete equipment of ma-
chinery, including jack-hammers, Ernest Hall, in charge, has
men developing that property. The Harqua Hala mine, under
direction of John Martin, is developing and is expected to be-
come as prominent again as in the bonanza days when over
$2,000,000 was taken from one level. It is said that a con-
siderable tonnage of ore has been opened up there, but it is
of a different character from the ore on the upper levels. It
is more base, and carries copper as well as gold. Formerly
all ore taken from here was free-milling. The old 40-stamp
mill and a complete equipment is on the property. There has
been talk of putting in either a concentrating-plant or flotation,
as too much of the value is lost by simple amalgamation.
George Easton and E. A. Stent, lessees of the Critic mine,
which, is owned by George B. Layton, of New York, are steadily
operating their property in Cunningham pass and have dis-
continued leasing to miners and will work the mine them-
selves. The last car shipped from there returned 1.05 oz. in
gold and 19.84% in copper per ton. From two to three cars is
shipped from there monthly, and the former lessees were
making big money.
The superintendent of the Black Reef mine in Cunningham
pass, has been getting chalcopyrite from the bottom of his
shaft, which is now down 300 ft. Mr. Scott, one of those in-
terested in the Black Reef, and who is also interested in the
Superstition and known among his friends as 'Lucky Scott,'
has been called to Canada to join his regiment.
Mr. Ormsby, of the Wenden Copper Co., is steadily sinking
a shaft to reach the permanent water-level. He is backed by
Globe people who are interested in the Old Dominion.
Wenden, June 28.
CALIFOh'XIA
The amount of oil available in the various areas of Cali-
fornia has been summarized in a report made to the State
Council of Defense by R. P. McLaughlin of the State Mining
Bureau. The visible supply of oil has been rapidly decreasing
during the past year. A special committee, headed by Max
Thelen, of the Railroad Commission, has, for several weeks,
been engaged in investigating the oil-supply of the State, which
furnishes power for railroads and many other industries of
vital importance at the present time. The report dealing with
the oil remaining underground has been compiled from pro-
duction records and well-logs filed with the Mining Bureau
during the past two years incidental to the work of protecting
the fields from damage by improper well-drilling. Future use
of the information will be determined entirely by the State
Council of Defense.
El Doeado County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Cincinnati gold quartz
mine, situated 10 miles by auto-road north-west of Placerville,
in the Kelsey mining district, now has 10,000 tons of friable
free-milling quartz practically blocked-out, and the manage-
ment is proceeding to have installed a 5-stamp mill of 1000-lb.
stamps, to be operated by an oil-engine. Burr Evans, the local
mining engineer, states that such a mill will readily crush 25
tons per day of the kind of material to be reduced. No rock-
breaker or concentrator will be required. The free-gold will
all be recovered on the battery-plates.
The ore consists of a yellow ochre-like material, stratified
with numerous small stringers of crumbly quartz, with an
July 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
65
occasional egg-shaped lena ol high-grade ore about the Bice ol
a football. The pay-shoot averages 18 ft. wide, and will run
nut leas than $3.50 free-gold per ton, without Including the
high-grade lenses. The ore can be mined by auger-bo
light blasting, and picking, and conveyed by gravity through
ft. ailit ti> the mill at a cost Of 28c per ton.
The cost of milling the ore is estimated not to exceed 54c.
per ton; thus making a total cost of SOc. per ton for mining
and milling. Then, after allowing 70c. per ton for continuous
new development work and overhead expenses, it is figured
that it will net not less than $2 per ton. The mine is being
operated by Berkeley and San Francisco capital. In this dis-
trict in the SO's the ECelsey mine was operated for some time
at a cost of less than 50c. per ton for mining and milling.
Placerville, July 3.
Fresno County
(Special Correspondence.) — Dan Yokovich, of Shawmut,
Tuolumne county, has discovered what may prove to be a
valuable vein of molybdenite-bearing rock in the granite at
or near the Inyo-Fresno county line in the Sierra Nevada.
Analyses of samples have returned 3.4% of molybdenum sul-
phide.
Shawmut, July 2.
Modoc County
At Copper Peak, the Valley View Mining Co. is reported as
ready to start a new adit at the foot of the mountain. This
will cut the shaft and the orebody from which ore was ex-
tracted last year at about 1200 ft. depth. There is from 5 to
7 ft. of azurite and native copper. The adit will also cut the
white metal nickel-cobalt veins before it reaches the copper
veins. The copper ore averages 45% copper and $4.50 gold.
The nickel veins give 14% copper and $S.40 gold on assay. No
assay was made for nickel. Owners of the copper group on
the east of the Valley View prospect have given an option on
their property to R. Kemp Welch.
Parties in the East are negotiating with Mr. Welch, owner
of the Copper Gold group, 16 claims, with from 12 to 14 ft. of
oxidized copper ore at surface. In the group are several veins
which pan copper. Two veins pan gold.
The mines are within three-quarters of a mile of the foot of
the mountain, and are reached from Alturas, 34 miles, on the
N. C. O. R. R„ by auto-stage, or 14 miles distant from Miller's
Ranch station on the same railroad.
Colorado people came in last week and are at work, having
secured options and paid some cash on a claim seven miles
south. There will be great activity here this summer.
Shasta County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Noble Electric Steel Co. is
constructing a blast-furnace at its Heroult iron-smelter, with
a capacity of 30 tons per day. It will be operated in conjunc-
tion with the electric-furnaces and is scheduled to go into
service within 30 days. Difficulty in securing electrodes is in-
terfering with electric-smelting and plans have been prepared
for manufacture of electrodes at San Francisco. It is planned
to keep five electric-furnaces in constant operation for the pro-
duction of pig-iron, ferro-chrome, ferro-manganese, and sim-
ilar products.
The Afterthought Copper Co. has arranged for the immedi-
ate building of a large roaster at its Ingot plant. The copper-
zinc ore will be treated by leaching and flotation, according to
recent advices. Several buildings are under construction and
the mine has been placed in condition for a heavy output. Be-
sides copper and zinc, the developed ore is said to average
better than $1.50 per ton in gold and silver.
The Mammoth Copper Co. has acquired the Keystone copper
property on Flat creek, from Robert Strenson, George A. Groto-
fend, and William Slennon, of Redding. Four thousand dol-
lars has been paid and the balance will be met in installments.
The deal calls for extensive development pending consumma-
tion of the purchase.
Prospecting ol dredglng-ground is active around Redding.
The El Oro company is vigorously exploring a wide area north
of town, and the fiardella int. tests arc Iiiib.v along Clear creek.
Construction of fum- dredges by this company will be pressed
as fast as lumber and other material can lie secured. Several
other companies are testing gravel with promising results. It
is reported another effort will he made to work the extensive
gravel deposits in the vicinity of Igo.
Redding, June 28.
COLORADO
San Juan County
The Lackawana mine near Silverton has been cleaned out
and promises to become once more a substantial producer.
The J. B. Smith tunnel, which is in 1200 ft., is once more in
good condition. A cross-cut was run at the face of the old
tunnel and a vein was found in 15 ft., which has now been
followed for 200 ft. The vein is from 3} to 5 ft. wide, and a
stope has been carried up 90 ft. Net returns on a carload of
ore recently sent out were $10S in excess of any carload that
has been shipped from there. There is also in another place
3i ft. of galena.
San Miguel County
Manager Barnhart of the Mountain Top Mining Co. says that
the new mill, recently completed 400 ft. underground in the
Mountain Top mine, is doing good work since it was finished
several months ago, says the Ouray Plaindealer. He is work-
ing three shifts each 24 hours and getting about 80% of the
possible capacity of the mill. He has ordered steel-chrome
balls for the mill and as soon as they arrive he expects to be
able to put through approximately 50 tons of ore daily. Ed-
ward Treweek, former mine superintendent of the Wanakah
and Vernon mines at Ouray took charge of the mine and mill
about one month ago, and the results of his experience and
executive ability are already apparent in increased production
of both the mine and mill.
IDAHO
Shoshone County
(Special Correspondence.) — As a result of the sale of the
Keystone mine, also known as the Blacktail, on Pend Oreille
lake, nearly $250,000 is being distributed to the former stock-
holders on an issue of 1,746,440 shares at the rate of 13Jc.
per share. There are upward of 50 beneficiaries, nearly all of
whom are residents of Spokane. Washington, and of British
Columbia. Volney D, Williamson sold the property to Henry
H. Armstead for $250,000 several months ago. The Keystone
mine was acquired and developed to the point of important
production by Mr. Williamson and associates, and is now in
the possession of the Armstead mines, of which Henry H.
Armstead is the controlling owner. Associated with Mr. Arm-
stead is a group of the foremost tobacco manufacturers of the
East and South.
The Tamarack & Custer Consolidated Mining Co. will add
$900,000 to $1,250,000 to the production of the Coeur d'Alene
region in the last half of this year, according to estimates.
It has been estimated that the equipment is capable of han-
dling 300 to 400 tons per day and of producing 60 to SO tons
of concentrate containing 40 to 48% lead.
The average content of the ore is 8 to 10% lead, 6 to 8 oz.
silver, and a small quantity of zinc. The zinc will be saved
by flotation. About 250 men will be employed in the mine and
mill when operations are under way. The labor and other
costs will be $1500 per day. The cost of production has been
running close to that of other large properties of the district,
although hauling has been a large item of expense. It is be-
lieved tnis item will be reduced now that a tramway has been
installed, especially if a means is found of handling timber
on the tramway.
The mill of the Hercules Mining Co. at Wallace is receiving
66
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
ore at the rate of 700 tons per day, according to a report re-
recieved this week. This is 50 tons in excess of its expected
capacity. If the report is correct the company is producing
in excess of its production for 1916. The official figures for
that period show a shipping product of 87,179 tons having a
gross value of $7,278,258. This is at the rate of nearly 250
tons per day and $90 per ton. The Hercules paid $1,501,129
for extraction in 1916. This cost now will be greater as a re-
sult of higher charges for labor and supplies. It is believed
ihe net profits will be greater than those of 1916, notwith-
standing an exceptionally low grade of ore. Much ore from
the Hercules mine has gone to the Consolidated smelter at
Trail, B. C, and the Day smelter at Northport, Washington.
Some of it will now go to the Bunker Hill & Sullivan smelter
at Kellogg.
Spokane, July 1.
The Snowstorm Consolidated produced 7400 tons of ore in
May. the first month of its operation. The rate of production
was a little better in June — probably 7600 tons. The mill has
been receiving 240 to 250 tons daily since the start. The ex-
traction was good from the beginning.
The Dreadnaught Mining Co. has cut an orebody and the
conditions are favorable for the development of an important
tonnage. The first orebody opened in the Dreadnaught, 3J ft.
wide, was cut at a depth of 730 ft. The average content is 10
oz. of silver, 12% lead, and 4 to S% zinc. In a better part of
the shoot it runs 36% lead, 19% zinc, and a larger quantity of
silver.
NEVADA
Humboldt County
(Special Correspondence.) — In the spring of 1916 Lovelocks
was much excited over the discovery that tungsten minerals
occurred at many places in the vicinity, and many claims were
located, followed by the construction of two large concen-
trating mills. Now Lovelocks is again excited over a new
discovery — this time potash. J. C. Smith, Herman Markes,
E. F. Hunter, and C. Offers, who had located several claims at
the mouth of Cole canyon, 6 miles north-east of Lovelocks, at
the south end of the Humboldt range, discovered potash on
their claims. L. B. Snipes who saw the rock thought it con-
tained potash, and an analysis proved his guess to be correct.
The owners told their friends, and Lovelocks was promptly
practically deserted, all hands hurrying to the scene of the
new discovery, at the place that has been called Kopatka,
where many claims have been located. There is a little soft
earthy incrustation, but the best ore. which occurs in large
amount, is hard and compact, resembling rhyolite.
Lovelocks, June 26.
It is reported that a discovery of importance has been
made in the Seven Troughs Coalition mines at Vernon, where
2 ft. of ore running $600 per ton in gold has been found.
Nye County
(Special Correspondence.) — The shaft-sinking at the White
Caps has progressed steadily during the past week. The bot-
tom of the shaft is 120 ft. below the fourth level. One more
set of timbers will be placed and then the fifth-station set will
go in. The ground has been so hard that piston-drills have
been used in the shaft. The east drift on the 300-ft. level has
been advanced 15 ft. during the week, through marbleized
limestone, and this characteristic has been observed in the
vicinity of the orebodies both east and west from the shaft.
It seems probable that a new orebody will shortly be reached.
In the west drift 300 ft. has been made with no material change
in the face. The water has decreased to some extent during
the week, and is now easily handled by the pumps. The total
flow is 115 gal. per minute. Seven hearths of the roaster have
been completed and the drying-hearth will be finished shortly.
The crusher-house is complete and ready for operation. The
mill will be ready to crush ore by July 1. The cyanide de-
partment of the mill also is ready for operation. The roasting-
flue and stacks are not yet completed. Dahl oil-burners will be
used for heating the roaster and the material for the burners
is at the mill ready for installation. In mill-construction
little remains to be done except as noted above.
The manager of the White Caps Extension, O. McCraney,
has returned from Goldfield, where he purchased a Hendrie
& Bolthoff No. 4 electric-hoist. A 40-ft. head-frame was also
obtained. Negotiations are on for a large air-compressor.
The first round in the Extension shaft has been shot, and as
soon as the machinery is installed, shaft-sinking will be
urged as fast as possible.
The installation of the 40-hp. electric-hoist at the Morning
Glory No. 1 shaft has been completed and shaft-sinking is
proceeding. The shaft has been sampled each day. The last
assay, taken from the shaft bottom, shows an average of $5.65
in gold. The 4-drill compressor is about complete and as soon
as the necessary air-pipe reaches the mine machine-drills will
be used in the shaft. The development in the No. 3 shaft of
the Morning Glory has reached a depth of 40 ft. This shaft
is close to the White Caps west side-line, and about 100 ft.
north-east from the No. 1 shaft of that company, which for the
past 15 ft. has been in pay-ore, with considerable calcite in
the hanging wall. The past three days work in the shaft has
been in ore with assays of $40. Two samples assayed $200
and $140 respectively. This shaft is being sunk on a lime
and shale contact and is developing ore underlying the various
orebodies developed in the White Caps property west of the
old White Caps Leasing Co. shaft.
In the Amalgamated property the east drift on the 600-ft.
level has been extended 16 ft. and is out 364 ft. from the shaft.
Work was retarded during the early part of the week by a
heavy flow of water from a longitudinal fault carrying good
gold ore, evidently the edge of an orebody.
At the Manhattan Consolidated a drift was started along the
ore on the foot-wall to determine the length of the shoot,
which on the second level was So ft. long and 25 to 40 ft. wide.
One round was fired in this drift, breaking 6 ft., and the
greatest high-grade ore-pocket ever developed in Manhattan
was exposed. To a depth of 6 ft. and for 8 ft. in the vein
from the foot-wall, manganese mixed with yellow oxide, a
soft gouge-like material shows full of free gold. Some of the
gold is in crystals, but it is mostly wire and flake-gold. One
panning made from the soft material, without mortaring pro-
duced $20 worth of gold with strings of wire-gold welded to-
gether. Eliminating the pockets where the gold shows, a sam-
ple of the ore was taken, two ore sacks being filled, to get an
average of the 8 ft. This sample assayed $53! in gold.
White Pine County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Nevada Consolidated Cop-
per Co. has started up the north half of its new crushing-plant
and it is running satisfactorily, handling between 600 and 700
tons per hour, reducing the ore to about J-in. size. Formerly
the ore went to the rolls, in lumps the size of one's two fists.
The ore carries normally 3 to 4% moisture.
The Consolidated Copper Mines Co. is shipping two cars
of $' , ore to the McGill smelter per day from the old Alpha
workings. It is an oxidized silicious ore. The mill is han-
dling between 500 and 600 tons per day of 2% ore from the
Morris workings. The other unit is expected to be in com-
mission this month. Two drills are in operation.
The old Ward mine is shipping 50 to 75 tons daily. It is
being hauled with the Knox auto-trucks.
Several lessees are working on lead-silver ores throughout
the county; there are five separate leases on the Hunter mine,
18 miles south-east of Cherry creek. The man in charge repre-
senting the Eastern owners charges each shipper $15 per car
shipped. This is paid him by the smelting company as an 'in-
spection charge.' which the shippers consider exorbitant.
The ores from Hamilton will be hauled to Kimberly and go
July M. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
67
out over the Nevada Northern railroad because Mr. Sc\ton, the
manager of the Hurekal'allsades railroad, refuses to handle
it. The State Railroad Commission will probably make an in-
-i (ion
Steve Pappas, who made t lie lirst discovery of gold ore in
Willow creek, 100 miles south-west of Ely. a few years since,
recently made another discovery on the extension of one of
the known veins. On the surface he took out a pocket of 1100
lb. for which the smelter paid him $501.
Some Salt Lake people have made him a small cash pay-
ment and taken a bond on it. Some of the same people did
the same on the original discovery, did a little work and
quit. There have been several small pockets of rich ore found
there during the past three or four years, but they have all
been dug out quickly.
The Consolidated Copper Mines Co. has closed contracts with
the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. to mine by August 15.
191S, from its Oro claim, at the entrance of the Liberty pit,
425.000 tons of ore and to mill and smelt the same. At the
end of this period the company will continue to mine and treat
at least 75,000 tons per annum from the same place for a
period of five years.
The Nevada Consolidated also will treat all of the concen-
trate made by the Consolidated Copper Mines Co. for a period
of five years from May 1. 1917. This latter includes sufficient
high-grade smelting-ores (equal to about two carloads per day)
to make the total 150 tons per day.
The Copper Mines Co. (old Giroux) is treating in its new
mill upward of 15.000 tons per month of its ores that average
around 2 r <- copper, from the Morris workings. The second
unit, of equal size, is expected to be ready for operation some
time during July. Delay has been caused by non-delivery of
material. On the basis of 25c. copper, with costs at 121c,
when the other unit is in operation, this company should make
over $2,500,000 net during the next year.
The direct-smelting ore, now going to the smelter, runs
about 12% copper. The development from the Giroux shaft,
on the west side, in and beyond the old Alpha workings, is
showing up some rich oxide in bodies up to 50 ft. wide.
The management appears to be in good hands, where the
stockholders will get a square deal. Humphreys, Burgess,
and Merritt, who have the operating control, are good business
men, who desire to develop the property as an investment.
Ely, July 1.
NEW MEXICO
Dona Ana County
El Paso men have taken one year's bond and lease on the
Atlas Apex group in the Quartzite mining district. The Atlas
and the Apex are the principal mines in the group. Twenty
tons of ore was shipped this week from the "Willow Creek mine
on the upper Pecos to the smelter at Salt Lake City for a
test run. D. C. Jackling and other owners of the Salt Lake
smelter are reported to have interested themselves in the
upper Pecos and Dalton districts. The extensive development
work now going on within 30 miles of Santa Fe is said also
to be at their behest.
Sierra County
The famous Bridal Chamber mine, at Lake Valley, is again
being worked, but for high-grade manganese ore of which three
carloads per day are being shipped to the steel mills at Joliet,
111. One hundred men are employed and two new hoists have
been installed.
The Empire Zinc Co. is making a topographical survey of
its 42 claims in the Kingston district in the Black range. The
Kangaroo Mining Co. will install a gasoline-compressor and
machine-drills for the driving of a tunnel S00 ft. from Saw Pit
canyon.
Socorro County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Socorro Mining & Milling
Co. cleaned up 1800 lb. of gold and silver bullion for the first
half of June. New ore-biiiB are being added to take care of
the Increasing custom imsineBB.
The Oaks Co. has increased ore shipments from the Maud S.
property. Another lot of burros has been added to tho pack-
train. The new wagon-road to the Central shaft has been com-
pleted and lumber is being delivered at the shaft collar. The
head-frame is nearing completion.
Complete surface and underground surveys are being made
on the Confidence property and the indications point toward
an early resumption of operations at this old producer.
Mogollon, June 28.
TEXAS
Burnet County
(Special Correspondence.) — It is announced that the Texas
Graphite Company soon will be re-organized and taken out of
the hands of the receiver. The company owns a large deposit
of graphite, situated near here, upon which it invested more
than $200,000 in improvements. It is planned to resume the
development of the property about August 1. McCarty Moore
has installed a graphite-concentrating mill and other equip-
ment upon a large deposit of graphite which he is developing
near Llano. He is making shipments of the graphite concen-
trate to Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio.
R. H. Downman, of New Orleans, who is developing a deposit
of graphite 30 miles north of Burnet will construct a mill for
the purpose of treating the raw material. This property con-
sists of 2450 acres of perpetual mineral rights.
Burnet, July 1.
CANADA
British Columbia
Ore valued at over $350 per ton in gold, after payment of all
freight and treatment charges, has been discovered by the
operators of the Emancipation group of claims near Hope.
The group from which this ore was obtained is situated on the
Coquahalla river, 16 miles from Hope, and close to Jessica
station, on the Kettle Valley railway. The property is owned by
Michael Merrick, Herbert Beech, and William Thomson, who
are the discoverers. It is bonded to C. H. Lighthall at $125,-
000. Mr. Lighthall represents New York capitalists.
Recently a shipment of ore was sent to the Taeoma smelter,
and after freight and treatment charges were deducted, $18,295
was netted from 53 tons. The vein is at the contact of slate
and diorite and can be traced for almost 2000 ft. It pans free
gold for almost the entire distance and in places is 12 ft. wide.
At 23-mile camp, on the Princeton road, large bodies of
copper and silver-lead ore are awaiting development. At Jones
Lake the Foley, Welch & Stewart interests are diamond-drilling
their property recently bonded for $100,000.
Ontario
(Special Correspondence.) — The La Rose directors have
voted $30,000 for development work on their Violet claim ad-
joining the O'Brien mine at Cobalt.
The Buffalo Mining Co., of Cobalt, is this year helping its
employees to defeat the high cost of living. The mine cleared
up the Watash claim for farming purposes, supplying teams,
explosives, and labor free for the work. The married em-
ployees organized into squads under shift-bosses and each
individual in the organization is required to do at least 50
hours work on the farm. The mine furnished the seed and
the produce is to be divided among the men in proportion to
the size of their families. Sixty miners are in the association
and about 20 acres of land has been cleared. J. G. Dickenson
of the O'Brien mine is in Nova Scotia; Stanley Graham of the
Technical College, at Halifax, is in the Cobalt district; the
Huronia Gold Mines are being re-opened by a syndicate com-
posed of Quebec and Cobalt men. J. Young, underground super-
intendent of the Hollinger mines, has returned from Montana.
68
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
The flotation-process is becoming increasingly important at
Cobalt. The present users of the process are the Buffalo mines,
McKinley-Darragh-Savage mines, the Nipissing mines, the
Coniagas mines, the Dominion Reduction Co., the Northern
Customs Concentrators, the National mines, and the Trethe-
wey mines. The Buffalo mines, with a 600-ton per day plant,
has the largest installation.
Cobalt, June 30.
MEXICO
SONORA
An official of Green-Cananea Copper Co., at New York, says
he doubts correctness of dispatches from Mexico attributing
certain accusations to Secretary Nieto of Mexican department
of finance against the Cananea Consolidated, the operating
company of Greene-Cananea, as the company is acting and has
always acted entirely within mining laws of Mexico. State-
ments purporting to have been given out by Secretary Nieto
state that the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. had refused
to pay taxes on 7702 mining claims, which were overdue and
owing to the Mexican government, had moved machinery
across the border, closed up its hospital and ejected its patients.
It is true the company has abandoned these 7702 mining
claims. This was done in accordance with laws of Mexico and
followed the inauguration of the high-rate mining tax put
into effect more than a year ago. Failure to pay taxes on min-
ing claims constitutes an abandonment of all rights, and there
is no provision in the law calling for any specific notification to
the government. The company has paid taxes on all claims
retained.
Last April a representative of the stamp-tax office and the
principal administrator of the tax at Nogales conferred with
officials of the company in Nogales. Nothing further was
heard until June 12, when Secretary Nieto telegraphed that
if t"he taxes (which would have been due if the claims had not
been abandoned) were not paid within 15 days the right of ex-
port of bullion would be withdrawn. As it was manifestly im-
possible to operate if the company was not permitted to ex-
port metals, and as it was an illegal and arbitrary action, it
was decided to cease operations before the date set. As to the
other charges the official says: "There is no truth in the charge
that the company secretly sent out some of the machinery nor
in the charge that the hospital was closed and patients ejected.
The company left its own physician and staff in charge of
hospital patients, and the local Mexican officials arrested them
and put a Mexican physician in charge, but the following day
released the American physician and attendants and they are
now in charge of the hospital under direction of a Mexican
agent."
Edward Steidle, engineer in charge of Rescue Car No. 1 of
the U. S. Bureau of Mines, announces that Car No. 1 will be at
the several places named below, at the times specified: Salt
Lake City, Utah, July 1 to July 10; Park City, Utah, July 11
to July 25; Bingham, Utah, July 26 to Aug. 11; Milford, Utah,
Aug. 12 to Aug. IS; Eureka. Utah, Aug. 19 to Sep. 1; Sandy,
Utah, Sep.- 2 to Sep. 15; Scofield, Utah, Sep. 16 to Sep. 22;
Castlegate, Utah, Sep. 23 to Sep. 29; Hiawatha, Utah, Sep. 30
to Oct. 6; Sunnyside, Utah, Oct. 7 to Oct. 13.
In case of mine disaster Car 1 can be reached indirectly
through the University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, (headquar-
ters) ; A. J. Stinson, Nevada State Mine Inspector, Carson
City, Nevada; Henry M. Rives, Secretary Nevada Mine Opera-
tors' Association, Reno. Nevada; ,P. A. Thatcher, Utah
Industrial Accident Commission, State Capitol, Salt Lake City,
Utah; A. G. Mackenzie, Secretary Utah Chapter American
Mining Congress, also representative of Coal & Metal Producers
Association of Utah, Boston Bdg., Salt Lake City, Utah; H. M.
Wolflin, California Industrial Accident Commission, Under-
wood Bdg., San Francisco, California; and Robert I. Kerr,
Secretary, California Metal Producers Association, Merchants
National Bank Bdg., San Francisco, California.
P©ir§©2asiH
Kote: The Editor invites members of the profession to send part icntars of their
work and appointment*. This information ia interesting to our readers.
D. M. Rioedan is in New York.
D. V. Keedy is in French Guiana.
H. Foster Bain writes from Shanghai.
Morton Webber has gone to southern Arizona.
John Ross, Jr., is in San Francisco from Nevada.
W. S. Notes has returned from Ashland, Oregon.
Albert Burch has returned from the Coeur d'Alene.
H. G. Cannon is mining in Mono county, California.
A. Chester Beatty is traveling in China and Japan.
C. S. Galbraith has opened an office at Webb City, Missouri.
Ernest A. Hebsam has returned from New York to Berkeley.
E. B. Reese has returned to Los Angeles from San Franc'sco.
George J. Bancroft, of Denver, passed through San Fran-
cisco on his way to Idaho.
C. Yabe, engineer to the Sumitomo Besshi copper mine, is
visiting our mining districts.
C. W. Purington lectured recently at King's College, London,
on 'Pacific Routes to Siberia.'
C. E. van Babnevfxd passed through San Francisco on his
way from Salt Lake City to Tucson.
C. T. Griswold, geologist of The Associated Geological Engi-
neers, of New York, has gone to Wyoming.
J. B. Tyrrell has been appointed Canadian representative
of the Consolidated Mines Selection Co., London.
Francis A. Thomson has been appointed dean of the School
of Mines of Washington University at Pullman, Washington.
Herbert G. Thomson has been appointed superintendent for
the Nevada Packard Mines Co., at Lower Rochester, Nevada.
Jay A. Carpenter has resigned as general superintendent for
the Nevada Packard Mines Co. and is now at Wonder, Nevada
Robert C. Sticht has had to go to Butte, so his address
before the local section of the A. I. M. E. is postponed until
further notice.
E. S. King has been appointed manager for the Waihi Grand
Junction mine, in New Zealand, succeeding William F. Grace,
who has retired owing to ill health.
H. C. Hoover has been awarded the Cross of a Commander of
the Legion of Honor by the French government in recognition
of his services in provisioning Belgium and northern France.
A regiment of artillery is being organized in San Francisco
as a part of the National Guard of California, but with the in-
tention of mustering it into the Federal service on August 5.
Mining engineers are invited to enlist. A few commissions
are available. Further particulars will be given in our next
issue. Communications may be addressed to W. G. Devereux,
care of this office. — Editor.
Obituary
W. Guy Scott died at his home near Soulsbyville, Tuolumne
county, California, June 24, Mr. Scott with his brother, Proctor
Scott, for many years operated the Black Oak mine, near Souls-
byville. He was a native of California, having been born at
Diamond Springs, in El Dorado county. For some years past
Mr. Scott has been employed by the Government as forest
ranger.
James E. Dye, well known as a mine manager in Amador
county, California, died at the home of his son at Vancouver,
B. C, June 25, at the age of 62 years. He was manager for the
Exploration Company, of London, in Amador county for several
years, where he had charge of the Amador Queen mines. More
recently he had been identified with the Bank of Amador, at
Jackson.
July 14. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
THE METAL Mii^I^f
■HMMBUMHBMHHBH
MKTAI. PRICES
Ban Francisco, July 10
Antimony, Cttnta par pound 18.50 — 22.00
Electrolytic copper, canta per pound 34.60
Pip lead, ccnta per pound 12.26— IS. 00
Platinum, sort imd hard metal, per ounce... $105 — 111
Quicksilver, per flask ol 76 lb $100
Spelter, cents per pound 11.50
Tin, Cents per pound 59
Bine-dust, cents per pound 20
OBE PRICES
San Francisco, July 10
Aluminum-dust (100-lb. lots), per lb $1.00
Aluminum-dust (ton lots), per lb $0.95
Antimony. 60% metal, per unit $1.35
Chrome. 40 l 7r and over, fob, cars California, cents per unit. . 50 — 55
Magnesile. crude, per ton $8.00 — 10.00
Tin. cents per pound 00
Tungsten. 60% W0 3 , per unit $25.00 — 30.00
Molybdenite, per unit for MoS 2 contained 40.00
Manganese. 4696 (under 35% metal not desired), cents, unit. 33 — 37
Manganese prices and specifications, as per the quotations of the Car-
negie Steel Co. schedule of prices per ton of 2240 lb. for domestic man-
ganese ore delivered, freight prepaid, at Pittsburg. Pa., or Chicago, 111. For
ore containing
Per unit
Above 49% metallic manganese $1.00
46 to 49% metallic manganese 0.98
43 to 4696 metallic manganese 0.95
40 to 43% metallic manganese 0.90
Prices are based on ore containing not more than 8% silica nor more
than (!■_;•; phosphorus, and are subject to deductions as follows: (1) for
each l9t in excess of 89, silica, a deduction of 15c. per ton, fractions in
proportion; (2) for each 0.02% in excess of 0.2% phosphorus, a de-
duction of 2c. per unit of manganese per ton, fractions in proportion;
i3l ore containing less than 40% manganese, or more than 12% silica, or
0.225% phosphorus, subject to acceptance or refusal at buyer's option;
settlements based on analysis of sample dried at 212° F.. the percentage of
moisture in the sample as taken to be deducted from the weight Prices
are subject to chance without notice unless specially agreed upon
Tungsten has taken a sharp advance, owing to continued and increasing
demand, and scarcity of the supply to meet it. From a nominal price of
$20 to $22 per unit for 60% ore. the price has risen to $25 to $30 per
unit, and unless indications are misleading it will go still higher. Some
ore of low grade has been shipped from the mines at Atolia to Boulder
county. Colorado, for concentration.
EASTERN META1. MARKET
(By wire from New York)
July 10. — Copper is dull and weaker at 31c. Lead is quiet and lower
at 11.12c, Zinc is dead and lower at 9.12c. Platinum remains un-
changed at $105 for soft and $111 for the hard metal.
COPPER
Prices of electrolytic in New York, in cents per pound.
Date Average week ending
July 4 Holiday May 29
5 32.00 June 5
6 31.75
7 31.50
8 Sunday
9 31.25
" 10 31.00
July
32.50
32.62
12 32.75
19 33.58
26 32.42
3 32.25
10 31.50
1915
1916
1917
Jan. . .
. . .13.60
34.30
29.53
Feb. . .
. . .14.38
26.62
34.57
Mch. .
. . 14.80
26.65
36.00
. . .16.64
28.02
33.16
. . .18.71
29.02
31.69
June . .
. . .19.75
27.47
32.57
Monthly Averages
1915 1916
July 19.09 25.66
Aug 17.27 27.03
Sept 17.69 28.28
Oct 17.90 28.50
Nov 18.88 31.95
Dec 20.67 32.89
June copper dividends approximated 529.000,000. For the half year
ended June 30 a new record was established in the payment of copper
mining- company dividends; the total disbursement having been 591.669,281.
The amount paid in the first six months of 1916 was 565.046,051.
SILVER
the average New York quotations, in cents per ounce.
Below are given
of fine silver.
Date
July 4 Holiday
5
6
8 Sunday
9
10
.78.50
.78.37
.78.37
.78.75
.79.50
Average week ending
May 29 74.62
June 5 74.80
•' 12 75.83
19 77.00
26 78.12
July 3 77.98
•' 10 78.70
Jan.
Feb
Mch.
Apr.
May
1915
.48.85
.48.45
.50.61
. 50.25
.49.87
June 49.03
191S
56.76
56.74
57.89
64.37
74.27
65.04
Monthly Averages
1917
75.14
77.54
74.13
72.51
74.61
76.44
1915
July 47.52
Aug 47.11
Sept 48.77
Oct 49.40
Nov 51.88
Dec 55.34
1916
63.06
66.07
68.61
67.86
71.60
75.70
The weekly letter of Samuel Montagu & Co. of London, dated June 14,
contains the following regarding silver: The market has at last left the
doldrums in which it has remained for more than a month past. The
change was accompanied by an abrupt movement of the price upward.
Disquieting news from China, where the political horizon is overcast,
has aggravated the firmness of the market. Whether the Chinese posi-
tion will clear without civil strife or not, the evident unrest must affect
'"" ■"»» " la "' "■■"!'■■ and. also to a certain extent, the mean, of com-
munication, particularly the railways now upicd by mini u
H inns! n. ,1 be assumed thai the n i the heavy transfers ol silver in
inn ..I sycee from China to bulla and elsewhere, that have taken
i.i.i.v during the period ol the War, will neceasarllj have to bo re-
|,l;i,v<l :it .i subsequent date. Much .i[ the sllvir was derived Irom hoards
in the interior, when it has been drawn by the tempting rise in its ex-
,-!i.iuge value Moreover, substitules have been :idnpled one ol whieh by
iiu means the least important, is llius indie: 1 by the North China Herald'
under date o( April 21. Tim, is :inother factor contributing to the
depletion of silver in China, and that is, the imports of gold-bars and
gold coins to China by exporters to pay for their purchases, as this way
of settling bills has been found cheaper than sending the while metal
here."
On the other hand, quantities of copper cash arc being smelted under
private auspices in Shanghai. Such an operation was a serious crime
under the Ching dynasty, and is also a puniBhable offence under the Re-
publican regime. Of course a scarcity of copper cash would probably
create a local demand for silver currency.
LEAD
Lead is quoted in cents per pound, New York delivery.
Average week ending
May 29 10.93
June 5 11. 46
12 11.83
" 19 12.00
" 26 11.75
July 3 11.57
" 10 11.25
Date
July 4 Holiday
5.
6 11.37
8 Sunday
9
10
.11.12
.11.12
1915
. 3.73
. 3.83
. 4.04
. 4.21
4.24
1916
5.95
6.23
7.26
7.70
7.38
6.88
Monthly Averages
1917
7.64
July
9.01
Aug.
10.07
Sept
9.38
Oct.
10.29
Nov.
11.74
Dee
1915
. 5.59
. 4.67
. 4.62
. 4.62
. 5.15
. 5.34
1916
6.40
6.28
6.86
7.02
7.07
7.55
1917
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apr.
May
June 5.75
The Standard Silver-Lead Mining Co. declared a quarterly dividend of
5100,000. payable July 15 to stockholders of record July 1. This dis-
bursement will be the second of 5100.000 made this year, the first having
been made on April 15. The rate of disbursement is 5% per quarter on a
capitalization of 52.000.000. The forthcoming dividend will raise the
total to 52,600.000, a greater part of which was paid at the rate of
5600.000 per year in monthly disbursements of 550.000. The report of
the company for April showed earnings of 534.911 in that month and a
surplus of 5230,420. The property is at Silverton, B. C.
ZINC
Zinc
in cent
Date
July
is quoted as
b per pound
4 Holiday
5
6
7
8 Sunday
9
10
1915
spelter
1916
18.21
19.99
18.40
18.62
16.01
12.85
standard
9.25
9.25
9.25
9.12
9.12
Monthly
1917
9.75
10.45
10.78
10.20
9.41
9.63
Wester
May
June
July
Averag
July
Aug.
Sent.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
n bn
Av€
29.
5
19.
nds,
rage
New York delivery,
week ending
9.66
"
>.
26
10
38
"
1915
.20.54
14.17
14.14
14.05
17.20
.16.75
1916
9.90
9.03
9.18
9.92
11.81
11.26
9.20
1917
Apr. .
May .
June .
. . 9.78
17.03
. .22.20
The United States government has closed negotiations for 23,000,000
lb. of high-grade spelter at 13 %c. per lb. The transaction was conducted
through the spelter committee, representing zinc producers, and was the
second effected in the past few weeks. When the zinc committee was
formed a few weeks ago a small amount of spelter was purchased ap-
portioned among the various grades, known in this connection as A, B, C,
and D. The total approximated 4500 tons and the prices ranged ac-
cording to grade.
QUICKSILVER
The primary market for quicksilver is San Francisco. California being
the largest producer. The price is fixed in the open market, according to
quantity. Prices, in dollars per flask of 75 pounds:
Week ending
Date | June 26 80.00
June 12 90.00 July 3 85.00
19 82.00 | " 10 100.00
Monthly Averages
1915
Jan 51.90
Feb 60.00
Mch 78.00
Apr 77.50
May 75.00
June 90.00
1916
1917
1916
1916 1917
222.00
81.00
July . .
. . . 95.00
81.20
295.00
126.25
Aug. . .
. . . 93.75
74.60
219.00
113.75
Sept. . .
. . . 91.00
75.00
141.60
114.50
Oct. . .
. . 92.90
78.20
90.00
104.00
. . .101.50
79.50 . . .
74.70
85.50
Dec. . .
. . .123.00
80.00
PriceB in New York, in cents per pound.
Monthly Averages
1915
1916
1917
Jan. . .
. . .34.40
41.76
44.10
Feb. . .
... 37.23
42.60
51.47
Mch. .
. . .48.76
60.50
54.27
. . .48.25
51.49
55.63
49.10
63.21
June . .
.. .40.26
42.07
61.93
1915
July 37.38
Aug 34.37
Sept 33.12
Oct 33.00
Nov 39.50
Dec 38.71
1916
1917
38.37
38.88
36.66
41.10
44.12
42.55
70
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
Hasftesraa MmMl MmUm
New York, July 3.
Almost complete stagnation describes the market of practic-
ally all of the metals. The continued uncertainty of any de-
cisive Government action regarding purchases and prices, that
will give some idea to the trade as to what to expect for some
definite and relatively lengthy period, instead of spasmodic
buying for a month's needs or less, is acting as a decided drag
on the market.
Copper manifests a weaker tendency and prices are nominal.
Tin is steady but inactive and dull.
Lead is unsettled and lower, with the tendency soft.
Spelter is absolutely dead and weaker.
Antimony is quiet and unchanged.
The steel market is also more or less at sea awaiting some-
thing definite as to what measures are to be taken regarding
its regulation both as to prices for materials and as to taxes
on excess profits. The coal fiasco has not tended to lessen
anxiety. An end to the chaos is earnestly desired and abso-
lutely necessary. Pig-iron output for June was lower than
that of May because of coke-troubles. The total for June was
3,270,055 tons, or 109,002 tons per day, against 3,417,340 tons
in May, or 110.23S tons per day. The output for the first half
of 1917 is less than that of the first half of 1916, or 19,069,892
tons against 19,410,453 tons.
COPPER
Daily-press reports are persistent that the Government has
purchased 60,000,000 lb. of copper at 25c. per lb., the price
being a tentative one subject to change later if it is decided
that it is necessary as a result of Government investigations.
This scale is credited by some in the trade and discredited by
others. It is also rumored that a purchase of about 15,000,000
lb. is to be made at any moment. The whole matter seems to
be shrouded in mystery and secrecy. It would be better for
the trade in this and other metal markets if some definite con-
clusion could be arrived at. The entire copper market is quiet
and easier, with the general tendency downward. No business
is reported worth talking about outside of the Government
order referred to, and the market is a drifting and nominal
one, with early-delivery metal quoted at 31.75 to 32c, New
York, third quarter at 30c. and fourth quarter at 29c, New
York. Small lots have changed hands but quietness rules.
Reports of strikes and excessive wage-demands among copper
miners in the West are attracting more attention than any-
thing else, but in some quarters these are regarded as ex-
aggerated for political and economic effect. The London
market is unchanged at £142 for spot electrolytic and £138
for futures.
TIN
The absence of regular receipts of cables from London until
late in the day, or more often until the next day, is exerting
an unsettling influence. Sellers are in the dark each day as to
what quotations to make, and buyers are in doubt as to what
action to take. As a result business is held in check. The
entire market is slow and permeated by extreme cautiousness
on the part of everyone. Yesterday, July 2, no spot business
was reported, but about 100 tons of futures were sold in the
shape of September-October shipment from the East at 56.25c.
Inquiry for June shipment from the East developed a scarcity
for this position and none was to be had. The spot market
came to a standstill. Last week business for any position was
meager. A little spot-business was done on June 2'i at 62c,
New York, but on the 28th no sales were reported, though in-
quiry on that day and the day following was fairly good,
amounting to probably 100 tons in all. There are no develop-
ments as to what the sub-committee on tin has done or is
doing, and th« entire market is quiet and dull with quota-
tions at 62c, New York, on every day since our last letter.
Deliveries of tin for June, according to the New York Metal
Exchange, were 6398 tons, of which 2798 tons arrived at Pacifies
ports. The quantity afloat July 2 was 3081 tons, with the
arrivals on that day 280 tons. The London quotation for spot
Straits was £244 on July 2, a decline of £1 from the previous
quotation.
LEAD
The reaction, which was forecasted last week, has developed
in a mild form, and today the market is quoted at 11.25c, St.
Louis, or 11.37Jc, New York. It is bare of features, however,
and the tendency is to lower levels if anything. More metal is
being offered than the demand seems to be able to absorb, and
business generally is dull and unsatisfactory. Late last week
a little business was done as low as 11 to 11.25c, St. Louis,
but at the close of the week better inquiry developed, and a
fairly good business was reported. The sale to the Government
of S000 tons at 8c per lb. as its July requirements, with nothing
settled as to future needs and prices, has not been a stabilizing
influence, and the continued uncertainty has acted as an un-
settling factor. Further reaction is looked for by some.
ZINC
Unconfirmed reports are to the effect that the Government
has purchased 11,000 tons of high-grade spelter at 13.50c per
lb., St. Louis, or 2c per lb. above the price paid for the 6700
tons bought early last May. Definite information regarding
the whole question of Government needs and buying seems un-
obtainable, and in the meantime the market is growing
weaker almost daily. The continued suspense and uncertainty
is acting as a great drag on initiative and enterprise, and soon
will become serious unless something is settled. One daily
trade paper is responsible for the above report but no one in
the trade has definite knowledge regarding it. Also it is
stated that the Government has bought sheet-zinc at 16c per
lb., as compared with the present quotation of 19c This has
not been confirmed. Prices have declined recently. Early de-
livery of prime Western is quoted at 9c, St. Louis, with August
and September metal at 9.12Jc, St. Louis, but sales have been
very few. It is acknowledged that many producers cannot
operate at a profit at these prices and it will not be surprising
if numerous small ones are obliged to shut-down before many
weeks unless the situation clears decidedly. Exports of spelter
in May were large — IS, 533 tons.
ANTIMONY
Conditions are unchanged, and demand is light, with Chinese
and Japanese grades quoted at 19 to 19.50c, duty paid. New
York. A consignment of Cookson's antimony from England,
the first to be released to this market in a long time, has been
sunk by a submarine. It was quoted at about 22c, New York.
ALUMINUM
Demand is not active and the market is a little easier. No. 1
virgin aluminum, 98 to 99% pure, is quoted at 5S to 60c, New
York, for early delivery.
ORES
Tungsten: The ore market is quiet, with demand reported
as only of moderate volume. Quotations are unchanged at $20
to $22 per unit for 60% concentrate. The ferro-tungsten
market is also dull. Offers to sell at $2.20 per lb. of contained
tungsten have been made for export, with quotations generally
varying from that to $2.50 per pound.
Antimony and Molybdenum: There have been no changes
reported, and conditions and quotations are unchanged from
those prevailing in last week's letter.
July H. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
71
Cvm-pmiy 'H&p-vT&g
NORTH BtJTTH MINING COMPANY
The annual report of the North Butte Mining Company for
the year ended December 31, 1916, shows that during the year
there was shipped 560,673 wet tons of ore and L20 wet tons of
precipitate, and there was treated at the smelter 544,305 dry
tons of ore and S9 dry tons of precipitate. Of this ore 49,252
dry tons, or 9.1%, was first-class, 423, US dry tons, or 77.7%,
was secoud-elass, and 71.995 dry tons, or 13.2%, was third-class.
This ore produced 24.49S.1S1 lh. of fine copper, 1,047,063.56 oz.
of silver, and 1,712,004 oz. of gold. During the months of
November and December there was also mined 1652 wet tons of
zinc ore and there was treated 1625 dry tons, which produced
412,953 lb. of zinc and 2510.24 oz. of silver.
Deliveries of copper, silver, gold, and zinc made during the
year, in amounts and at average prices received, were as
follows:
Copper, pounds 21,505,584 23.295c.
Silver, ounces 960,246.62 66.371c.
Gold, ounces 1,712.004 $20.00
Zinc, pounds 412,953 10.674c.
Four dividends were paid during the year, as follows:
No. 37, January 26, 1916 $ 215,000
No. 38, April 26, 1916 215,000
No. 39, July 29, 1916 322,500
No. 40, October 23, 1916 322,500
Total $1,075,000
The mine was in operation 349J days, the average number of
men employed was 1160, and tbe average tonnage hoisted
daily was 1605.
The net cost of producing copper was 15.51c. per lb. as shown
in the following statement:
Classification Cost per lb.
Mining and development work $0.1087S4
Freight on ore 0.002749
Concentrating, smelting, freight on bullion, refining
and selling expenses 0.075352
General and miscellaneous expense, personal and fed-
eral taxes 0.002539
Total $0.189424
Less value of silver, gold, and zinc 0.033724
Net cost $0.155700
THE BROKEN HILL PROPRIETARY COMPANY, LIMITED
The half yearly report of the Broken Hill Proprietary Com-
pany, Limited, for the year ended November 30, 1916, shows the
following:
At the mine operations were carried on continuously, ex-
cept on several occasions of 'stop-work' resolutions carried by
the miners. Costs show a material increase, due to this cause,
and to the higher cost of supplies. The quantity of ore mined
was 110,276 tons. Exploration was carried on during the half-
year period, but nothing of value was disclosed.
The zinc concentration plant was again operated during the
last month of the half-year, and produced 2805 tons ot zinc
concentrate of a slightly higher grade than had been pre-
viously obtained, the average being 47.41% zinc. The installa-
tion of a slime-flotation plant was completed and operations
started in the middle of the half-year. The results obtained
were eminently satisfactory, a lead concentrate of about 56%
lead and 80 oz. silver; and a zinc concentrate of about 46%
zinc being produced.
At the Newcastle steel works s succession ot strikes of
workmen greatly hampered production and Increasei
while the Bhlpmenl ol finished products available for delivery
was seriously hampered, Since the Issue of the last report the
Imperial Qovern nl has completed the purchase ol
tons of shell-steel, steel rails, and fish-plates. The successful
issue of £400,000 of 6';; debentures enabled tin sent to
decide upon the duplication of the blast-furnace plant; and
everything is being urged forward as rapidly as possible.
The gross profit for the half-year amounted to £171,698 16a
3d., which after deducting £15,169 4s. for depreciation, leaves
a net profit of £156,429 lls.3d. During the term the sum ot
£325,969 4s. was expended in construction, the principal item
being in connection with the Newcastle steel works, which
amounted to £318,732 6s.Sd.
After providing for all outstanding liabilities there remain
liquid assets in cash, bullion, and other convertible stocks,
representing a total value of £326,322 16s.6d.
CANADA COPPER CORPORATION, LIMITED
The annual report of the Canada Copper Corporation for the
year ended December 31, 1916, shows the following:
Operations at the Greenwood smelter were continued during
the year. After writing off to depreciation $235,238.37, a
profit of $215,304.85 remained. The total amount of ore
smelted during the year was 306,450 dry tons, of which 23,243
tons was custom-ore. From this was produced 5,196,239 lb. of
fine copper; 49,928.71 oz. of silver, and 12,366.24 oz. of gold.
It was only possible to operate the smelter profitably because
of the high price of copper. High costs resulted due to the
ore being taken from pillars and caved areas remaining in the
mine and also to the high cost of labor and supplies. The
smelting operations were interfered with, due to continuous
shortage of coke, which condition still exists.
In the last annual report, reference was made to the decisioa-
to proceed with underground work at the Copper Mountain
property, the purpose of which was to confirm the results pre-
viously secured from diamond-drilling. It was also planned to
lay out the work as part of the permanent programme, looking
to the underground development of the mine, for extraction of
ore on a large scale.
In order to provide for the rapid completion of the amount
of underground work planned, a power transmission-line 13.6
miles long was brought in from Princeton, B. C, where a
lease upon a power-plant had been secured. Ample compressor
facilities, machine, blacksmith, and carpenter-shops were in-
stalled, also warehouses, bunk-houses, and additional dwellings.
Heat, light, water, sewer, and telephone-systems were also
provided.
A permanent pumping plant has been installed at the river
and a Gould triplex pump is operating under a head of 1700
ft. in one lift.
Since the first of the present year, a 50-ton experimental
flotation mill has been placed in operation. The purpose of this
plant is to outline definitely in advance the metallurgical pro-
cedure which is to be adopted in the large mill.
A tunnel 9 ft. by 9 ft. in the clear was driven 2100 ft. on the
3950-ft. level. In addition to this, numerous lateral drifts and
raises were made, the total amount of driving and raising up
to the end of the year amounting to 5206 ft. As soon as it
became apparent that the results secured from diamond-drill-
ing were reliable, drilling from the surface was resumed, and
8007 ft. of diamond-drilling was accomplished during the year.
In addition to this 2364 ft. of surface-trenches was sunk on
newly located claims.
The net cash expenditure during the year on the develop-*
ment of the Copper Mountain property was $396,000. This
includes payments on account of the purchase price on claims
under bond as well as administrative and engineering expense.
There remains a total of $18,000 not yet due, to complete pay-
72
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Julv 14. 1917
ment for all the mining area at present desired on Copper
mountain.
The development work at Copper Mountain during the year
demonstrated the accuracy of estimates previously made and
upon which tonnage estimates had been established.
No material increase in ore reserves can be reported because
the underground work was directed along the line of diamond-
drilling previously performed. However, since the beginning
of the year, underground diamond-drilling was started, which
work could not be undertaken until underground work had
been advanced sufficiently for the purpose. New ore is being
found.
Prior to the underground development campaign, it was
deemed expedient to class the ore as reasonably assured and
probable. It is now estimated that there are 10,000,000 tons of
definitely assured ore and 2,000,000 tons of probable ore. The
average grade of this tonnage is 1.74% copper and 20c. per
ton recoverable in gold and silver.
The possibilities for still further increases are considered
excellent, in view of the results being secured at the present
time, and in view of the existing geological conditions.
Allen H. Rogers made an independent report on the proper-
ties, and his report confirms our estimates with regard to ton-
nage and value of ore. His conclusion is that the property
is sufficiently developed to warrant the erection of a mill hav-
ing a capacity of 3000 tons per day. He estimates the cost of
producing copper at 9.57c. per lb., based on existing smelting
contracts for the treatment of similar product elsewhere in
British Columbia. A conservative figure for the cost of trans-
portation is assumed.
ST. JOHN DKL REY MINING COMPANY
The 86th annual report of the St. John Del Rev Mining Co.
for the year ended February 28, 1917, was submitted by the
directors at a meeting held in London, June 21. and shows the
following: Tons of ore hoisted, 198.5S6. Tons of ore crushed,
in 130-stamp mill, 187,400. Recovery in gold and silver, 110,-
552 oz. Value realized in London. £471.247. The proportion
of mineral rejected was but 2.89%. The yield per ton was
50s. 3*d. The profit for the year was £155,593 and a balance
of £7574 was brought forward.
The superintendent's report states that a favorable change
has taken place in the lower levels, both as regards the size
of the lode and the value of the ore.
During the year the amount of new ore blocked out greatly
exceeds the amount of ore extracted.
Nevada Section A. I. M. E.
The second annual field-meeting of the Nevada section of the
American Institute of Mining Engineers was held at Ely,
McGill, and Ruth, Nevada, on June 22 and 23. The meeting
was highly successful and the various visiting engineers and
their ladies were loud in their praises of the hospitality of the
engineers of the Ely district. The first day's session was held
at McGill. where 45 members from various parts of the State
were present. This was a technical session; it opened with
an address of welcome by C. V. Jenkins, business manager for
the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. After a response by the
chairman, J. W. Hutchinson, five papers prepared by members
of the Nevada Consolidated staff were read and discussed. The
titles of these are:
'Present operation of steam-shovel mines'. By Robert
Marsh, Jr.
'Branch-raise system at the Ruth mine'. By Walter S. Larsh.
. 'Ball-mill practice'. By Geo. C. Riser.
Coarse-crushing practice'. By Curtis H. Lindley, Jr.
'Handling and roasting fine-slime concentrate at the Steptoe
plant". By R. E. H. Pomeroy, and J. C. Kinnear.
'Water supply'. By Lindsay Duncan.
An adjournment was then taken after which lunch was
served at the company mess. During the afternoon an in-
spection was made of the smelter, concentrator, and crushing
plant of the company. In the evening a banquet was tendered
to members and their ladies at the Steptoe hotel at East Ely,
after whichjthe 54 guests participated in a dance. On the
following morning the party proceeded to Ruth, where many
went underground in the Nevada Consolidated mine, while
others inspected the operation of the churn-drills and the
steam-shovels in the great pit. After a lunch served by the
company, a paper was presented by Edward Steidle. engineer
in charge of the U. S. Bureau of Mines Rescue-Car No. 1. An
inspection was then made of the rescue-car stationed tem-
porarily at Ruth, after which a demonstration by rescue-teams
of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. and Giroux Consoli-
dated Mines Co. was presented. The ladies, who on the pre-
vious day had been entertained at luncheon by Mrs. C. V.
Jenkins of McGill, attended a luncheon given by Mrs. Walter
Larsh of Ruth.
The officers elected for the ensuing year were R. E. H. Pom-
eroy of McGill, chairman; J. C. Jones of Reno, vice-chairman;
Henry M. Rives of Reno, secretary-treasurer. The new execu-
tive committee, which includes the chairman and vice-chair-
man, consists of the following: Emmet D. Boyle, Governor of
Nevada. John G. Kirchen of Reno. J. W. Hutchinson of Gold-
field, C. B. Lakenan of McGill, Whitman Symmes of Virginia
City, Frederick Bradshaw of Tonopah, and W. H. Blackburn
of Tonopah.
In the evening, after the return from Ruth, members at-
tended the Red Cross dance at Ely in lieu of one that had been
planned for the visiting engineers and their guests.
Mining Decisions
Severance of Mineral Rights — Adverse Possession
One who purchases surface rights to land and then forms
the intention of holding the mineral interests therein, does
not establish adverse possession unless his claim is open and
notorious. The mere use and possession of the surface is not
enough to constitute adverse possession of the mineral rights,
even if he actually mines coal for domestic purposes only,
where he is entitled to mine for domestic purposes under his
deed. Paying taxes on the surface raises no adverse claim
to the minerals beneath it in such a case.
Pond Creek Coal Co. v. Hatfield (Kentucky), 239 Federal,
622. February 6, 1917.
Oil and Gas Lease — One Dollar Consideration Sufficient
An oil and gas lease was granted upon $1 consideration,
together with a covenant on the part of the lessee to drill a
test well within a year and pay royalties thereafter based on
minimum rentals. Five months later, nothing having been
done under the lease, the land owners declared the same void
and without consideration and made new leases which were
assigned to defendants. Held, on suit by the first lessee to
enjoin any assertion of rights by the assignees of the second
lease, that the one dollar consideration paid for the first lease
was sufficient to support the same during the period in which
test wells were to be bored and an injunction was awarded.
Lindlay v. Raydure( Kentucky), 239 Federal, 928. Febru-
ary 3, 1917.
Adverse Claim — Abandonment
In an action brought on an adverse claim in patent pro-
ceedings, the defendant abandoned his application for patent
to the area alleged to be in conflict after the suit was com-
menced and the plaintiff waived his right to secure patent to
that area also. Held, that as the action then became merely
one for possession and there being no proof of a conflict, it was
an error for the court to direct a verdict for plaintiff.
Lucky Four Gold Mining Co. v. Bacon (Colorado), 163
Pacific, 862. March 5, 1917.
Joly 14. mi:
MINING and Scientific PRESS
28
INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS
Compressed Air on a Measured-Service Basis
The Yak Mining, Milling & Tunnel Co. owns the Yak tunnel
at Leadville. Colorado, and operates its own properties, leases
and operates other properties adjacent to the Yak tunnel, and
also sub-leases parts of the ground controlled by them to other
operators. The Yak company provides practically every serv-
ice and supply necessary to the sub-lessee, except labor and
capital, for a reasonable charge.
The evident advantage of this service to a miner who wishes
to lease is that he can operate with all the facilities and
economies of large, modern mining conveniences for the gen-
THE EXCELSIOK AIBOMETEK
•eration and distribution of power, with a well-equipped store-
room at the tunnel portal, with mechanical haulage; all ready
for instant service, without any outlay of capital on his part.
The charges for this service are based on the actual cost of
such service to the company, which expects to derive its
revenue from the discovery and extraction of ore rather than
to exploit the sub-lessees for the service rendered. Hugh
C. Watson, superintendent of the Yak company, says of this:
"One of the principal items of power-service to sub-lessees is
compressed air. For many years the company sold air to those
who wished to purchase it on a flat-rate. This rate was made
as accurate as possible, by a comparison, made in the office,
of the cost of air for a machine-shift to the company. It will
be apparent that this method and basis would never be abso-
lutely accurate.
"In the first place, it is not a simple thing to determine ex-
actly what the air for a machine costs a company per shift
"without a measuring-device, because the air-drills, even when
new and of the same pattern, vary considerably; because the
actual running conditions are exceedingly variable; because
the foremen who collect the original data are not generally
given to research work; and also, because air-leaks are dis-
tributed and charged to the drills. On the other hand, it did
not seem fair to charge a lessee for a full shift of air when it
is almost a certainty that at some time during the month his
machine would only be in use a fraction of the shift. This
brings up the question of keeping track of the drills used by
the lessee. At this mine (which is so large that a personal
visit every shift by a company representative was imprac-
ticable) a compromise was introduced. A lessee was charged
for air each working-shift regardless of whether he used his
machine or not, unless he signified his intention of not using
his machine on certain shifts, in which case he was not
charged for air on those shifts.
"It was decided that, if the air could be sold on a measured-
service basis, it would obviate all the objections mentioned,
make a fair basis of settlement, and that it would be satis-
factory to all parties.
"It was also felt that the introduction of meters would effect
other economies not so apparent on the surface, not large in
most instances, but in the aggregate making an important
saving.
"Anyone who has had any experience with lessees or con-
tractors who buy their own supplies will testify to the tre-
mendous saving these men make when they know that they
themselves are paying for the extravagance and waste. Their
economy in these matters amounts to parsimony.
"It is a well-known fact to mine operators that the ordinary
mine employee considers a leak in the air-line as a small mat-
ter, rather beneficial than otherwise, and a continual fight on
the part of the supervisor to stop such leaks is considered as
a finicky characteristic of bosses, which occasionally degen-
erates into nagging.
"The next question was the cost and kind of a meter to use.
Several meters for air are on the market, and at first the
cost of the cheapest of these was considered prohibitive.
However, the need was so urgent that this company felt that
a few should be bought and installed, and then to buy the
balance if the results justified the expenditure necessary.
"It may save someone considerable trouble to start in where
we left off, so I will state that, after careful analysis, we found
the Excelsior airometer to be accurate and not to reduce the
air-pressure by its passage through it, and consequently de-
cided to adopt the Excelsior made by the Denver Hydro Com-
pany.
"Having purchased the meters, the next question was to de-
termine the cost of the air. This was accomplished by con-
necting several of the small meters in parallel and exhaust-
ing air from the compressors through these meters. The air
was kept at a constant pressure during this test, and meter
readings were taken from the motor which drives the com-
pressor simultaneously with the readings of the air-meters.
It was then a simple matter to factor the power, labor, and
oil-costs into cents per 1000 cu. ft. of compressed air. At about
the same time a meter was connected to various air-drills,
under variable but ordinary conditions, for long periods, to
determine the actual daily consumption of air per shift. In
this way the actual air-cost per drill per day was determined.
It is not claimed that this method is absolute, nor were there
any hair-splitting factors introduced, the idea being to get a
commercial comparative basis on which to sell air that would
be reasonable and just to both sides.
"Due to the fact that the company still operates drills on
its own account with no meters attached as yet, and also
24
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 14, 1917
because the original cost-data were inaccurate, it has not been
possible to say how great the saving has been, but this much
is apparent: That previously there was a scarcity of air; at
present, an abundance, and this notwithstanding the fact that
we are now operating four more large drills than ever be-
fore with these compressors.
"The air problem had resolved itself into selling the air at
the least cost that would protect the company in its power and
ui -keep. This figure having been determined and the meters
installed, the difference to the lessees was a general reduction
of the air-bill, which immediately led some lessees to buy
machines, who had previously calculated that they could not
afford them, with a net result for the company that the
revenue from the meters was about the same as from the flat-
rate schedule. However, the big advantage came, as antici-
pated, from the economy and prevention of leakage.
"An incidental benefit which might be credited to these
meters was the discovery that one of our compressors cost
nearly twice as much per 1000 cu. ft. as another. This led to
the installation of a more modern and economical compressor.
This saving soon became apparent and was shown on the
power-bill.
"The company keeps one meter to test the conditions of the
different drills. It is known to everyone that the depreciation
on an air-drill is one of the contributing factors of the high
cost of mining; but unless one has a specially constructed and
expensive dynometer, it is difficult to tell when it is time to
scrap old drills and buy news ones. We have adopted the
following scheme:
"When the machine is new, we drill a hole at a convenient
place in the mine and record the time, air, size of bit, machine,
etc., then this record is filed away and later, six months or
more, this same machine is again tried in the same place
under similar conditions. The loss of efficiency is shown by
comparing the number of inches drilled with the same amount
of air and in the same time as when the machine was new.
By assuming that when the drill was new it was 100%
efficient, and reducing the hole drilled to a common denomi-
nator, we get a good idea of the efficiency of the same, or dif-
ferent machines, and also the depreciation of the different
makes of drills. This method is a great help in knowing
when to change drills, because the price of the drill is but a
small part of the cost of the work done while labor and power
are at the top of the list.
Matteson Mine Ore-Cars
Every miner is interested in mine-cars, particularly
in a common-sense serviceable car, that will stand
up to the requirements of continued service without
requiring the frequent attention of the blacksmith
or the foundry-man. Such a car is that here illus-
trated. It is known as the Matteson car, and it
. is a car that will appeal to every miner that uses it,
particularly the man who has to handle it. Its low
cost of up-keep also makes it a favorite with the
manager who has an eye to economy. It is supplied
with a roller-bearing turn-table, making it easy to
turn the body of the car in any direction when ready
to dump it. The bearings of the wheels are provided
with an excellent lubricating device, the axles being
wholly enclosed and rolling on bearings which make
running smooth, with a minimum of friction, and as
grit is absolutely excluded a car after considerable
use runs as easy, if not easier than a new one.
Another excellent feature is the compound hinge
that controls the dumping arrangement. When the
hinge-latch is released the car-body tilts forward at
an angle of 10°, so that when ready to dump the
loaded car it is readily accomplished without lifting
at the rear end of the car, as is commonly the case
with mine cars.
The car is made in two shapes; one being the rect-
angular, with a nearly vertical front; the other,
called the scoop car, which has the receding front,
permitting the ready discharge of wet sticky rock,
wet concentrate, and similar material. The car can
be had with either side or end-latch, as preferred,
and with either side or end-dump. The miner can
select the car best suited to his requirements, as the
cars are made in various sizes from 25 to 40 cu, ft.
capacity. The wheels are 12-in. diameter and the
car is made 18-in. gauge, though other sizes and
gauges are built to order. These cars are made by
the Joshua Hendy Iron Works of San Francisco. A
well illustrated pamphlet, Bulletin No. 125, descrip-
tive of this car, will be sent on application to those
interested. This firm makes a specialty of many
machines that are peculiarly suited to the needs of
the small miner; small hoists, small stamp-mills,
ball-mills, and other devices required in the early
development of mines.
V
EDITORIAL STAFF:
T. A. R1CKARD - - Ediiot
COURTENAY DE KALB,
Aaociate Editor
Mining sci, Press
BUSINESS STAFF:
C. T. HUTCHINSON. Muwet
«
E. H. LESLIE
600 Fuhei Bdi.. Chicaso
«
A. S. BREAKEY
1760 Woolworth Bd«.. New Yotk
W. H. STORMS - Ncwi Ediiot
0>
ESTABUSHBD 1860
PuMulinl .11 4-'" M.irlj.t Si., Son Frunct'ico, by l)u Draw? PuMMtltu] Company
Science has no enemy save the ignorant
Issued Every Saturday
San Francisco, July 21, 1917
84 per Year — 15 Cents per Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
Notes
Page.
. . 73
The Mexican Menace Again 75
Threatened confiscatory laws affecting oil-lands; what
nationalization of the oilfields signifies; uncertainty
of Mexican law subject to modification by decrees;
what Carranza desires. M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
The Physics of Flotation
Lack of finality in theory; the supposed critical point.
What is metallic? Teaching the principles in mining
schools; the effect of oiling on minerals; divergent
opinions. M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
MlSFIBES
76
77
How to load a hole; economic waste of misfires; prin-
ciples of propagation of the detonating wave; how the
fulminate initiates an explosion; why the cap should
be at end of cartridge; proper use of fuse; efficiency
of tamping. M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
ARTICLES
Butte Re- Visited.
By Robert E. Brinsmade 79
Changes in 16 years; development of rich oxidized
ores; rise of the basic-converter practice; discovery
of the Butte & Superior zinc deposit; Butte rivaling
Broken Hill as a producer of zinc; changes in stoping
systems; effect of hydro-electric power on mining and
metallurgic methods; labor problem. M. & S. P., July
21, 1917.
SOUBCES OF SULPHUB IN OILS.
By G. Sherburne Rogers 85
Sulphatic waters abundant in Californian oil dis-
tricts; reduction by hydro-carbons supplies sulphur to
the oil; oxidation of H 2 S may take place in deeply
buried sediments; pyrite may react directly with oils;
bacteria reduce sulphates yielding H = S. M. & S. P.,
July 21, 1917.
Subvey of Inclines Without Auxiliabies.
By A. J. Sale . : • 87
Method, by the use of the calculus, for generating a
vertical plane down the incline, avoiding the use of an
auxiliary telescope. M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
Established May 24, 1860. as The Scientific PresB; name changed October
20 of the same year to Mining and Scientific Press.
Entered at the San Francisco post-office as second-class matter. Cable
address: Pertusola.
Page,
Mine Found by Thieves 86
M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
A Blast-Furnace Record 86
Record at Humboldt smelter, Arizona, of smelting 10
tons per square foot of hearth-area. M. & S. P., July
21, 1917.
Chromite.
By J. S. Diller 92
Sources of supply; importations; mines in Oregon,
California, and Atlantic States; ferro-chrome. M. & S.
P., July 21, 1917.
Missouri Zinc and Lead 1915-16 93
M. & S. P., Jlily 21, 1917.
Quicksilver Industry of Texas.
By Wm. B. Phillips 93
Output of Terlingua mines; geological occurrence of
the mercury; comparison with Californian deposits.
M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
C yanidation v. Flotation at Pachuca 94
Recent tests at Santa Gertrudis, and Pachuca & Real
del Monte; Minerals Separation, Callow, and 'K. & K.'
machines used. M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
Tungsten Mines of Inyo County, California 95
M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
Zinc Situation in Australia 95
M. & S. P., July 21, 1917.
DEPARTMENTS
Recent Patents 96
Review of Mining 98
Special Correspondence from Lordsburg, New Mexico;
Platteville, Wisconsin; Mexico; Leadville, Colorado;
and Kennecott, Alaska.
The Mininq Summary 102
Personal 106
The Metal Mabket 107
Eastebn Metal Market 108
Company Reports 109
Recent Publication HO
Book Reviews HO
Branch Offices — Chicago. 600 Fisher Bdg.; New York, 1760 Woolworth
Bdg.: London. 724 Salisbury House. E.C.
Price. 15 cents per copy. Annual subscription, payable in advance:
United States and Mexico. S4; Canada, $6; other countries in postal union,
25s. or $6.
20
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Speed up witnsElectrie Power
G-E Equipment is reliable and economical
HERE are some of the ways in which modern
industry has been speeded up by putting
electric power to work in the right place.
Metal mineshaveboosted output to meet world-
wide demands. Great central power plants in
place of small local plants in coal mining areas
now supply cheaper electric power per ton out-
put for each mine. All tonnage records have
been smashed in the steel industry. Greater
automobile output has lowered prices and given
better road transportation. More and better
cloth has been produced at lower power costs.
The engineering problems solved in putting
electric power to work in these and other indus-
tries were many and intricate.' Production of
electrical equipment suited to this work and in
quantities required is an important part of this
company's service to American industries.
Any problem involving the use of power can
be simplified by the application of electricity. The
General Electric Company is well equipped to
lend valuable assistance in working out such
problems and is glad to co-operate with manu-
facturers and engineers in every possible way.
Motor Drive
j General Electric Company J
(kneral Office, SdienectadqN.Y.
Sate^Offices^ihalLHaygelcitied
July 91, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
73
E D I T O R I
T. A . RICKARD, Ed
RIA L
, Editor
/"CONGRESS as yet has not taken final action to relieve
*~* locators from doing annual labor on their mining
claims during the War. The Senate has agreed to the
House resolution exempting those persons who may be
mustered into service in the Army or Navy from the obli-
gation of doing the statutory $100 worth of labor, and
the Senate has adopted another resolution, introduced
by Mr. John F. Shafroth of Colorado, which provides
for acceptance, in lieu of the required assessment work,
of an equal expenditure in producing supplies needed
for the support of the Army or Navy or of the people of
the United States.
"DE ACTIONS between sulphur and oil are discussed
-*-*- by Mr. G. Sherburne Rogers in an article appear-
ing in this issue. The source of the sulphur is of inter-
est to the student of ore deposits as well as to the special-
ist in petroleum. For the most part it is traceable to
waters carrying sulphates in solution, coming under the
influence of reducing substances in the sediments and in
the oil itself. A point of particular significance is the
statement that oil will also reduce sulphur from pyrite.
This has been suggested also by investigations in connec-
tion with the flotation process, it having been claimed
that this reaction may exert an influence upon the sur-
face of sulphide mineral particles, making them more
readily floatable.
A LUMINUM has been selling during the War at ap-
■**■ proximately 60 cents per pound. In June, 1914, it
sold for 17.5 cents, and the upward trend, beginning in
April, 1915, was like a balloon ascension. This was
occasioned by its demonstrated value in the making of
explosives. It is significant of the general inflation of
prices, in no wise corresponding to increases in the cost
of production, that Mr. Arthur V. Davis, president of
the Aluminum Company of America, has offered to sup-
ply the Government with all the aluminum it needs at
27.5 cents per pound. He is said to have arrived at this
figure by adding 2 cents to the average market-price of
the metal during the past decade. Mr. Davis deserves
commendation for the merit of frankness in revealing
one more truth regarding costs of production.
/"kUR Toronto correspondent, in last week's issue, re-
^-' cords a judicial decision giving damages to residents
in the Sudbury district for injury done by smelter-fume,
but refusing to grant an injunction against the two
smelting companies in that famous nickel-mining dis-
trict because the Court was of the opinion that "in-
dividual rights could not be maintained against the in-
terests of the whole community." The Court refused to
destroy the local mining industry even to save a few
farms. This seems just and for the public good. The
smelting companies have expressed willingness to buy at
a liberal price the lands of those that claim to be suffer-
ing from the effect of the smelter-smoke. It is time that
the public showed resentment against the blackmailing
of a basic industry, the industry that in many localities
was the chief cause in giving a value to the farm-prod-
ucts by affording employment, and therefore buying-
power, to the local population.
QILVER is selling for 81 cents, a price not quoted since
^ 1892. The reasons for the rise have been stated in
these columns on several occasions: first, they are the
increased purchasing power of China and India, both of
which produce commodities that have been in steadily
growing demand and for which, according to their
custom, they ask silver in exchange; second, the coinage
of silver for the use of the armies in Europe, particularly
those of Great Britain, France, and Russia. To these
now must be added the United States ; for it is the pur-
chase of silver by our Government that is the proximate
cause of the recent rise. San Francisco has become the
principal point of export for silver, instead of New
York. The Mexican, Canadian, and American produc-
tion goes this way to the Far East, in order to avoid the
submarine menace in the Mediterranean. London still
fixes the price of silver, because business there opens
five hours earlier than at New York. The improved
prospect for the metal should not only benefit Tonopah
and Cobalt, the two chief silver-mining districts in north-
ern America, but it should swell the profits of the copper-
mining companies, many of which, particularly in Mon-
tana, recover silver as a by-product. Another conse-
quence is to help Mexican finance, for the peso is ap-
preciating rapidly. The rise may also put it into the
head of the Mexicans to assist and stimulate the mining
of silver ore instead of looting right and left. A revival
of silver mining in Mexico would help greatly to ex-
tricate that country from its difficulties.
MEETINGS of scientific societies have been discour-
aged by the leaders of a number of these organiza-
tions on account of the War. The American Electro-
chemical Society, however, has vigorously opposed such
a policy, and we agree that the helpfulness of personal
contact, the inspiration gained through an exchange of
thought between the men who are doing the world's work,
74
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
and the dissemination of practical knowledge that is
elicited in discussion, should not be sacrificed at a time
when the country needs more abundantly than ever the
advantage of these quickening influences that develop
proficiency and stimulate inventive ability. Under the
stress of these abnormal times, we are learning the high
patriotism that resides in work for the common welfare,
and gatherings of scientific men will assume a new im-
portance. The banquet and the oratory will be subor-
dinated to more serious things. Never were conferences
of technical men more justifiable than at the present
moment, when exchange of information is urgently
needed. This is the basis of intelligent co-operative
effort, and we may add that the spirit of solidarity should
reach further. The tendency to erect a medieval wall of
secrecy around many metallurgical and chemical works,
that has grown more pronounced in recent years, is dis-
tinctly opposed to progress. The open door to men of
appreciation and understanding brings its reward
through enlightening criticism and suggestion. The ex-
ample set by Dr. James Douglas, who extended a cordial
welcome to every intelligent visitor at a time when a
contrary custom almost universally prevailed, is worthy
of emulation ; his policy of free-trade in technical ideas
did not hinder the economic development of the Phelps-
Dodge industries. A similar policy will help all America
in the winning of this War.
I* AST week our Leadville correspondent sent a most
- Li interesting account of the hearing given by the State
Industrial Commission in Colorado to an argument made
by representatives of the local union when demanding
higher wages. The Commission found that the cost of
living had not risen as much as claimed, that the
operators do not receive anything like the full benefit of
the increase in metal-prices, and that the margin of profit
is so narrow that any considerable increase of cost would
jeopardize local industry. This reminds us that the
legislature of Colorado at its last session appointed a
Smelter and Ore Sales Investigation Committee. This
committee was ordered to investigate the smelting busi-
ness and report to the Public Utilities Commission before
January 1, 1918. The committee of investigation is de-
scribed by mining engineers in Colorado as "pretty
good, ' ' which means above the average. The members of
the committee are all men well informed in mining
affairs and likely to make an intelligent enquiry. They
have been authorized to investigate all custom-mills,
smelters, and sampling- works ; also to ascertain whether
the customers receive weights, moisture-deductions, sam-
ples of ore, and assays ; also to find out whether proper
prices are paid for copper, lead, and zinc. For instance,
they are expected to be curious concerning the payment
by the American Smelting & Refining Company of 4|
cents per pound for lead when the market-price stands at
10 cents. They have been requested to make recom-
mendations for correcting any wrongs they may detect,
and if they do this, it is expected that they will suggest
the placing of custom-mills and smelters under the Pub-
lic Utilities Commission of Colorado, after submitting the
proposal to public vote on a constitutional amendment.
The investigation is backed by the Metal Miners Asso-
ciation of the State. We understand that the dominant
smelting company has already made sundry concessions,
and we are informed that the most unscrupulous of the
Denver papers — it is not necessary to specify further —
has already attempted to blackmail Mr. Simon Guggen-
heim. The report of the Committee is awaited with keen
interest.
TOURING the past week the I. W. W. movement has
■*-^ gone through a serio-comic phase. It may seem com-
ical for the outraged citizens of a mining community to
take the law into their hands, herd a lot of anarchists and
loafers into an enclosure, and then ship them on a train
to some distant point, 'passing the buck' to another
community, preferably a neighboring State. It is a
serious matter when citizens, in order to assert law and
order, at a time when the naval and military forces of
our country are fighting to "make the world safe for
democracy," feel compelled to stultify government of
the people by arming themselves and using force to
eject an undesirable element from their midst. Viewed
from any standpoint it is deeply regrettable that matters
should have come to such a pass, and somebody is to
blame for it. The only good that has resulted is the
opening of the eyes of the public to the seriousness of
the crisis and possibly to some realization of the forces
of misrule set in motion by this organization of men
unwilling to work and unwilling to let others work. The
argument based on the high cost of living and the rest
of it has been exposed as a mere pretense. They want
the three sixes, namely, $6 wages, six hours of work, six
days per week, and when they have obtained that they
will demand $7 wages, five hours work, and a five-day
week. Even this will not be the limit. No thoughtful
observer of the conditions obtaining in the mining com-
munities of the West at the moment can any longer re-
gard the excuse for strikes as founded on the reasonable
aspirations of honest labor. Whether financed by Ger-
man money or stimulated by Enemy propaganda, or not,
the whole campaign of these I. W. W. agitators is calcu-
lated to give aid and comfort to the Enemy, and there-
fore it is treasonable, not to be endured, and calling for
prompt action by the executive. Much of the trouble, as
usual, is due to politics. During the week the disturbance
has spread beyond the immediate vicinity of the mines.
Even around our own academic environs, at Berkeley,
we read that "to prevent the threatened I. W. W. in-
vasion of this county, the sheriff has stationed duputies
upon all the roads leading from Contra Costa county,"
because "the I. W. Ws. have threatened to burn the
county's grain supply." Things have come to a pretty
pass when we are menaced by a Boxer rebellion or a
Villa raid, as it were, in the heart of an orderly com-
munity. We are engaged in a great war; it is time to
put a summary end to these antics and assert the dignity
of this democracy.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
The Mexican Menace Again
Our Mexican correspondent this week mils attention
in new regulations affecting the producers of oil that
would be confiscatory, unless we and cur Allies oppose
the taking of their property by administrative process.
The present situation is UOt by any means new; we have
been pointing out for months what was coming, and it
is possible that the Department of State has not been
idle. Not long ago Senator Frank B. Kellogg, at a bear-
ing before the Public Lands Committee on sources of oil,
asked if we might depend upon Mexico for this important
necessary, and Commander James Richardson responded
in the way of the man whose business it is to win a fight
when he has gone into it, "Don't you believe that if it
depended on getting oil from Mexico we 'd get it, even if
we had to take Mexico to do it"? It is this sort of
straightforward talk that has helped to bring clearly to
the mind of Carranza the expediency of trying to make a
virtue of necessity. The peculiarity of the Carranza
mind is that it is essentially subtle, and, just as he has
done so often in his revolutionary career, he is now re-
sorting to clever diplomacy and to what might be called
the strategy of statecraft to wring success out of failure.
We confess to no little admiration for the astuteness of
this Mexican fox ; if we cannot comprehend his moves
and circumvent them we deserve to be beaten at the game,
and to accept the fate of the geese.
The operators in the Mexican oilfields fully under-
stand what they are contending against ; they have per-
ceived it ever since the new constitution made at Quere-
taro declared the nationalization of the oil-lands. To
put oil on the same footing as gold, silver, copper, and
lead was to recognize the ancient right of the sovereign
state in mineral resources, and to give to anyone the
privilege of entering upon land, wherever held, to explore
for oil, and, when found, to 'denounce' it according to
the prescriptions of the mining law. In due course a
leasehold title would issue. The plain intent of the con-
stitution was to make this retroactive, the civil code to
the contrary notwithstanding, since this was in line with
uniformity of procedure in departmental control of oil-
production, and theoretically it should work no legal
hardship upon the present holders of oil-land leases; it
would merely necessitate their repairing to the local
mining agent to file their applications for so-called min-
ing titles. Of course, it would mean that enormous sums
would have to be paid immediately into the Government
coffers in the form of fees accompanying the denounce-
ments; Mexican surveyors would be given abundant em-
ployment in delimiting the claims in accord with the
mining statute, and later in proving the monumenting of
these areas. Even in normal times this always has been
a heavy expense, and one can imagine what it would
entail in times such as those brought about in Mexico
through the turmoil of revolution, with the starvation
produced through cessation of industrial activity, ending
in the supremacy of a clique that knows it cannot last
long and must fatten while it has the chance. Moreover,
the new system subjects Ho- oil claims to taxation mule]'
mining laws thai have been seriously unpaired by decrees
issued by the First Chief before be made himself presi
dent. These not only have increased the taxes but have
made them cumulative proportionately with an increase
in area. It would be well for anyone having business in
Mexico, whether in oil or in other enterprises, to acquaint
himself with these dictatorial decrees. They may be had
in Spanish and English in bound form, indexed with
reference to the subjects treated. In no other way is it
possible to ascertain what Mexican law is at the present
moment. The decrees will show at least the situation at
the time this publication was issued; by acts of the
Mexican Congress the Department of Hacienda is em-
powered with extraordinary functions, which are legis-
lative as well as administrative, so that decrees are still
coming forward and the status of any industry may be
seriously altered over-night.
The foregoing is an example of the utter disregard of
titles to real property that exists in Mexico ; the whole
foundation of industry is unsettled by it. In the case of
the owners of oil property, it is clear that there would
be many a slip in the routine of putting their applica-
tions for leaseholds through to what the Mexican calls a
titulo; something is sure to go wrong in the process of
tramitacion, that is, in the wearisome bureaucratic red-
tape leading at last to the signature, alongside the seal
and blue ribbon, by the departmental head. In the dis-
covery of technical error in legal proceedings the Mexi-
can is a past-master. The door is thereby opened for
infinite graft, for burdensome fines, and for wholesale
confiscations accomplished through officially declaring
applications invalid. It is hardly to be supposed that
the original applicant would have time to correct his
denouncement to the satisfaction of the highly discrim-
inating officer before an application by favored competi-
tors, under effective protection of scheming bureaucrats,
would be filed with the mining agent. In our comments
upon the new constitution prepared by Carranza we
showed months ago what the effect would be upon the
oil industry. The nationalization of the oil-lands was
arranged in order to carry out the game that is now
being played openly. The interference with mining
companies, as detailed in our editorial pages last week,
was merely a part of the same programme, intended to
bring Mexican affairs prominently before the people of
this country so as to increase our anxiety in preparation
of the public for the next move. What this is now ap-
pears through the fact that Carranza, who has long been
hinting at financial assistance from American bank-
ers, has recently secured from his congress authorization
for bond issues amounting to P=300,000,000. With this
authorization he is ready to offer exemptions from inter-
ference with mining and oil companies, and to assume
the role of a defender of foreign interests in his country.
Dispatches from Washington since the arrival there of
Mr. Henry P. Fletcher show that our diplomatic repre-
sentative has not been asleep. Mr. Fletcher has sounded
a warning against the intentions of the Carranza govern-
76
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
merit, definitely affirming that its purpose is the con-
fiscation of the oil-lands. If we concede the demand
for a loan we shall be obliged to pay the bills for running
the Mexican government as a private monopoly of Car-
ranza and his followers throughout the War. We may
be forced to undertake the operation of the Mexican re-
public on the side, but, if we do, it will not be in the way
that Carranza has conceived. We shall run it as a real
democracy for the welfare of the Mexican people, not for
a clique of grafters.
The Physics of Flotation
During the recent trial at Butte, Mr. Wilder D. Ban-
croft was asked, "Is that a book to which you would
refer as an authority ? " "Oh, dear no, " he retorted ; " I
would not refer to any book as authority." It is not
clear whether Dr. Bancroft assumed, quite properly, that
he was better informed on the matter than any book
extant or whether he meant that no book on a subject so
obscure could be authoritative. We have read the evi-
dence given by him and his talented colleagues in the
latest litigation over flotation patents, and we acknowl-
edge the value of their contribution to current knowl-
edge; and yet it must be confessed that the physics of
flotation still lacks scientific elucidation. We are nearer
the truth, undoubtedly, for several truths have been
elucidated by experiment and induction, but we have not
arrived at a coherent hypothesis. By 'we', of course, we
mean the whole body of earnest enquirers. Some fal-
lacies have been exposed. That is so much to the good.
The 'critical point' has been thrown into the limbo of
false assumptions ; the electro-static theory has slunk into
the dark ; the adhesion of air to metallic surfaces has been
retired into the background ; but who can tell us what is
'oil', that is, what is the characteristic of the oil that
causes it to function favorably in flotation ? The answer
is coming, for metallurgic froth is being made by sub-
stances that are not 'oil'. Who can define 'metallic'
lustre, not in the terms of mineralogy, but in the lan-
guage of the froth-maker? What is the molecular ar-
•rangement in a surface capable of absorbing oil or in
the substance that functions as oil ? What is ' emulsifica-
tion'? We confess to being among those that only put
faith in scientific men that can define in simple terms ;
we do not believe that an archdeacon is defined when he
is said to be a man that performs archidiaconal func-
tions. That leaves us as we were — or slightly worse.
One good sign, however, we detect, and that is the grow-
ing interest of engineers and metallurgists in the physics
of flotation. Some there are that assume a supercilious
attitude toward simple experiments and a top-lofty pose
toward pure science in general, "but they are unimport-
ant. Mining departments still undertake to teach flota-
tion without the aid of the department of physics, and
metallurgists are half-ashamed to ask elementary ques-
tions at the door of the professor of physics, but even
some of this shamefacedness is becoming changed by the
spirit of co-operation, without which no man can accom-
plish anything worth while in this world. Much remains
to be done. We urge teachers in mining-schools not to
waste time in trying to study flotation without the guid-
ance of those % versed in modern physics. More particu-
larly we advise those interested in the technique of the
process to make the simple experiments that illustrate
fundamental principles. If two or more men will make
an experiment, and then discuss it, they will find how
often they fail to see similarly, and how different may be
the ideas suggested by their observations. From such
experiments may come a clarifying discussion and the
stimulation of scientific curiosity. In a branch of metal-
lurgy in which theory is so hazy it is of the utmost im-
portance to lay firm hands on a few facts, and that can
be done best by making experiments. Consider, for ex-
ample, how long Messrs. Sulman, Picard, and Nutter
were able to bluff the profession with their statement
that there resided a mysterious quality in a given ratio
of oil and, what is more absurd, in a ratio that was pro-
portioned to the 'ore', whereas the essence of the process
was the differentiation of the constituents of the ore, the
separating effect upon the mineral and the gangue. For
12 years this unscientific assertion remained unmasked;
it was not until the early months of this year, after the
Supreme Court had been misled into endorsing the
absurd dictum, that several plants were operated under
conditions that finally smothered the 'critical point' in
oil, and ridicule. Remember how we were told that a
certain patent, or the method supposed to be described
in that patent, produced a thick, coherent, and persistent
froth, so sustaining that a shovel could rest upon it,
whereas other froths were so thin, flimsy, and evanescent
that a match-stick would sink in them. We were told, by
the Minerals Separation people, that their miraculous
kind of froth was the only one that would float mineral
successfully and that it could only be made by aid of a
special kind of particularly violent agitation. Many be-
lieved it because few tested the assertion by experiment.
Look at the fable of the greased needle. It was one of
the amusing contradictions at which our childish imagina-
tions boggled. The experiment was held to typify the
flotation of mineral by aid of oil, until somebody showed
that the ungreased needle likewise floated. It only re-
mained for some iconoclast to prove that the making of a
soap-bubble by a boy was due, not to the lowering of the
surface-tension of the water, but to viscosity caused by
the insoluble matter of the soap, or by something equally
alien to drawing-room philosophy! Indeed, something
of the kind did happen. Among the papers read at the
Arizona meeting of the American Institute of Mining
Engineers, a meeting that was in effect a symposium in
flotation, there was one by Messrs. A. F. Taggart and F.
B. Beach, called 'An Explanation of the Flotation Proc-
ess'. This paper was writen by two professors in Yale
University, it discussed the principles of flotation, and it
stated, among other things, that "water displaces air
more readily on an oiled solid surface than on a clean
surface of the same solid." The subversive statement
was fortified by the description of an experiment with an
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
77
aluminum riny. which sank when oiled, but floated when
unoiled. This, of course, was rank heresy. Given forth
at that meeting of enthusiastic votaries of the new proc-
ess of flotation, it was like rushing into a tea-party and
shouting that muffins predisposed one to measles. Never-
theless, the thoughtful statement of two undoubtedly
clever scientific men was allowed to pass without com-
ment or criticism. Tu vain do we search in the record of
the discussion at Globe for any reference to this paper.
It could not he for lack of respect for the authors of it
nor for want of interest in their opinions. We venture
to say that the failure to refute what seemed an error
was due to the insecure foundation on which the theory
of flotation rested and the unwillingness of mill-men
and metallurgists to venture a rebuttal. The failure to
confirm or to disprove so momentous an assertion as
this— that a metallic surface is more readily wetted when
oiled and that presumably a metallic mineral is less float-
able when oiled than when unoiled — is a reflection upon
the Institute. It illustrates how easy it is to fill bulletins
and volumes with reading-matter, and how difficult it is
to obtain real criticism, without which we only swamp
ourselves with a undigested mass of material — as if a
haystack fell upon us. We have made experiments to
test the extremely interesting statement of Messrs. Tag-
gart and Beach, and we think these gentlemen wrong, if
we interpret them correctly, but the point is that every
student of the subject that has read their paper should
be able by this time to express his own opinion upon their
statement regarding the effect of oil. If we do not know
what that effect is, we are astray on one of the ele-
mentary, although possibly not fundamental, explana-
tions of flotation. So we say that the understanding of
the process, and the further understanding of the physics
of it, must depend upon intelligent experimentation and
the scientific discussion that will ensue, and, above all,
frank criticism.
Misfires
The proper manner of loading a hole for blasting
would seem to be a simple matter, but the numerous arti-
cles and letters that have been published in the Mining
and Scientific Press during the last six months indicate
a wide variety of opinion. The object universally sought
is efficiency with safety, and that is attainable through
practice conforming to the lessons of experience. It is
important to note that valuable experience in blasting
comes not alone from the daily work of the miner, but is
derived equally from the elaborate tests made by manu-
facturers of explosive materials. The sum of all these
observations, critically examined and sifted by trained
technologists, has resulted in the development of a
body of rules that may be accepted as authorita-
tive. The wrong way of using explosives is more
general than the right way, and faulty custom is
difficult to correct because of prejudices held by
the miners. Accustomed as so many of them are to
wrong methods of charging holes, they resent attempts
by their foremen to shake them from familiar habit.
The manager of a mine, however, is entrusted with
responsibility for securing .-in < omic result, fie can-
not concede free rein to his workmen in using or mis-
using materials according to their whim. A misfire
represents not only a waste of explosive, but loss of time
on the part of employees in searching for the unex-
ploded charge or in digging it out; the cost of drilling
the missed bob 1 has been thrown away; and the ground
broken per pound of powder on that shift is less. Thai
is not the whole of the indictment. The majority of mis-
fires are the result of methods in themselves opposed to
the most economical use of explosives. Errors culminat-
ing in a misfire involve a loss in efficiency distributed
through the entire round of shots. Under the best man-
agement scrupulous attention is given to the proper use
of explosives, and the tonnage of ore and waste-rock
broken per pound of powder and per foot of fuse are
subjects of daily record.
Mr. E. F. Brooks rightly insisted on the use of high-
force caps. He recommends 5X and 6X. His method of
inserting the cap into the primer is similar to one sug-
gested hy the Bureau of Mines, punching a diagonal hole
with a stick near the end of the cartridge ; but he ad-
vises loading another stick of powder on top of the
primer. Mr. W. S. Weeks criticizes this practice, as does
Mr. Edward Higgins, adhering to another recommenda-
tion by the Bureau of Mines, with which apparently all
powder manufacturers are in agreement, that is, to place
the cap centrally in the end of the last stick in the hole,
tying the paper of the cartridge-end around the fuse.
As expressed hy Mr. Weeks, the cap should point in the
direction in which the wave of detonation is to be propa-
gated. That accords with the principles governing the
detonation of high explosives, as demonstrated experi-
mentally by Bertholet. The explosion of a charge of
dynamite or blasting gelatine, though it may seem to be
instantaneous, is not so in reality. A measurable time-
interval elapses in the transmission of the wave from its
initial point to the end of the charge ; moreover, the
wave progresses in the direction of the initial impulse ;
it does not expand uniformly in all directions from the
place of origin. Unlike the spherical waves of compres-
sion generated by an earthquake shock, it is rectilinear
in its motion. The fulminate is exploded by the fire spit-
ting from the end of the fuse, that is, by an incandescent
spark. The heat dissociates that part of the fulminate
with which the fire comes into contact, generating still
more intense heat by the highly exothermic reaction;
the explosion proceeds through the train of sensitive
molecules with increasing velocity to the bottom of the
charge, from which a blow of enormous intensity is de-
livered in the direction of propagation. This is easily
demonstrated by the familiar experiment of placing a
cap, with fuse attached, in a hole bored through a block
of one-inch plank, set upon a sheet of mild steel. On ex-
ploding, the cap will punch a hole through the steel with-
out doing serious injury to the wooden block.
The velocity of the initial impulse determines the
78
MINING and Scienti6c PRESS
July 21, 1917
velocity of the detonating wave transmitted through the
charge of powder. The heat generated, and the ex-
pansive effort of the confined gases that develop the ex-
plosive energy, merely react upon any part of the powder
lying out of the path of progression of the detonating
wave. The result is an explosion of a lower order for
that residual portion of the charge. The degree of ex-
plosion depends on the velocity of the wave, and the
velocity of the wave that causes detonation of the ex-
plosive lying in the path of propagation is not trans-
mitted to the powder behind the cap. The expansive
effort, on which the explosive effect depends, is directly
due to the velocity of the chemical reaction, and any
portion of a charge that explodes with less rapidity than
the rest fails to deliver its full quota of potential energy
in the form of useful work. It is apparent, therefore,
that the proper place for the cap is at the end of the last
stick of powder, otherwise called the primer. It is also
certain that to place it elsewhere is to waste the powder.
Our correspondents display a variety of opinion re-
garding the likelihood of 'side-spitting' from fuse when
bent. The fact that it does not happen in the majority
of cases when fuse is subjected to severe handling merely
argues for the excellence of its manufacture. If all
articles in common use were as honestly made as ex-
plosive materials the world might draw moral inspira-
tion from commerce. Although "the function of an ex-
plosive is to explode," as was laconically stated by Lieut.
Walker of the United States Navy, the extreme care
taken by the manufacturers to afford an ample margin
of safety against the vicissitudes of handling such deli-
cately balanced agents of destruction, permits rougher
usage than intelligent caution might commend. Mr.
Higgins points out that the practice of inserting the cap
in the wrong end of the cartridge, and doubling back the
fuse, is the fertile cause of misfires, and misfires are re-
sponsible for one-fourth of the fatalities overtaking
those engaged in mining within the State of California,
which State does not stand alone in this respect. Fuse
not infrequently does spit fire through the walls ; seldom
will a coil cut into 3-ft. lengths, and tested, fail to yield
one example of this defect. That should be sufficient
warrant for taking pains to avoid any chance of acci-
dent arising from this source. The advice of manu-
facturers is so to load a hole that the fuse may not come
into contact with the powder. The fuse should be dry,
as our correspondents insist; it should be cut with a
sharp clean knife, never with the scissors-type of cutter
often combined with a crimper, because the fuse becomes
pinched, shutting off the powder-train and causing a
side-spit near the end that may fail to explode the cap ;
the cut should be square across the fuse; the cap should
be placed upon the fuse, preferably holding the latter
upward and drawing the inverted cap down upon it.
Just as the housewife will explain the difference in
efficiency between threading a needle and 'needling' the
thread, so is there a difference, tending to security and
efficiency, between 'fusing' a cap, and 'capping' a fuse.
The double crimp is preferable ; it insures holding the
fuse in firm contact with the fulminate in the cap. The
man who bites the cap upon the fuse deserves to lose his
lower jaw, as he frequently does.
We venture to say that any mine breaking as much as
100 tons per them of ore and rock will find it economical
to employ a man to make primers, and distribute all ex-
plosives to the miners. In no other way can the proper
making and use of primers be insured. The 'powder
monkey.' as this employee is generally called, can be
trained to observe all the proprieties in making reliable
primers, and in tracing the inefficient use of blasting
materials if he be given responsibilty as powder-fore-
man. It then becomes possible also to make primers of
powder containing a larger proportion of nitro-glycerine,
which insures a higher order of detonation, developing
increased useful effort in the lower-grade powder used in
regular blasting. Primers of 60% dynamite, three inches
long, with 6X caps, will be found to effect a saving in
powder per unit of rock broken. The wooden borer with
a shoulder to limit the depth of hole for the cap, not
only protects against premature ignition of the charge by
side-spitting from the fuse, but it prevents an air-space
being left beneath the cap. Insignificant as it may ap-
pear, the tiny air-cell left under a cap when a pointed
object is used to make the hole reduces the initial force
of the explosion by reason of the compression of that air
before it can transmit the detonating wave. It reduces
the velocity and the order of detonation, which means
loss of power, waste of powder, less ore produced per
pound of dynamite.
Tamping opens another interesting question, where
room for argument may exist. The suddenness of deto-
nation of a high explosive develops almost instantan-
eously an enormous expansive effort. On account of its
suddenness the maximum resistance of the air due to its
inertia is supposed to be realized. With unabsorbed
nitro-glycerine this result is approximately obtained,
especially when the superficial area of the explosive ex-
posed to the air is considerable. The case is different
with practical blasting-powders ; their velocity of deto-
nation is highly modified by the absorbent. Moreover
the projection of a slender column of air into the sur-
rounding atmosphere introduces new physical condi-
tions ; the power required to impel a jet is different from
that required to overcome the inertia of the air sur-
rounding a 'sand-blast' in bulldozing. Plastic tamping
is first compressed and tightened in the hole ; then the
friction developed between the tamping and the wall,
under the enormous suddenly applied pressure due to
the detonation, makes the stemming almost as resistant as
the solid rock.
The proper application of explosives deserves consid-
eration by all thoughtful engineers. It is a fruitful sub-
ject for discussion, having to do with the protection of
human life against carelessness and ignorance as well as
touching, at so many points, the commercial result of the
complex operations of mining that finally are centred
upon the relation between the cost of the ore broken and
the price obtained for it.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PR KISS
79
THE Ul'TTE i Sl'l'EBIOB MINE AND MILL
Butte Re-Visited
By ROBERT E. BRINSMADE
When I landed in Butte recently, there had elapsed
just 16 years since my last sight of the city. The train
that brought me, the Columbian express of the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul system, with its steel cars and its
electric locomotives, was an indication of the engineering
progress that the interval had produced, a record of
achievement in transportation that the mining industry
of the locality might find difficulty in matching.
In the business district around Main street and Broad-
way, skyscrapers have arisen to keep company with the
solitar}' Hennessy block of former days. The luxurious
post-office, the regal county courthouse, occupying nearly
a whole square, the Silverbow Club with its tasteful
facade, as well as new hotels and apartment-houses, indi-
cate that builders have become hopeful of the future of
Butte and are staking their fortunes with the belief that
its stability as a centre of population is assured, whatever
may be the ultimate fate of its mineral resources. In-
deed, the change from the Helena to the Butte branch
railway for the passage of the main-line traffic of the
Northern Pacific system, and its selection, in spite of the
difficult topography, as the route of the new Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul extension to the coast, demonstrate
that the city has finally shed the swaddling clothes of a
transient mining settlement.
On entering Butte from the south-west, no vestiges are
visible of the old Colorado smelting works, while the ad-
joining plant, the Butte Reduction Works, remains only
as a cold and lifeless reminder of its erstwhile productiv-
ity. Farther south, the Flat, formerly so bare and for-
saken, is becoming populous as a residence section, and
the same may be said of Silverbow valley on the east,
where, in place of the three smelters, the Montana Ore
Purchasing, the Butte & Boston, and that famous belcher
of pungent sulphur-smoke, the Parrot, there functions
only the infant plant of the East Butte company. Not
only have the buildings and machinery of the famous
old smelters been removed, but what still remains of their
tailing and slag-piles is being shipped away so rapidly
for re-treatment during the present bonanza era that any
future delvers in the 'ruins of ancient Butte' will find
few clues to the activities of former inhabitants.
The Anaconda and St. Lawrence mines, as well as
adjoining shafts of the 'richest hill in the world', cover-
ing the Anaconda lode-system, seem to have changed
little in superficial appearance. The existing steel head-
frames had all been erected in 1900, and many of the
adjoining long lines of iron boiler-stacks are still stand-
ing. Though the mines have drawn electric current from
Great Falls and other Montana water-powers, the old
boilers, when hardly worth moving elsewhere, form a
valuable reserve in case of line-troubles. To the north,
at the High Ore shaft, have been erected the great build-
ings that house the mighty electric compressors, which
supply air to the re-constructed steam-hoists of the deep
shafts of the Anaconda company. On Syndicate hill,
farther west, the old land-marks, the Bell, the Diamond,
the Green Mountain, the Mountain Con., and the Coulin
mines, are still active, and have been supplemented by
the great new Beaver State mine. This last is a visible
evidence of the extension of the copper zone, which for-
merly was thought to be as contracted as the throat of a
sperm-whale. It has now been followed to the North
Butte, the Butte-Ballaklava, the Tuolumne, the Tropic
80
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21. 1917
and the East Butte on the north and east, and to the
Butte-Duluth, the Bullwhacker, and the Davis-Daly on
the south. In 1900 the Silver Bow No. 3 vein was be-
lieved to be the southern, and the Continental fault the
eastern boundary, of the copper-zone, even though Heinze
had already begun to work east of Columbia Garden in
what later became the productive Receiver mine. Thus
the work of the past decade has demonstrated the fallacy
of such a belief. Boring through the sediments of the
Flat into bedrock has demonstrated the presence of cop-
per veins far to the south, and such productive mines as
the Bullwhacker and the" Butte-Duluth have proved the
presence of abundant copper to the east of the Conti-
nental fault. These discoveries caused a boom in the
corresponding mineral rights, so that owners of town
lots around the Race Track on the Flat found themselves
in clover, and the claim-owners near Columbia Garden
unloaded their undeveloped holdings upon the North
Butte company for over a million dollars.
Even as late as 1906, the Butte report of the U. S.
Geological Survey affirmed the non-existence of commer-
cial oxidized copper ore in Butte, and the dictum was
then well founded, for the outcrops of the marvelous
veins of Anaconda hill, with their hungry iron-stained
quartz, show less signs of the red metal than a German
kitchen in war-time, and even the copper-stained Syndi-
cate outcrops farther north have scarcely any ore of value
till the sulphide-zone is reached. Yet the opening of the
great granite stockworks of 5% oxidized copper ore in
the Bullwhacker and Butte-Duluth have discredited the
former dogma and have brought to light the belt of
oxidized ore that lies east of the Continental fault, and
extends south from Park canyon for more than a mile.
The oxidized veins are sub-vertical and mainly contain
ehrysocolla and malachite, both in the veins proper and
in the disseminations of their granite walls. They have
been mined open-cast, by Lake Superior methods, and
treated by leaching with sulphuric acid in the Butte-
Duluth mill of Captain Wolvin, at the rate of 500 tons
daily. Their oxidized filling extends to water-level,
which is at 300 ft. in the Butte-Duluth, and then merges
into the typical Butte copper sulphides : in fact, these
distant veins have the easterly strike of the great veins
of Anaconda hill. It appears plausible to believe that
the oxidized-copper zone depends on the Continental
fault, which, being 200 to 1000 ft. wide, and with a ver-
tical throw of 1500 ft., has generated quite different
conditions for surficial leaching between its opposite
sides.
The saying that 'Fools rush in where angels fear to
tread' has perhaps never had a more unexpected and
happier outcome than in the recent history of Butte ; the
two 'fools' in this case being Ralph Baggaley and Cap-
tain Wolvin. The first, a Pittsburg steel-man, and con-
sequently a novice in copper, was so ignorant as to insist
that copper matte could be blown in basic-lined concert-
crs. Backing his belief with his large fortune, he con-
ducted costly eperiments, and finally had the satisfaction
of accomplishing the impossible and of proving himself
less a fool than his critics. Captain Wolvin had gained
title and fortune as a ship-owner at Duluth ; so, a decade
ago, when he entered the race for mining honors at Butte,
he was booked by the wise-acres far down on the list of
'rank outsiders* ; but the Captain, undaunted by scoffers,
took hold of the old Black Rock silver mine, organized
the Butte & Superior Copper Co., and proceeded to sink
for another copper bonanza. Though a fool's luck did
not give Wolvin a copper mine, it soon handed him a
body of zinc that has out-classed in value half the copper
bonanzas of the world. After the completion of a concen-
tration mill and the flooding of the Kansas smelters with
its output, he found himself able to sell his interest for a
million profit, and he then embarked as boldly, but with
less financial success, in the opening of the Butte-Duluth
mine. The new owners of the Butte & Superior omitted
last April the word 'copper' from their company's name ;
evidently they were too profitably united to Dame Zinc
to desire further flirtations with Mistress Copper. Yet
Captain Wolvin was not 'going it blind' at the Black
Rock. The astute Heinze had, as early as 1902, found
rich zinc ore beneath the silver-manganese ore of the old
Lexington mine, and this discovery established the prob-
able existence of zinc at depth in all the silver mines of
the Rainbow lode-system extending eastward from the
Amy and Alice mines to the Continental fault. The huge
chimney of zinc ore, 300 ft. wide, that is now supplying
the 2000-ton mill at the Black Rock mine seems to have
been formed by the step-faulting of a very wide vein, and
is thus not essential^ different in structure from the
step-fault chimneys of the Anaconda lode-system, as seen
in the West Colusa or Minnie Healy mines.
The Black Rock zinc ore is a mixture of sphalerite,
galena, pyrite, and quartz. As sent to the mill, it assays
about 16% zinc, 2% lead, and 12 oz. silver, and produces
25% of its weight as a concentrate with 56% zinc, besides
yielding a little high-grade galena. Since the adaptation
to this ore of the Hyde flotation process, and the conse-
quent saving of over 90% of the zinc, the Butte zinc-belt
has attracted more attention than the copper, because
less explored and therefore of more romantic possibili-
ties. When former Senator Clark, with his usual luck,
found himself owning the western extension of the Black
Rock vein, in his Elm Orlu ground, he proceeded to ex-
plore his bonanza, and later built the Timber Butte 500-
ton flotation-mill that is now in operation on the first
hill-slope south of the Flat.
The greatest ultimate beneficiary of the pioneer work
of Heinze and Wolvin may prove to be the Anaconda
Copper Mining Co., which seems destined to be as impor-
tant in the world of zinc as it has been for three decades
in that of copper. Not only has Anaconda long con-
trolled such famous mines of the Rainbow lode-system as
the Alice and the Lexington, but it has lately acquired
the Nettie silver mine, west of the Big Butte intrusion of
rhyolite, and the Emma, south-west of town. In all of
these Anaconda has developed zinc orebodies, and soon
this company's new electrolytic zinc works at Great Falls,
producing 100 tons of spelter daily, will depend on their
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
81
output of ore: in fact, Butte bids fair to possess enough
natural resources to make her for an indefinite time a
rival, as a sine-producer, of the famous Broken Hill lode
in Australia.
Though development has shown that the Bilver veins
change in depth to sine, the hypothesis thai the zinc ore
and their middle zinc /one. 'Phis corrosion would resull
in their existing apices still persisting in th pper z s.
If such be the fact, a prolonged span of life for Butte as
the world's leading copper district is well assured,
Underground, Butte adhered si mi I lastly to square-set
stoping until 1916. .The original excuses for adopting
AT THE COLLAR OF THE SHAFT
changes in turn to copper is not yet fully demonstrated.
The fact noted by Sales* that the great copper veins of
Anaconda hill contain less copper and more zinc as one
recedes from the central copper belt does not nullify this
hypothesis. The Gagnon, the Beaver State, and the Spec-
ulator furnish good examples of zinc changing to copper
in depth, and there are said to be similar indications in
some of the new zinc mines. It may be that the copper
belt merely comprises those veins that have been the most
corroded and that have thus lost their upper silver zone
•Trans. A. I. M. E., Vol. XLVI, p. 3.
this expensive practice were the cheap timber of western
Montana and the ready adaptation of this system to the
huge soft irregular orebodies with their resemblance to
those of the Comstock lode, whence came many of the
early Butte miners. Timber is now growing scarcer, and
even the general introduction of the old Gagnon scheme
of using round, instead of square, timbers for the sets,
has given little relief, in view of the doubled output of
ore ; but, owing to the presence of many valuable surface-
structures, any timberless system of mining that involves
caving the surface is not permissible. At present the
82
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Anaconda company is employing a sort of 'rill system'
in some of the veins that are not over three sets wide,
such as the Beaver State. Levels are spaced 200 ft. apart
and then connected by three-compartment raises, 50 to
100 ft. apart, timbered with square sets. The central
compartment of each raise is a man-way, one side-com-
partment being used for sending out broken ore and the
other for admitting waste intended for filling. Stoping
s f arts at the first floor of a waste-compartment by slicing
the back on an incline of 30° along the vein, that being
about the angle of repose for broken rock. The back is
drilled by Rand-stopers, and the ore is broken down and
dropped through the plank-lagging into cars on the drift
below. The excavated space is then filled with waste
dropped down the raise from the level above, and is then
covered with plank, spread on its angle of repose, and
with enough space between plank and back to permit the
miners to drill the vein for another slice. After drop-
ping the ore of the second slice into the cars below, an-
other fill of waste is run in above the uncovered waste,
and the planks are then put back as a cover to separate
the waste from the broken ore of the third slice. "When,
after two or three slices, the waste-floor extends as far as
the next raise, the broken ore can henceforth be run into
the ore-compartment, and dropping it direct into the
•drift can cease. The slicing process may then proceed
upward, ejecting the broken ore from the chute at one
•end of the 50-ft. stope, and drawing down the waste for
filling from the other end, until the level 200-ft. above is
reached. By this system sorting can be done within the
•stope, leaving the reject there as filling. The back, of
course, must be kept well arched and carefully scaled
down after each blast before starting to drill.
The earlier custom of drilling either by piston-drill or
T)y hand is now obsolete. The old 265-lb., or even heavier,
piston-drill has been replaced by the 165-lb. water-Leyner
for driving horizontally or sinking. For cutting out
square-set stopes with piston-drills, breast-stoping was
most convenient; but now that Rand-stopers with solid
bits are used, back-stoping must be employed. For
breaking dry holes the cheaper ammonia-powder has been
found to be as good as the nitro-glycerine type, and at
the Leonard mine about half of each kind is consumed,
the average service being 1.8 tons of broken rock per
pound of explosive. For a daily output of 1400 to 1500
tons of ore and 300 tons of waste two shifts of one fore-
man, two assistant-formen, 26 shift-boses, and 568 miners
and shovelers are employed, with a complement of 45
mechanical and other surface-men, or a total of about 700
men in the 24 hours. This gives an average output of
over two tons per man.
In 1900 mules were used underground by the Boston
& Montana company, and compi^ssed-air locomotives by
the Anaconda. Since the use of the hydro-electric cur-
rent, the electric motor has become the favorite tractor ,-
not having to deal with explosive gases as in coal mines
it is possible to use a 440-volt pressure. When self-
dumping skips were first introduced in 1898, they were
^filled by dumping the ears directly into them at each
level. Now bins are excavated in the floor of each shaft-
station, and the 4|-ton skips are filled with one run of the
bin instead of with three dumps of the 1500-lb. cars.
When hydro-electric power was introduced a decade
ago, it gradually replaced steam as a prime mover in the
mines. However, each of the Anaconda's deep shafts was
then equipped with steam-hoists, and to discard a dozen
serviceable engines that had cost nearly $50,000 apiece
meant a huge loss. The dilemma was avoided by continu-
ing to use the hoists and moving them by air, compressed
electrically, instead of by steam. This required only a
special pipe-system to feed air to each hoist from a cen-
tral compressor-plant, and the replacement of the steam-
cylinders at the hoists by others that would act as air-
compressors to force air back into the system whenever
the load was negative. Each hoist is further equipped
with a pre-heater for raising the air to 330° F. For all
machines save the great hoists, such as drills, portable
pumps, and timber-hoists, air is supplied from an indi-
vidual electric-compressor at each mine. The ownership
of numerous adjacent mines by the Anaconda company
will permit a common system of levels to he established
in all the new lower workings of a group. This will mean
easier ventilation ; also cheaper transport and drainage.
Soon the water from all the mines of the Boston & Mon-
tana group will flow to the Leonard and be handled at its
1400 and 2800-ft. levels. At the higher level there are
now installed five vertical electric pumps, each with five
single-acting plungers and a capacity of 600 gal. per min.
against a 1400-ft. head. The lead-lined wrought-iron
water-pipes, formerly used in the Anaconda shaft to
resist the acid water, are superseded in the later installa-
tions by the same pipes lined with creosoted wood. The
pump-pistons and adjacent parts are still made of bronze,
but a successful experiment was made last year in sub-
stituting porcelain for bronze in acid-water pumps.
In 1900 Butte was still in the throes of the consolida-
tion of companies and of the famous lawsuits between
Heinze and the Amalgamated company. The latter had
been born in 1899 and within 18 months it had absorbed
the Anaconda, the Washoe, the Boston & Montana, the
Butte & Boston, the Colorado, and the Parrot companies.
The lawsuits had been begun against Heinze in 1898 for
alleged ore-stealing by the Boston & Montana company,
and were a part of the 'assets' inherited by the Amal-
gamated when it bought out the latter company. Heinze
had retaliated by 'carrying the war into Africa' and
locating every fraction of unclaimed ground he could
find within the central copper zone. He then brought
suit against the Amalgamated for the ore removed from
the veins, of which his new fractions were the 'apex'.
Such are the vagaries of the famous apex law that
Heinze 's lawsuits, with their rich pickings for lawyers
and experts, might have continued to this day had he
not grown tired of the fight and sold his copper holdings
to his opponent for a big sum. He then went to New
York to beard the Standard Oil in its den. This last
adventure was more rash than wise, and Heinze 's brief
plunge into Wall Street nearly wrecked him financially
July 81, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
GRANITE MOUNTAIN SHAFT. WHEKE 171 MINERS PERISHED RECENTLY
MAIN STREET, BUTTE, LOOKING NORTH
84
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
during the panic of 1907, seven years before his death.
With the absorption, a few years later, of the Original,
the Colusa Parrot, and the smaller copper mines of W.
A. Clark, the Amalgamated had achieved the ownership
of practically all the copper companies that were inde-
pendent in 1898. Nevertheless the district is still far
from being consolidated in the hands of a trust, since
many new companies hold ground in the newly developed
extensions of the old copper zone. Among these are the
Davis-Daly, the Bast Butte, the North Butte, the Butte
Ballaklava, the Tuolumne, the Butte & London, the
Butte Duluth. and the Butte & Baeorn, without men-
tioning such zinc giants as the Elm Orlu and the Butte
& Superior. The absorption by the Amalgamated, now
the Anaconda, of so many Butte mines has not produced
the dire results for labor that were freely predicted as
certain to follow the entrance of Standard Oil capital.
In 1900 the miners worked 10 hours by day and 9 by
night, while smelter-men worked 11 hr. by day and 13
hr. by night. The State 8-hour law was secured by the
unions as a by-product of their support of the Heinze-
Clark combination against Marcus Daly in the election
of 1900. This law is now well observed, and in addition
much of the former unnecessary Sunday work has been
abolished. A liberal State workmen's compensation law
was recently introduced, and has proved a great stimu-
lus to the safety-first movement in Butte. For rescue-
work the Anaconda company alone has two stations and
60 Draeger helmets, while the U. S. Bureau of Mines lias
given valuable instruction in first-aid to resident miners.
It is curious to see Butte an open shop where once was
the impregnable stronghold of unionism. There were
two reasons for the prolonged prosperity of the Butte
Miners' Union. The first was the favor of Marcus Daly,
who used to say, "We may pay better here than any-
where else, but then we can afford to, and the bonus will
keep them from getting jealous of us mine-owners who
got here first and located the bonanza claims." The sec-
ond was because this union was free from such vicious
union practices as lead to restricted membership and
output, and never tried to dictate who should be hired
or who discharged. Provided all new mine-workers were
required by the big companies to pay their union dues
of $1 per month, and the union wages and hours were
observed, the union kept the peace between man and
master: but like all political democracies, the labor dem-
ocracies called unions are apt to fall into the hands of a
clique. This happened to the Western Federation of
Miners, with which the Butte union was always affiliated.
The Western Federation clique, justly or unjustly, in-
curred the enmity of a large number of Butte miners,
and the ill feeling culminated on Labor Day in 1913,
when the two factions came to hjows, and during the
battle the local union-hall was blown up by dynamite.
Later the State militia had to be called to suppress the
disorder, which had undoubtedly been augmented by
members of the I. W. W., the American branch of
syndicalism or revolutionary anarchy. Since that date
the mine-owner's have refused to make labor-contracts
with either faction, and the miners have suffered nothing
from the change in wages or hours. In fact, the sliding
scale of payment, which grants a minimum daily wage
to everyone underground of .+3.50 and advances it 25c.
for every 3e. advance in copper above 15c. per lb., has
resulted in equalizing the income of the operatives with
the advancing prices of commodities.
The cloud of expensive lawsuits that hung over Butte
for a decade proved to have a silver lining. The studies
made of the old workings, and the new pits and trenches
driven for the elucidation of theories advanced by the
mining 'experts', revealed so much of practical value in
the finding of orebodies that the geological departments
of the companies, founded originally for litigation only,
have since continued in action as an indispensable part
of their operations. Before 1900 the college graduate
was viewed with disfavor in Butte ; in fact, to get a job
with many managers the less said about one's technical
education the better. The practical Cousin Jack, or
the 'Paddy-practical,' provided he came from Daly's
home county, had his pick of jobs in the mines, mills,
and smelters. The Anaconda was the happy haven for
the Green Islanders, while the Parrot and the others
with Cornish foremen favored men from Cymric Eng-
land ; but today all this is changed, and the technician
receives the recognition to which his education entitles
him. The Anaconda Consolidated Co. now employs as
many in its strictly technical department as did all of
the parent companies; while in its geologic bureau, it
has over 18 engineers. Moreover it is the policy of this
company to introduce into all executive positions, such
as superintendent, foreman, or shift-boss, as many tech-
nicians as are found suitable. The Butte copper zone is
sprinkled so thickly with big rich orebodies that almost
every graduate from the end of a shovel could give satis-
faction as a boss in the old days merely by getting out
plenty of ore, but now 'book-larnin' is having its innings
and the 'scientific dudes' are recovering from some of
the 'exhausted' upper levels almost as much ore as was
ever taken from them in their virgin days. The vast old
tailing-piles and slag-dumps, the output of muscular
milling and smelting, are also being largely re-treated
and they often show a considerably larger metallic con-
tent than the old assay-reports indicate. It seems to be
proving true that "Assays don't lie, but liars will sam-
ple." Besides the above recovery of unmined ore in the
upper levels, it has been the custom since 1900 to extract,
during all periods of high-priced copper, the filling of
low-grade ore in the old stopes. Those dating from the
'eighties may run as high as 10% copper, and those from
the 'nineties up to 5%. An old ore-fill is replaced by
fresh waste, which is dumped from the cars on the level
above, taking waste from cross-cuts in barren rook, and
also from old dumps on the surface. Even though it is
the custom to fill abandoned drifts as well as stopes with
waste, the whole formation around Anaconda hill seems
to be moving, and survey-plugs placed in the 'nineties
are often found many feet away from their correct posi-
tion in space.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
85
Sources of Sulphur in Oils
By G. SHERBURNE ROGERS
■There are several possible sources of sulphur, though
in the < lalifornian fields sulphide waters are probably the
must important. The surface and shallow ground-waters
in the California!) fields curry large amounts of sodium,
calcium, and magnesium sulphate, and outside of the oil-
fields the deeper waters are also strongly sulphatic in
character. The waters in and near 1 lie oil-measures, how-
ever, are almost or quite sulphate-free, aud are usually
solutions of carbonates and chlorides. Between the sul-
phate surface-waters and the sulphate-free waters asso-
ciated with the oil, every gradation may be found; and
near the horizon at which sulphate begins to decrease
and carbonate to increase the waters usually contain
hydrogen sulphide. As sulphate is abundant in the
shallower waters everywhere along the Californian coast
ranges, whereas sulphide is found only in the oilfields
and near the oil and gas, it is reasonable to suppose that
the sulphide has been formed through the reduction of
sulphate by the hydrocarbons. The reaction supposed to
be involved is usually written:
< 'aS0 4 + CH 4 = CaS + CO, + 2H„0 = CaCO. +
ILS + H 2
Although the field evidence in favor of some such reac-
tion is strong it must be admitted that it has apparently
never been experimentally proved. In any event the re-
action as written can be considered only as a condensed
representation of the type of change that takes place, the
intermediate stages in the decomposition of the hydro-
carbons on the one hand and of the sulphate on the other
being as yet unknown.
In some regions gypsum may be disseminated through
the strata near the oil-measures and if taken into solu-
tion and carried to the oil may be reduced to sulphide.
This is, of course, essentially the same as the reduction
of sulphate surface-waters. Gypsum in the anhydrous
condition, however, is a very stable compound, and even
with an active reducing agent, such as carbon monoxide,
a temperature of about 700° C. is required for its reduc-
tion. Whether the reduction of sulphate by hydro-
carbons takes place or not, it is certain that many of the
oilfield waters carry hydrogen sulphide or alkaline sul-
phide in amounts ranging up to more than 300 parts per
million. The tendency of alkaline sulphide to become
free H„S, and the tendency of this gas to oxidize to sul-
phur, are well known. In this connection the following
personal communication from Clifford Richardson is of
interest: "Some years ago I collected in a sealed tube
200 or 300 cc. of a natural gas in Trinidad which con-
tained hydrogen sulphide. This was allowed to stand for
♦Abstract: Trans. A. I. M. E., St. Louis meeting, 1917.
about ten years withoul observation, bul ;it the end of
thai lime ii was found thai the sulphur of the H 2 S was
deposited on the walls of the tube in colorless crystals."
The oxidation of hydrogen sulphide proceeds even under
very feebly oxidizing conditions, as on the floor of the
ocean, and it doubtless takes place even in deeply buried
strata. In the light of other corroborative evidence, it
seems probable that considerable amounts of hydrogen
sulphide are oxidized to sulphur, which is precipitated.
As the strata directly above the oil-measures have not
been tested for sulphur, this supposition cannot be
definitely proved, but it is significant that small deposits
of disseminated sulphur are not uncommon along the
western edges of the Coalinga and Midway-Sunset fields.
Moreover, a commercial deposit of sulphur has been
found near the southern end of the Sunset field, in the
same formation that contains the oil-measures in the
field nearby. An interesting feature of this sulphur, to
which my attention was first directed by E. A. Starke
of the Standard Oil Co., is its intimate mixture with
material containing hydrocarbon, which seems to consti-
tute 20% or more of the amorphous substance.
It may be added that the waters associated with the
oil in many regions are known to be free from sulphate.
In many fields there are strong chloride waters which
doubtless represent the sea-water entrapped in the sedi-
ments when they were laid down, and which therefore
never contained a large concentration of sulphate; but
in some fields the low chloride and the high carbonate
indicate that the waters are in part altered meteoric
waters from which considerable quantities of sulphate
have been removed. In some Tertiary and Cretaceous
fields in which the normal surface-waters are strongly
sulphate in character the reduction of the sulphate by the
stages outlined above may afford abundant supplies of
sulphur to react with the oil. Hence, as meteoric waters
carry oxygen and also salts that eventually yield sul-
phur, it is probable that in many regions waters are the
chief agents in the alteration of the oil. The apparent
increase in the gravity of oil that has been associated
with certain types of water is recognized by many prac-
tical oil men.
As pyrite is said to react with and to yield sulphur to
petroleum it is probable that in some localities the action
of both pyrite and its less stable isomer, marcasite, have
been important. These minerals have been found in
many wells in the Californian fields. They probably
formed in part during the deposition of the sediments,
through the reducing action of organic matter on iron-
sulphate solutions; but they may also have originated
later through the direct action of hydrogen sulphide on
86
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
chalybeate waters. J. J. Hern, a Californian oil man of
wide experience, told me that in wells in which large
quantities of iron sulphide are found the oil below is
likely to be abnormally warm. If this observation is well
founded, it may be significant as indicating chemical re-
action between the sulphide and the oil. In some regions
sulphur is doubtless derived from still other sources.
Hyurogen sulphide and sulphur di-oxide are common
components of volcanic emanations, and the former is
found in many thermal springs supposed to represent
the last stages of igneous activity. Much of the Mexican
oil, which is heavy, asphaltic, and high in sulphur, is
found near igneous intrusions and may well have been
affected by the sulphurous gases that doubtless accom-
panied them. The oil in the salt-domes of the Gulf
Coast is somewhat similar in character and has evidently
been altered by sulphur, but the origin of the sulphur in
this case is related to that of the salt-domes themselves,
and has never been satisfactorily explained. Again, it
has long been known that some varieties of bacteria have
the property of generating hydrogen sulphide through
the reduction of sulphate solutions. Some of these bac-
teria are anaerobic, being able to exist in the absence of
air. and their action has been repeatedly observed in
ocean water, but whether they can exist and function in
deeply buried strata is open to question. Finally, there
are oils, like those of the Appalachian fields, that have
apparently never been subjected to the actioD of sulphur ;
and others, like the Trenton limestone oil of Ohio, that
are generally supposed to owe their sulphur to the char-
acter of the organic remains from which they were
formed. If the organic origin of petroleum is accepted
the old idea that the contained sulphur indicates deriva-
tion from animal remains is not necessarily valid. It is
generally recognized, however, that the character of the
original organic material has a bearing on the composi-
tion of the oil derived from it.
Mine Found by Thieves
How a Brazilian physician owes a prospective fortune
to the cupidity of negro thieves is revealed in a little story
which comes from Rio Janeiro. According to this tale,
Dr. Marques da Silva rented a house in a suburb of Rio
Janeiro to a family of negroes. After remaining in the
house long enough to run up a good-sized unpaid rent
bill, the negroes suddenly decamped, taking with them
all the electric wiring and plumbing fixtures in the house.
They even tore up a lead pipe leading underground to a
water-main.
Dr. da Silva went through the looted house, sadly not-
ing his losses and the damage done to the premises, and
sat down on the veranda to think over the iniquity of his
missing tenants. Suddenly he noticed a peculiar metallic
gleam in the trench where the pipe had been torn out.
The gleam was caused by mercury oozing from the clay.
The mercury mine probably will make the doctor a mil-
lionaire. — Daily Metal Reporter.
A Blast-Furnace Record
Ten tons per square foot of hearth-area is the record
made by a 14-fJ;. blast-furnace at the smelting plant of
the Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co.'s smelter at
Humboldt, Arizona. It is a rectangular water-jacketed
furnace, 14 ft. long and 52 in. wide at the tuyeres. It
taps from the side through a water-cooled copper breast-
jacket with a water-jacketed spout, and a water-cooled
copper lip into a pear-shaped settler 27 ft. long and 13
ft. wide and 55 in. deep. It has practically no crucible,
as it is bricked up to within 3 in. of the tuyeres on each
end and the bottom slopes toward the middle so that it
is just below the connection hole at the centre. The fur-
nace is fed mechanically with six charge-cars of the old
Anaconda type, having a capacity of 60 cu. ft. each, and
dumped by means of an air-lift.
Details of Furnace
Width at tuyeres 52 in.
Length of furnace 168 in.
Square feet hearth-area 60.66
Height of furnace 11 ft. 6 in.
Distance from tuyeres to top S ft. 6 in.
Distance from tuyeres to sole plate 3 ft. 6 in.
Diameter of tuyeres 4 in.
Centre to centre between tuyeres 15 in.
Number of tuyeres 22
Tuyere-area 276.46 sq. in.
Tuyere-area per square foot of hearth-area.... 4.56 in.
Cubic feet of air per minute 20,000
Air-pressure 26 to 30 oz.
Tons smelted per 24 hr 609
Tons per square foot of hearth-area per 24 hr. . 10.04
Per cent coke 9.3%
The charge is put in as follows : two cars of coke hold-
ing 800 lb. each are dumped in, and then two ore-cars
holding 8000 lb. each are dumped on top of it from the
same side of the furnace, and this is repeated on the
other side of the furnace for the next charge. The
charge consists of ore, converter-slag, and limestone, and
has the following composition :
%
SiO = 33.5
Fe 26.8
CaO 8.6
S 10.4
Cu 3.12
With an 80% sulphur-elimination this gives a 38%
matte and a slag assaying :
%
SiCv 40
Fe 30
CaO 10.2
Cu 0.25
The smelter superintendent in charge is P. K. Brunton.
Petroleum development in Louisiana is approaching
near to the city of New Orleans. Wells are being drilled
within 40 miles of that city by the Concordia Gas & Oil
Co. The oil and gas zone has now been shown to extend
from Natchez to a point south of New Orleans.
July 81, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
87
Survey of Inclines Without Auxiliaries
By A. J. SALE
In mi nut of the way district, an engineer may some-
times be called upon to make a survey down a steep in-
cline when he has no auxiliary telescope available. If
this should happen, he will rind that the following
method readily solves the difficulty. Necessity having
forced tne to evolve this procedure, I became so attached
to it that I have since ceased to use auxiliaries where
accuracy is an important factor. At best, either a top
or side telescope has many disadvantages. They are
hard to keep in adjustment, they greatly detract from
the stability of the 'set up,' and introduce awkward cor-
rections into the calculations. The essence of the prob-
lem is to generate a vertical plane down the incline; the
remainder is merely detail. For this type of work, it
stands to reason that the instrument must be in perfect
adjustment, but, in addition to the usual transit ad-
justments, including both the one for leveling and the
one of the vertical vernier, there is another condition
that must be investigated. By the 'peg adjustment,' or
otherwise, one can apparently make the bubble-tube of
the telescope parallel to the line-of-sight : but, in reality,
it only causes them to lie in parallel planes, and, in an
inclined position of the plate, they would show false con-
ditions. This special adjustment is made in the fol-
lowing manner: Select two parallel walls, about 100 ft.
apart, and mark an approximate centre line between
them. Have all three of the legs of the transit at equal
length, and place them as indicated in Fig. 1. Loosen
the leveling screws under the plate and turn the head
of the machine until a pair of opposite screws lies in a
line approximately parallel to the marked centre line.
This forces the other pair into a position approximately
perpendicular to this line. Tighten all of the leveling
screws, and level the plate. "With the vertical motion.
bring the bubble of the telescope into a central position,
causing the vertical vernier to read 0. Set the plate-
vernier to read 0, and, w 7 ith the lower motion, turn until
the telescope points forward along the marked centre
line. This causes one of the plate bubble-tubes to be
approximately perpendicular to the centre line. With
the upper motion, turn to 90°. (As the upper motion
is used throughout the remainder of this adjustment, I
will not repeat the mention of it.) Mark a point where
the line-of-sight intersects the wall. Then, leaving the
vertical motion fixed, mark another point at the same
level, but at about 2 ft. in advance of the last. With a
straight-edge, draw- a line connecting these points. In
like manner, after turning to 270°, mark another line on
the opposite wall. By this method there will have been
drawn two horizontal lines at the same elevation. Now,
by shortening the forward leg, cause the plate to be-
come inclined to any desired angle, which may be called
t). It is best to make this inclination to some special
angle such as 15° or 30°, depending upon the steepness
of the incline to be surveyed. For very steep inclines,
30° or more may be necessary.
It is a simple matter to set this angle of inclination.
Suppose 20° is desired : Set the vertical vernier to read
+ 20° ; lower the forward leg of the instrument until
the telescope-bubble approaches a level position, then
bring it exactly level by means of the leveling-screws
which lie parallel to the centre line. After having set 6,
level the bubble-tube which lies perpendicular to the
centre line. (This operation is not absolutely necessary,
but saves time by bringing the instrument into approxi-
mate position.) Set the vertical vernier to read 0, and
turn the plate to 90°. (As the instrument has been
brought into perfect adjustment, the line of sight will
be parallel to the plate when the vertical vernier reads
0. ) Mark the point where the line of sight cuts the wall.
(Since the general position of the machine has been
lowered, this point will usually be a few inches below the
horizontal line already marked.) Now, leaving the ver-
tical motion fixed, turn to 270° and mark the point where
the line of sight cuts that wall. Measure the distance
from each of these points to its corresponding horizontal
line. From each point mark off one-half of the differ-
ence between these measurements in the direction in
which it occurs.
As an example: Suppose, at the 90° position the point
is 3 in. below its line, while at the 270° position it is 34
m. below. Then, at the 90° position, mark a new point
I in. below the original; while at the 270° position mark
a new point J in. above the original. Through each of
these new points draw a short horizontal line. (These
lines may not be necessary; but, as there is a tendency
toward a horizontal movement in the next change of the
telescope, they will probably save time.) Leaving the
vertical motion fixed, and by means of the pair of level-
ing-screws which lie perpendicular to the centre line,
raise or lower the line of sight until it cuts the new
short horizontal line just marked. Then turn back t9
the 90° position, where the line of sight should exactly
cut the new line which has just been marked for that
position. If there is a slight discrepancy, correct half
at both positions as has been described. Now turn back
to the position and re-set 0, if it shows any change. If
any correction is made in 6, it will be necessary to turn
back to both the 90° and 270° positions and correct any
small errors that may have occurred, after which it will
not be necessary to re-set 6.
By the above operations a horizontal line is fixed into
86
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
chalybeate waters. J. J. Hern, a Californian oil man of
wide experience, told me that in wells in which large
quantities of iron sulphide are found the oil below is
likely to be abnormally warm. If this observation is well
founded, it may be significant as indicating chemical re-
action between the sulphide and the oil. In some regions
sulphur is doubtless derived from still other sources.
Hydrogen sulphide and sulphur di-oxide are common
components of volcanic emanations, and the former is
found in many thermal springs supposed to represent
the last stages of igneous activity. Much of the Mexican
oil, which is heavy, asphaltic, and high in sulphur, is
found near igneous intrusions and may well have been
affected by the sulphurous gases that doubtless accom-
panied them. The oil in the salt-domes of the Gulf
Coast is somewhat similar in character and has evidently
been altered by sulphur, but the origin of the sulphur in
this case is related to that of the salt-domes themselves,
and has never been satisfactorily explained. Again, it
has long been known that some varieties of bacteria have
the property of generating hydrogen sulphide through
the reduction of sulphate solutions. Some of these bac-
teria are anserobie, being able to exist in the absence of
air, and their action has been repeatedly observed in
ocean water, but whether they can exist and function in
deeply buried strata is open to question. Finally, there
are oils, like those of the Appalachian fields, that have
apparently never been subjected to the action of sulphur ;
and others, like the Trenton limestone oil of Ohio, that
are generally supposed to owe their sulphur to the char-
acter of the organic remains from which they were
formed. If the organic origin of petroleum is accepted
the old idea that the contained sulphur indicates deriva-
tion from animal remains is not necessarily valid. It is
generally recognized, however, that the character of the
original organic material has a bearing on the composi-
tion of the oil derived from it.
Mine Found by Thieves
How a Brazilian physician owes a prospective fortune
to the cupidity of negro thieves is revealed in a little story
which comes from Rio Janeiro. According to this tale,
Dr. Marques da Silva rented a house in a suburb of Rio
Janeiro to a family of negroes. After remaining in the
house long enough to run up a good-sized unpaid rent
bill, the negroes suddenly decamped, taking with them
all the electric wiring and plumbing fixtures in the house.
They even tore up a lead pipe leading underground to a
water-main.
Dr. da Silva went through the looted house, sadly not-
ing his losses and the damage done to the premises, and
sat down on the veranda to think over the iniquity of his
missing tenants. Suddenly he noticed a peculiar metallic
gleam in the trench where the pipe had been torn out.
The gleam was caused by mercury oozing from the clay.
The mercury mine probably will make the doctor a mil-
lionaire. — Daily Metal Reporter.
A Blast-Furnace Record
Ten tons per square foot of hearth-area is the record
made by a 14-fJ. blast-furnace at the smelting plant of
the Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co.'s smelter at
Humboldt, Arizona. It is a rectangular water-jacketed
furnace, 14 ft. long and 52 in. wide at the tuyeres. It
taps from the side through a water-cooled copper breast-
jacket with a water-jacketed spout, and a water-cooled
copper lip into a pear-shaped settler 27 ft. long and 13
ft. wide and 55 in. deep. It has practically no crucible,
as it is bricked up to within 3 in. of the tuyeres on each
end and the bottom slopes toward the middle so that it
is just below the connection hole at the centre. The fur-
nace is fed mechanically with six charge-cars of the old
Anaconda type, having a capacity of 60 cu. ft. each, and
dumped by means of an air-lift.
Details of Furnace
Width at tuyeres 52 in.
Length of furnace 168 in.
Square feet hearth-area 60.66
Height of furnace 11 ft. 6 in.
Distance from tuyeres to top 8 ft. 6 in.
Distance from tuyeres to sole plate 3 ft. 6 in.
Diameter of tuyeres 4 in.
Centre to centre between tuyeres 15 in.
Number of tuyeres 22
Tuyere-area 276.46 sq. in.
Tuyere-area per square foot of hearth-area.... 4.56 in.
Cubic feet of air per minute 20,000
Air-pressure 26 to 30 oz.
Tons smelted per 24 hr 609
Tons per square foot of hearth-area per 24 hr. . 10.04
Per cent coke 9.3%
The charge is put in as follows : two cars of coke hold-
ing 800 lb. each are dumped in, and then two ore-cars
holding 8000 lb. each are dumped on top of it from the
same side of the furnace, and this is repeated on the
other side of the furnace for the next charge. The
charge consists of ore, converter-slag, and limestone, and
has the following composition:
%
SiO. 33.5
Fe 26.S
CaO 8.6
S 10.4
Cu 3.12
"With an 80% sulphur-elimination this gives a 38%
matte and a slag assaying :
%
SiO, 40
Fe 30
CaO 10.2
Cu 0.25
The smelter superintendent in charge is F. K. Brunton.
Petroleum development in Louisiana is approaching
near to the city of New Orleans. "Wells are being drilled
within 40 miles of that city by the Concordia Gas & Oil
Co. The oil and gas zone has now been shown to extend
from Natchez to a point south of New Orleans.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
87
Survey of Inclines Without Auxiliaries
By A. J. SALE
In an out of the way district, an engineer may some-
times be called upon to make a survey down a steep in-
cline "hen he has no auxiliary telescope available. If
this should happen, he will find that the following
method readily solves the difficulty. Necessity having
forced me to evolve this procedure, I became so attached
to it that I have since ceased to use auxiliaries where
accuracy is an important factor. At best, either a top
or side telescope has many disadvantages. They are
hard to keep in adjustment, they greatly detract from
the stability of the 'set up,' and introduce awkward cor-
rections into the calculations. The essence of the prob-
lem is to generate a vertical plane down the incline ; the
remainder is merely detail. For this type of work, it
stands to reason that the instrument must be in perfect
adjustment, but, in addition to the usual transit ad-
justments, including both the one for leveling and the
one of the vertical vernier, there is another condition
that must be investigated. By the 'peg adjustment,' or
otherwise, one can apparently make the bubble-tube of
the telescope parallel to the line-of-sight ; but, in reality,
it only causes them to lie in parallel planes, and, in an
inclined position of the plate, they would show false con-
ditions. This special adjustment is made in the fol-
lowing manner: Select two parallel walls, about 100 ft.
apart, and mark an approximate centre line between
them. Have all three of the legs of the transit at equal
length, and place them as indicated in Fig. 1. Loosen
the leveling screws under the plate and turn the head
of the machine until a pair of opposite screws lies in a
line approximately parallel to the marked centre line.
This forces the other pair into a position approximately
perpendicular to this line. Tighten all of the leveling
screws, and level the plate. With the vertical motion,
bring the bubble of the telescope into a central position,
causing the vertical vernier to read 0. Set the plate-
vernier to read 0, and, with the lower motion, turn until
the telescope points forward along the marked centre
line. This causes one of the plate bubble-tubes to be
approximately perpendicular to the centre line. With
the upper motion, turn to 90°. (As the upper motion
is used throughout the remainder of this adjustment, I
will not repeat the mention of it.) Mark a point where
the line-of-sight intersects the wall. Then, leaving the
vertical motion fixed, mark another point at the same
level, but at about 2 ft. in advance of the last. With a
straight-edge, draw a line connecting these points. In
like manner, after turning to 270°, mark another line on
the opposite wall. By this method there will have been
drawn two horizontal lines at the same elevation. Now,
by shortening the forward leg, cause the plate to be-
come inclined to any desired angle, which may be called
6. It is best to make this inclination to some special
angle such as 15° or 30°, depending upon the steepness
of the incline to be surveyed. For very steep inclines,
30° or more may be necessary.
It is a simple matter to set this angle of inclination.
Suppose 20° is desired: Set the vertical vernier to read
+ 20° ; lower the forward leg of the instrument until
the telescope-bubble approaches a level position, then
bring it exactly level by means of the leveling-screws
which lie parallel to the centre line. After having set 6,
level the bubble-tube which lies perpendicular to the
centre line. (This operation is not absolutely necessary,
but saves time by bringing the instrument into approxi-
mate position.) Set the vertical vernier to read 0, and
turn the plate to 90°. (As the instrument has been
brought into perfect adjustment, the line of sight will
be parallel to the plate when the vertical vernier reads
0.) Mark the point where the line of sight cuts the wall.
(Since the general position of the machine has been
lowered, this point will usually be a few inches below the
horizontal line already marked.) Now, leaving the ver-
tical motion fixed, turn to 270° and mark the point where
the line of sight cuts that wall. Measure the distance
from each of these points to its corresponding horizontal
line. From each point mark off one-half of the differ-
ence between these measurements in the direction in
which it occurs.
As an example : Suppose, at the 90° position the point
is 3 in. below its line,' while at the 270° position it is 3£
in. below. Then, at the 90° position, mark a new point
i in. below the original; while at the 270° position mark
a new point I in. above the original. Through each of
these new points draw a short horizontal line. (These
lines may not be necessary; but, as there is a tendency
toward a horizontal movement in the next change of the
telescope, they will probably save time.) Leaving the
vertical motion fixed, and by means of the pair of level-
ing-screws which lie perpendicular to the centre line,
raise or lower the line of sight until it cuts the new
short horizontal line just marked. Then turn back to
the 90° position, where the line of sight should exactly
cut the new line which has just been marked for that
position. If there is a slight discrepancy, correct half
at both positions as has been described. Now turn back
to the position and re-set 0, if it shows any change. If
any correction is made in 6, it will be necessary to turn
back to both the 90° and 270° positions and correct any
small errors that may have occurred, after which it will
not be necessary to re-set 6.
By the above operations a horizontal line is fixed into
88
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
which the line of sight falls at both the 90° and 270°
positions. Notice the position of the telescope-bubble at
each of them. (The inclination of the plate causes the
bubble to be near the upper side of its tube, but that
does not prevent a satisfactory determination of its posi-
tion). If the bubble-tube happen to be exactly parallel
to the line of sight, the bubble will be in the central
point at both the 90° and 270° positions. But if it is
warped from a parallel by a small angle, which may be
called n. the bubble will be off centre at one position, and
an equal amount in the opposite direction at the other.
If one did not account for the effect of the angle /i, and
assumed that the liue of sight was horizontal when the
bubble was in a central point at either 90° or 270°, the
result would be that the line-of-sight would make a small
angle with the horizontal at the 90° position, and an
equal angle with opposite sign at 270°. In later opera-
tions, either turn the telescope from 270° to 360°, or
from 90° to 0, which will bring the horizontal axis of
the telescope to either the 270° or 90° position of the
line-of-sight, and the final effect is the same as if the
plate were in normal position, and the horizontal axis of
the telescope inclined by a small angle, which call v; this
angle being the vertical projection of the angle /x..
Now it might be possible to shift the bubble-tube so
that it did lie parallel to the line of sight, and make the
regular bubble-adjustment afterward; but this amount
of work is entirely unnecessary. If it so happen that
the bubble-tube is exactly parallel to the line of sight,
trouble of inclining the plate to a fixed angle will be
saved, but that is the only advantage. The vital feature
of the proposition is to mark the exact positions of the
bubble which force a horizontal condition of the liue of
sight at both the 90° and 270° positions. This marking
can be done by taking narrow strips of paper and past-
ing them on the bubble-tube at the ends of the bubble.
Considerable error is allowable in setting 8. without se-
riously affecting the carrying of true bearings.
By descriptive geometry, it can be demonstrated that
tg v = tg /x. sin 8. (In Fig. 2, I indicate how this demon-
stration is made.) To study the relative errors, apply a
simple principle of calculus and differentiate relative to
v and 8. Differentiating :
tg i' = tg ix. sin 8
1
. d, v = tg n . cos 6 . d, 8
But — —
COS" v
Therefore
: 1 + tg 2 v = 1 +ig- p. . sin 2
d, v
_ tg fi . cos 6
d,e
1 -\- tg 2 n . sin 2 6
Now, since /i is a very small angle, tg 2 u . sin- 8 is
negligible as compared with unity.
Therefore d, v = tg ti. . eos 8 . d,8.
Now suppose that it is required to look down a steep
angle, which call <j>, with the result that the inclination
of the horizontal axis of the telescope (angle v), causes
an error in the bearing, which call xb.
It can be demonstrated that
tg \b = tg <f> . sin v
(This demonstration is indicated in Fig. 3.)
Differentia^ng relative to xb and v, it appears that
1
— ; — . a, xb = tg <t, . cos v . d,v
COS 2 xp '
tg 2 xb = 1 + tg 2 $
But -^— =1
cos- ib
Therefore d, xp ■■
tg <f> . cos v
.d,v
l + tg 1 <t> ■ sii 3 v
But, since v is even less than ix.. tg 2 <p . sin 2 v is negli-
gible as compared to unity ; and, for practical results,
cos v can be taken as unity, making d, xp = tg <f> . d,v.
Substituting for d, v its previously derived value,
there results
d, i/r = tg tf> . d,v = tg <f> . tg fx. . cos 8 . d, 8.
To apply this formula practically, assume :
8 = 75°
fi = 30'. (It is extremely improbable that ix. will ever
be as much as 10'.)
= 30°
Also assume that, in attempting to set 8 at 30°, an
error of 30' is made.
Applying the above values in the formula :
d,xb=tg 75° . tg 30' . cos 30° . d, 6 = 0.0282 . d, 8.
And, since d, 8 was taken at 30', d, ib = 0.846'= 0°,
00', 50".
In other words, an error of half a degree in setting the
plate only amounts to 50 seconds in future bearings.
The method of operation of the adjusted machine is
as follows: Place the transit in a firm position at the
top or the incline, with two of its legs close to the collar,
and the third in a symmetrical position. Loosen the
leveling screws and turn the head of the machine until a
pair of opposite screws is approximately in the line of
the incline. Tighten the leveling screws, and incline the
plate to the required angle 8 as previously described.
Set the upper motion to read 0, and, with the lower
motion, turn until the telescope points along the general
direction of the incline. This will bring one of the plate-
bubbles in line with and perpendicular to this line. Level
this bubble, using the pair of leveling screws which lie
perpendicular to the line of sight. (The position of the
machine is shown in Fig. 4.)
Now, at some convenient point close to the incline in
the underground workings, place an over-head plug con-
taining a perforated horse-shoe nail or other suitable
eye-point (X, Fig. 4). Drop a plumb-line to the floor
and mark the point X' directly under X. Place an
illumination behind X' ; and, using the lower motion,
focus upon the plumb-line at any convenient point. (The
vertical cross-hair will probably be at a small angle to
the plumb-line.) The plate bubble-tube will probably
get out of level; but that is of no importance, as it was
only levelled to bring the machine into approximate
position. With the upper motion, turn an angle of 90° ;
and, by means of the vertical motion, bring the telescope-
bubble to the point marked for a horizontal condition of
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
89
the line-of-sight at the 90 s position. Continuing with
the upper motion, turn to 270 . The telescope-bubble
will deviate by ;i considerable amount from the point
which 1ms been marked to enforce a horizontal line >>!'
sight at the -TO' position. Correct half of tliis amount
by means of the vertical motion, and the other hair with
tin 1 pair of leveling screws which lie at right angles to
thf line-of-sight. Continuing with the upper mot ion.
turn back to 0. The vertical eross-hair should now be
very nearly parallel with the plumb-line. Using the
lower motion, focus exactly upon the plumb-line. Re-
check 9, and. if it is in error, re-set it. (This is the last
time that it will be necessary to bother with this angle,
as it has b ) demonstrated that a small change in it
will not materially affect the accuracy of the work.)
If any change has been made in 6. re-focus upon the
plumb-line, using the lower motion. Repeat the opera-
tions at the 90" and 270° positions. This time the
amount of bubble-correction will probably be very small ;
and. on the final turn to 0, the vertical cross-hair should
exactly coincide with the plumb-line ; it not, repeat until
il does. (After the final leveling, the vertical vernier
should read exactly at both the 90° and 270° positions.)
The problem is now practically solved, except for a
few working details which will be described later, for
there has been developed such a condition that, when the
telescope is focused on the plumb-line, and rotated
around its horizontal axis, it will generate a vertical
plane through the plumb-line. The demonstration of this
is as follows : In Fig. 5 the operator is looking along the
line of the incline and parallel to the plate. .I/-.V ri pre
scuts a horizontal line and .1 B the position of the line-of-
sight, after leveling at the 90 position. O /' represents
the axis of the Bocket which, since the instrument is in
perfect adjustment, passes through the line-of-sight, and
is also perpendicular to the plan.- of the plate. Assume
a plane passing through the line-of-sight and the a
the Socket and let it intersect the plane of the plate at
C-D. Now, Z OPC — 90° = z OPD; because the
axis of the socket, being perpendicular to the plane of
the plate, must be perpendicular to an intersecting line
in that plane. Also assume that C-D makes an angle
(Z OMP, Pig. 5) with M-N. Now the telescope is
rotated 180° (that is, from 90° to 270°) around the axis
OP. Let A'-B' represent the rotated position of A-B.
The total deviation is I A O B', or Z A' O B. Half of
this is to be corrected by the vertical motion, and half
by the leveling screws which lie in a line perpendicular
to the line of the incline. Assume that the first correc-
tion brings A'-B' to A"-B", in which case Z A' O A"=
i Z A' OB or Z A OB" ' — % Z A O B', which means
1 AOB' = 2 /_ AO B".
Next consider AMPO: Z MPO = Z OPC = 90°.
Therefore Z M O P = 90° - Z OMP. But, since A-B is
rotated around O-P, Z A'O P = Z AOP= Z MOP
= 90° - Z O M P.
Therefore
Z AOA' = Z AOP + I A' OP = 2 Z AOP =
2 (90° -Z OMP) =180° -2 Z OMP.
But, A-B being a straight line, Z A' O B = 180° -
if "*'
vr .
■IV
Fig. 5.
90
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Z A O A' = 180°- (180° -2 Z OMP) = 2 Z 0*?.
But /i'OB= ZiOfi'. Therefore /_ AOB' =
2 I OMP.
But Z A O B' = 2 Z A B".
Therefore Z AOB"= I OMP, or A"-B" is par-
allel to C-D.
Now the second correction causes a rotation around
the centre of the ball and socket joint below the plate to
such an extent that the line-of-sight becomes horizontal.
goes to 0' ; A"-B" to 'A'-'B' ; P to P' ; and C-D to
C-D' . But, as this second correction does not change
the relative position of these lines as regards each other,
CD' will be parallel to 'A'-'B', and Z 0' P' D' =
Z 0'P'C= Z OPC = 90°. But this rotation caused
'A'-'B' to be a horizontal line, therefore. C-D' is a hori-
zontal line.
Now consider the plane which would be generated by
the rotation of the line-of-sight around the horizontal
axis of the telescope in the final (or 360°), position: Re-
ferring to Fig. 6, this plane is shown as O'C" P' D" .
(C" and D" being the respective positions of C and D',
after the rotation from the 270° to the 360° position.)
The Z O'P'D' = 90°, from the previous demonstration.
Also Z D'P'D" = 90°, due to the turn from 270° to
360°. Therefore the line C-D', being perpendicular to
the line O'-P', also perpendicular to the intersecting line
P'-D", must be perpendicular to the plane O'C'P'D'.
Therefore the plane O'C'P'D" is perpendicular to the
line C-D'. But the line C-D' has been demonstrated
to be a horizontal line. Therefore the plane of rotation
will be a vertical plane.
This has prepared the way for the final details : At
some convenient position (Y, Fig. 4) place a survey-
plug in the line-of-sight and drive in a perforated horse-
shoe nail. Drop a plumb-line from this point, and drive
over the horse-shoe nail until it comes exactly into line.
The point Y should be so selected that when the plumb-
line is let down as far as possible the lower end will be
visible from the 'set up' under X by raising the tele-
scope to an angle of about 45°. As this system is only
required for inclines whose dip exceeds 45°, it is evident
that the plumb-line will reach a considerable way down
the shaft before touching the floor. It is best to set at
least two of these points to make sure of obtaining a
back-sight with as long a base as possible. After setting
Y, rotate the telescope around its horizontal axis, until
it looks over the collar of the incline, and place a hub
(Z, Fig. 4) in line and close to the incline. Drive a tack
exactly in the line of sight. Also place another hub
and tack in the same line but several hundred feet away
(Z', Fig. 4). Since it has been demonstrated that the
line-of-sight rotates in a vertical plane, these hubs can
be either forward of back-sights. Having set the hubs,
the next operation is to read the exact value of 8, after
leveling the telescope-bubble at the position. It was
previously demonstrated that, without seriously affect-
ing the generating of a vertical plane, it is allowable to
take considerable margin in setting 6 to a fixed angle ;
but the exact value of 8 must be used to obtain true
vertical angles. To obtain any true vertical angle, alge-
braically subtract the value of 6 from the vertical angle
as read. Only angles lying in the generated vertical
plane are to be used.
Suppose = 30°:
Then, for an apparent vertical angle of + 40°. the
actual vertical angle will be + 40-30° = + 10°, while
for an apparent vertical angle of -40° it will be -40
-30 = -70°.
If it become necessary to use back-sight positions, in-
volving the use of a reversed telescope, the angle 8 must
be algebraically added. In the above case an apparent
back-angle of -10° will be a true angle of -10° +30°
= + 20°. An apparent back angle of -30° will be a
true angle of -30° + 30° =0°, or horizontal, while an
apparent back angle of - 60" will be a true angle of
-60° +30° =-30°.
The remaining operation from this 'set-up' is to tape
the distances to the nearest hub (Z, Fig. 4). and to the
point X' (Fig. 4), and read the apparent vertical angles.
Both the horizontal and vertical distances are obtained
by this operation.
Suppose: = 30°, 30'; and the tape reading to Z is
15.15 ft., with an apparent vertical angle of + (25°,
20') ; then the actual vertical angle is + (25°, 20')
- (30°, 30') =- (5°, 10'), and the horizontal distance
between the instrument and the hub is 15.15 ft. times
cos (5°, 10') : while the 'H. I.,' relative to the hub. wil]
be + [15.15 ft. times sin (5°, 10') ] .
Also suppose the tape reading to X' to be 225.20 ft.
with an apparent vertical angle of - (38°, 10') : this
makes the actual vertical angle -(38°, 10')-(30°, 30') =
(68°, 40'), and the horizontal distance between the in-
strument and point X will be 225.20 ft. times ens (68°,
40') ; while the floor of the level (point A'') will be
225.20 ft. times sin (68°, 40') below the 'H. I.'
The final operation to complete the surface-work is to
tie in Z from some other station ; set on Z and get the
bearing of Z-Z' ; and to obtain the elevation of Z relative
to a known bench mark.
There is now a complete survey down the incline, cov-
ering bearings, horizonal distances, and elevations. It
only remains to set under X (that is, over X'), back-
sight to the plumb-line from Y, and continue as desired.
In making the back-sight from the 'set-up' under X, it
is best to raise the telescope as much as convenient in
order to look as far back up the incline as possible. Tf
several points Y have been set, there is a chance that a
much longer back-base can be obtained than was even
suspected at the start.
If more than one level is to be tied in, it is best to
make the first point (.T) at the bottom level, and then
place points on the other levels in the manner described
for setting Y. If it is necessary to carry a survey up
an incline, it is best to work downward from the top,
and tie in the line below afterward. A triangular eye-
piece is a convenient help to save kinks in the neck of
the operator, but its use is not absolutely necessary.
The method described will rapidly and accurately
July 21. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
91
solve the problem of carrying a survey down any Bteep
incline of a reasonable depth, but, for a very deep iu-
oline, some special considerations are advisable. Sup
pose the incline to be very sleep, and a 1000 ft. or more
deep. Under these conditions, as it is not probable
that the point Y can be placed at more than 20 or 30 ft.
from point A', there will be involved all the errors con-
neeted with a long sight in setting both the points A" and
}": while one will have to depend upon a very short
back-sight under ground. Even under these conditions,
if due care be used, the errors will be comparatively
small, and this method will prove sufficiently accurate
for any ordinary work, but. for work where unusual
accuracy is required. I would recommend the following
procedure : Set point Y where it can be easily seen from
an ordinary 'set-up' under X. Also set an additional
point, which call Y', in line and up near the collar of
the incline. Everything else is done as previously de-
scribed. When prepared to work below, mark a line on
the floor, through X', and approximately in the general
direction of the incline. Have the three legs of the in-
strument at equal length and set over X' (that is, under
X), in such a position that the back leg of the machine,
from a position looking up the incline, lies in the line
just drawn, while the forward ones are placed sym-
metrically. The reverse of the position shown in Pig. 1
will produce this condition. Make an accurate 'set-up'
over X' with as little relative change in the legs as pos-
sible. Loosen the leveling screws under the plate and
turn the head of the instrument until a pair of opposite
leveling screws is in an approximate line with the in-
cline. Tighten the leveling screws, level the plate, set
the upper-motion to read 0, and, with the lower-motion,
turn until the telescope points in a line directly reversed
to that up the incline. Set the required angle 6, tilt the
plate, and do the leveling at the 90° position and the
half and half correction at 270°, as previously described.
Loosen the vertical motion, set the upper-motion at 180°
and, by means of the lower-motion, focus upon a plumb-
line dropped from Y'.
If proper precaution has been taken in regard to
symmetry, a plumb-line dropped from Y will come with-
in the range of vision by changing the focus; and a
lateral shifting of the plate should bring the line-of-
sight into the line Y'-Y, without altering the position of
the legs. Should the amount of required shifting ex-
ceed the limits of the plate, move each leg by the same
amount in the same direction so as to keep the general
position uniform. After the line-of-sight has been
brought into the line Y'-Y, turn back to ; re-set 8, and
repeat the operations. It is now probable that, when
the line-of-sight has been focused upon Y', Y will only
deviate by a very small amount from being in line, and.
after making the required shift of the plate, and repeat-
ing the complete operation, the line-of-sight should be
exactly in the line Y'-Y ; if not, repeat until it does. If
proper preliminary judgment as to symmetry has been
used this whole amount of maneuvering should not take
more than twice the time usually required to set in line
with two plumb-lines, and its accuracy can be more fully
depended upon.
After these operations have been completed, if the
line-of-sight is brought into position and rotated around
the horizontal axis of the telescope, it will generate a
vertical plane up the incline through the points Y' and
V. The only remaining operation is to fix this plane by
setting two points, one close to the machine, and the
other as far away as convenient. In continuing the
underground work it, is advisable to use only this new
line for meridian, as the points A* and X' may vary by
a small amount from it, but, as this variation will he
very small, it will be safe enough to cai-ry distances and
elevations from the old points.
While it has taken considerable space to describe this
modus operandi and to make clear its mathematical
demonstration, a practical trial by any engineer should
convince him that in its field application the method is
rapid, the resultant office calculations simple, and the
final result the attainment of a degree of accuracy which
cannot he reached by any auxiliary attachments.
Barytes, or barium sulphate, is used chiefly in mak-
ing mixed paints, in which white, ground, and water-
floated barite is employed as a pigment. Ground barite
is also used in the rubber industry and to some extent by
the makers of heavy glazed paper and ink. Lithopone, a
chemically prepared white pigment consisting of about
70% barium sulphate and 30% zinc sulphate, is one of
the chief constituents of the 'flat' wall-paints so exten-
sively used in office-buildings and hospitals, replacing the
less desirable paper and calcimine wall-finishes. Its
larger use is in the manufacture of linoleum, and as an
adulterant in making rubber tires. Since the beginning
of the War a barium chemical industry has been estab-
lished in the United States to supply barium carbonate,
nitrate, chloride, chlorate, hydrate, and dioxide, formerly
imported largely from Germany. In 1915 this consumed
10% of the domestic barite, but the consumption in 1916
was somewhat larger. The barium chemicals have a wide
variety of applications, perhaps the most important be-
ing the use of barium dioxide in the preparation of
hydrogen peroxide, that of barium chloride as a water
softener ; other various salts are used in the manufacture
of optical glass. Barytes is mined principally in Mis-
souri, northwestern Georgia, east-central Tennessee, cen-
tral and western Kentucky, north-eastern Alabama, south-
western North Carolina, north-western South Carolina,
and south-western Virginia. The price now ranges from
$28 to $32 per ton for prime white or floated material.
Argentina is developing oil-fields in Patagonia and in
other parts of the republic. A recent report by the Ar-
gentine Bureau of Mines affirms that the petroleum de-
posits of Rivadavia on the Patagonian coast promise to
rank among the most important of the world. The oil is
found at a depth of about 1600 ft. below sea-level. By
distillation it yields 5% benzene, 16.27% of illuminating
oil, and 67% heavy oil.
92
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Chromite
By J. S. DILLER
*The importance of chromite in the manufacture of
armor plate, armor-piercing projectiles, stellite for high-
speed tools, and automobile and other special steels can
scarcely be overestimated. The chief sources of supply
for the United States during the last few years have
been Rhodesia, New Caledonia, Turkey, and Greece.
Embargoes were placed on the shipment of chrome ore
from some of the principal sources, and it was feared
that the supply for the United States would be cut off,
but after the producers received a guaranty that the ore
would not be re-shipped to enemy-belligerents the im-
ports, as shown in the following table, greatly increased,
especially those from Rhodesia, New Caledonia, and
Canada, though those from Greece have declined slightly
and those from Turkey have entirely ceased.
Chbomic Iron Imported Into the United States, 1913-1916,
in Long Tons
1913 1916
Cuba 34
Canada 10,930
England 5
Greece 7,900
Japan 322
French Oceania 6,620 30,950
Australia 2,986
British South Africa 23,000
Portuguese Africa 29,000 38,850
Turkey in Asia 13,830
49,772 114,655
Chromic iron produced and sold in the United States,
1913 and 1916, was respectively 255 and 40,000 long
tons. The greatly increased trade, especially in steel,
and the consequently larger demand for chromite, have
stimulated the search for it in the United States, as
shown by the large increase in production. On the
Atlantic coast and in "Wyoming there has been only a
small production, but in the Pacific Coast States, espe-
cially California, the advance in the output has been
remarkable. It is evident that, for some time to come,
California will furnish the chief domestic supply. The
production from some deposits in 1917 is expected to
exceed that of 1916. It is possible, however, that some
counties, Del Norte, for instance, which produced no
chromite in 1916, will produce much in 1917 on account
of better transportation facilities, both by land and sea.
There are two main belts of production in California,
one in the Klamath mountains and the Coast Range from
Siskiyou county to San Luis Obispo county, and the
other in the Sierra Nevada from Plumas to Tulare
county. The larger output has come from the Klamath
♦Abstract: U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 666-A.
mountains, because the orebodies there are larger and
railroad transportation is more convenient.
The production in Oregon is increasing in both the
Klamath and Blue mountains. The ores west of Riddle
are the richest yet mined in the State, in some places
assaying as high as 55% chromic oxide, and much of the
ore contains about 50%. Most of the Oregon ore, how-
ever, like that of California, averages about 40% chromic
oxide, and ore of that grade is commonly the basis of
sale. It generally contains 38 to 45% chromic oxide, 6
to 8% silica, and 17 to 25% alumina. The largest ore-
body and producing mine thus far developed in Oregon
is owned and operated by Collard & Moore near Holland,
about 20 miles southeast of Kerby, in Josephine county.
Much of the ore may be improved by concentration, and
a plant of 90-ton capacity for that purpose is nearly
completed. It is claimed that the ore can be concen-
trated to a content of 55% chromic oxide. The concen-
tration of the lower-grade ore would give it a wider
market and increase its value and the demand for it.
Without concentration the Pacific Coast deposits cannot
furnish a dependable supply of high-grade chrome ore,
but with successful concentration industries based on
high-grade ore may be attracted to the Coast. The Saw-
yer Tanning Co., established on tidewater at Napa, Cali-
fornia, has had great difficulty in obtaining sufficient
high-grade ore for its use. T. W. Gruetter has recently
established at Kerby, Oregon, a custom-plant for con-
centrating black sand to win its gold and platinum. The
black sand of the Klamath mountains usually contains
a considerable amount of chromite, and it is believed
that by adding magnetic separators to Gruetter's plant
to remove the other minerals from the tailing sufficient
chromite may be obtained from the black sand in
chromiferous serpentine areas to make the operation
financially successful.
The relation of these experiments in concentration to
the problem of obtaining high-grade chrome ore on the
Pacific Coast will be better understood when attention
is called to the fact that by the disintegration and wash-
ing away of the weathered serpentine, in which prac-
tically all the chromite deposits occur, the heavy grains
of chromite are left behind, and, consequently, the soil
or surface-wash in the water-courses of serpentine areas
becomes enriched by the accumulation of residual chrom-
ite. Chromite boulders and sand are therefore, as a rule,
more abundant in the soil than in the solid serpentine
beneath. Many prospectors finding boulders of chromite
on the surface feel confident that there is a large body
beneath, but a few shallow prospect holes usually give
disappointing results.
July 31, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
93
In the Atlantic stales, where most of tl hromite
produced in this country is used, the only production is
in the vicinity of Baltimore, where the chrome industry
of the United States was started by the Tysons many
years ago, At firsl bodies of chromite were quarried
from the serpentine areas ahout Baltimore and north-
eastward into Pennsylvania, but as the supply became
exhausted the chromiferous residual deposits in the soil
and the stream-travel within the serpentine areas were
washed for ehronie-sainl. A small output of ehronie-
sand is now obtained at Soldiers Delight, near Baltimore.
This enterprise suggests the possibility of considerable
expansion in the utilization of chromite sand in Mary-
land and Pennsylvania.
Ferro-chrome, the alloy used in making chrome-steel,
is now manufactured in the United States hy electro-
metallurgic methods, almost wholly in the East, at the
plants of the Electro Metallurgical Co. at Niagara Palls
and elsewhere. The Noble Electric Steel Co." has three
furnaces at Heroult, California, however, operating to
full capacity producing manganese, chrome, and silica-
steels. The metallurgy of chromium has apparently been
so developed in the hydro-electric process as to utilize
relatively low-grade ores such as are most abundant in
the United States, and the further development of that
process on the Pacific Coast, where water-power abounds,
would greatly diminish the handicap of long transporta-
tion.
Missouri Zinc and Lead 1915-16
The following tables give at a glance an interesting
analysis of the lead and zinc ores of Missouri and their
beneficiation, comparing the years 1915 and 1916, the sta-
tistics discriminating between the so-called 'soft ground'
and the 'sheet ground' in the southwestern part of the
State. The tables were compiled by the U. S. Geological
Survey.
Zinc and Lead Output, Southwest Missouri, 1915-16
1915
1916
SOFT GROUND
4,004,900
3.83
.32
3.56
2.26
25
2.01
79.2
58.1
57.7
39.3
MS.10
$32.56
872.68
$45.00
6,501,000
2.25
34
1.91
1.38
25
1.13
76.4
59.1
$54.63
$78. 79
.28
3.10
do....
1.92
22
1.70
do....
78.0
Average zinc content ofsntaalerke ton cent rates
Average value per ton:
do....
do....
58.1
39.4
$82.09
301.43
$77.94
SHEET iJIOTMi
8,484.700
2.19
.33
1.86
1.35
.25
average value per ton:
do....
76.5
59.2
$85.62
$86.02
Lead Output, Southeast Missouri, 1915-16
Total crude lead ore short tons .
Galena concentrates in crudo ore per cent.
Lead content in crude ore a"
Average lead content of galena concentrates ao • • ■
Average value per ton of galena concentrates
5.47
3.G2
Quicksilver Industry of Texas
By WM. B. PHILLIPS
•The total value of the quicksilver produ I in Texas
since the beginning of the industry, in 1899, exceeds
$3,500,000. The industry has been confined to a com-
paratively small area in the southern pari of Brewster
county, about 100 miles south of Marl'a, on the Southern
Pacific railway, Hauling to the railroad is done by
wagons, the ordinary rate being from 50 to 60c. per 100
lb. While some native quicksilver has been found, by far
the greater production has been from cinnabar occurring
in limestone, in a bituminous shale, and in an acid igneous
rock. The larger production was formerly from the cin-
nabar in the limestone, but in recent years the shales
have yielded the greater part. When the D-shaped retort
was used in distilling the metal it was not uncommon to
obtain quicksilver, a combustible gas, and oil, from the
same charge, but this practice did not long survive, as
the retorts required much richer ore than the Scott fur-
nace.
The ore is crushed and charged into a brick stack pro-
vided with staggered shelves from top to bottom, heated
by a wood fire, and discharging into a series of brick
chambers into which all the smoke and fume is conducted.
These brick chambers are the condensers. The condens-
ing-chambers have to be made with great care, for quick-
silver, although it is nearly 14 times as heavy as water,
will go wherever air will go, and there are considerable
losses due to the escape of the metal as a fine mist through
.•joints and cracks. The chambers have sloping floors, and
the metal drains to a small plugged opening in an iron
door. It flows through this opening, at intervals, and
into a cement trough communicating with a cement tank
in the collecting-room. Here it is ladled into wrought-
iron bottles or flasks holding 75 lb. net.
The quicksilver ores in Brewster county occur in two
principal horizons, the Eagle Ford shales of the Upper
Cretaceous and the limestones of the uppermost members
of the Lower, or Comanchean, Cretaceous, especially the
Washita limestone. In a general way the Terlingua
quicksilver district is divided into two great groups by
Vogel's draw, which runs from north to south. On the
west side of this draw are the limestones of the Lower
Cretaceous and on the east are the shales of the Upper
Cretaceous. This draw marks the approximate course of
a fault that has brought the Lower Cretaceous up from
its normal position. There seems to be no doubt that
igneous intrusions had a good deal to do with the occur-
rence of quicksilver ores in this district, especially at
California hill and at Study butte and Maverick moun-
tain. The richer ores have not been obtained directly
from the igneous rocks nor from the limestones and shales-
in immediate association with them. The average content,
of quicksilver in the Texas ores has been higher than in
the California deposits mined in recent years. The con-
tent of quicksilver in the Texas ores is from 1 to 1.10%
as against 0.50 to 0.60% in California.
* Abstract: Manufacturers Record.
94
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Cyanidation v. Flotation at Pachuca
In the latest issue of the 'Boletin Minero' published
by the Department of Industry and Commerce, of
Mexico, appears an article on experiments that arc being
made with flotation upon the silver minerals in the ores
of the Pachuca y Real del Monte and the Santa Ger-
trudis properties, written by Simeon Ramirez, inspector
of mines for the Government. He says that at the
Guerrero plant belonging to the Real del Monte y Pa-
chuca company, situated at Real del Monte near the
village of Omitlan, there has been installed a flotation
testing-plant employing the Minerals Separation system
with a capacity of 50 tons of ore per diem. The average
assay-value of the ore treated is 11 oz. silver and 0.055
oz. gold per ton, and an average recovery of more than
60% has been realized, but this percentage will be in-
creased when the apparatus has been brought under
better adjustment and when a better understanding of
the proper mixtures of oils has been reached. There has
been variation in the quantity of oil employed as well as
variation in the speed of the agitators, air-pressure, and
dilution of pulp, depending on the class of minerals
contained in the slime. The average cost of concentra-
tion by this method has proved to be about $1.57 U. S.
gold per ton of ore. However, the duration of the ex-
periments has not been sufficient to admit of safe deduc-
tions as to the cost when working on a large scale. The
ores treated in the Guerrero mill come from the San
Ignacio, Dolores, Cabrera, and Escobar mines, all sit-
uated in Real del Monte, and having a total output of
850 tons daily. A part of this is treated by flotation, and
the rest by cyanidation when there is sufficient cyanide to
be had. The following statement shows the results
obtained in this plant by flotation: Recovery, by dif-
ference, silver 63.9%, gold 60% ; tonnage, dry pulp sent
to the machine, 1.141 tons per hr. ; dilution, 4.91 parts
of water to 1 part of pulp ; solution shows traces of CaO.
Oils employed: Lb. per ton
Tar-oil, Barret No. 1 1.319
Creosote oil, Barret No. 606 1.319
Pensaeola pine-tar No. 80 0.200
Total oil used 2.S38
Silver, Gold,
Assay: oz. per ton oz. per ton
Heading 11.96 0.04
Tailing 4.32 0.016
Extraction 7.64 0.024
Assays of Froth from Different Compartments
Silver, Gold,
Compartments oz. per ton oz. per ton
1, 2, and 3 •. . . . 160.5 0.707
4 115.7 0.458
5 and 6 51.9 0.192
7 and 8 37.3 0.128
9 and 10 57.9 0.192
11 and 12 75.6 0.041
The froth in the Dorr thickener assays 422.9 oz. silver
and 1.608 oz. gold per ton. This test covered a period of
5i hours.
The Santa Gertrudis company has three flotation ma-
chines installed close to the Santa Gertrudis mine on the
slope of the hSll upon which is situated the new mill and
the cyanide annex. In this plant they are using Callow
cells for the cleaning of the concentrate produced by
'K & K' machines. Although Minerals Separation ma-
chines were also used in the beginning, the 'K & K'
is now preferred, and has given recoveries as high as
78%, with an average of 72%. These machines are
simple in construction and easy to adjust and maintain.
The principal mining companies of Pachuca and El
Chico are installing flotation machines and others have
ordered them from the United States with the object of
working out the problem of flotation for modifying their
metallurgical plants. Meanwhile, they are using cya-
nide, the price of which is beginning to decrease. Among
these new attempts may be noted the treatment of the
ore sent from the Arevalo mine which has given very
good results in a small Callow apparatus. Here the
effect of varying quantities of oil was clearly seen in the
modification of the consistence of the froth, these varia-
tions being for the purpose of obtaining the requisite
persistence of froth to discharge with its load of con-
centrate into the concentrate-launder. This ore con-
tains 3% lead, with an average content of 800 grammes
silver (2.57 oz. per ton) of which, according to Max
Kraut, 98% is readily recovered. In the ore from the
Arevalo vein, which contains no lead, the recovery has
been from 92.6% to 94% of the silver.
It has been observed that the ores which resist treat-
ment by flotation in these tests have been those that con-
tain the oxides, corresponding to the upper zone of the
mine, which had formerly been abandoned as not yielding
sufficient metalliferous content to pay the cost until cya-
nidation was introduced, but, in accordance with investi-
gations made in the United States, it now appears pos-
sible to float these carbonates and oxides after sulphidiza-
tion by soluble sulphides. On account of the difficulty in
cyaniding the flotation-concentrate, due either to the fact
that the oil behaves as a cyanicide or contributes in some
other manner to produce a similar effect, experiments are
being carried out with the object of overcoming these
disadvantages. Eliminating the oil by treating the con-
centrate with alkaline or acid solutions or washing with
water has made it appear that it is not the acid which is
prejudicial but the ferrous salts formed in the concen-
trate itself. This indicates the necessity of further in-
vestigation in order to reach an understanding of the
causes which lead to the difficulty mentioned. For the
present, on account of the cost of cyanide, it appears to
be profitable to extract the silver from these ores in the
form of concentrate for export or for smelting locally.
In order to admit of beneficiating these ores, either by
cyaniding, or by floating and smelting the concentrate
on the spot, it is necessary to regulate railroad traffic in
order to admit of the introduction of fuels at a favor-
able rate.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
95
Tungsten Mines of Inyo County,
California
Mining of tungsten near Bishop, Inyo county, Cali-
fornia, began actively about one your ago. The ore is a
fow-grade scheelite associated with a garnet gangue,
originating by replacement of limestone which supplied
the calcium needed Eor the development of the garnet and
epidote in the process of contact-raetamorphism. No
limestone, however, remains in connection with the larger
bodies of ore. The granitic rocks adjoin some of the
tungsten deposits, and have been profoundly altered.
According to Adolph Knopf, of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey, the mctasomatic alterations of the adjoining gran-
itic rocks occurred some time after the consolidation of
the granite. The tungsten mineralization was subsequent
to the intrusion both of the granite and of the monzonite
of the district. The minerals included with the ore indi-
cate that the mineralizing solutions probably entered at
so high a temperature as to be in a gaseous state. These
solutions were rich in silicon, aluminum, and ferric iron,
were poor in sulphur, and carried tungsten, which was
fixed by the calcite in the limestones as calcium tung-
state (scheelite).
Owing to the garnet in the gangue the ore is rather
difficult to concentrate. The average grade being treated
assays close to 0.75% tungstic trioxide. The deposits
occur usually in large masses of sedimentary rocks asso-
ciated with the surrounding granite eountry-rock. The
greatest depth so far reached in any of the mines is
about 120 ft. below the surface and the tungsten-content
seems to be increasing at this depth. Two mills are now
in operation, namely, that of the Standard Tungsten Co.,
having a capacity of 70 tons daily, and the Tungsten
Mines Co.. having a capacity of about 250 tons daily.
The production of scheelite concentrate is about 6000 lb.
per day. At the property of the Round Valley Tungsten
Co., of which Cooper Shapley is manager, a mill is being
completed which will have a daily capacity of about 100
tons. A new departure from the usual milling practice
is being tried at this plant, consisting in the use of a
Marcy ball-mill for the fine crushing. In order to avoid
sliming of the scheelite, a grate opening of \ in. is used
and the ore after leaving the ball-mill is screened to 10
mesh on Colorado Iron "Works impact screens. By em-
ploying an excess of water in the Marcy mill, it is ex-
pected that the ore, as soon as it is crushed to pass a
J-in. screen, will be flushed out and sliming avoided. The
oversize from the impact screen is returned to the Marcy
mill for further grinding. Mining and milling can be
done cheaply because of the low-priced electric power and
the accessibility of the properties to the railroad and to
sources of supplies.
Besides the above-mentioned properties, another large
tungsten property is now being examined with the object
of installing a 1000-ton mill. Diamond-drills are to be
used in the development and examination of this prop-
erty, and it is probable that next year the mill will be in
operation.
Zinc Situation in Australia
•When William Morris, the Premier of the Common-
wealth, was in England he arranged a 1.0-year contract
for the treatment of a certain tonnage of our /in.' eoncen
trate in Great Britain, and he also obtained an advance
of i:r>(i().()()() toward the establishment of spelter-works in
Australia with a promise that the output would be pur-
chased by the British government. What Mr. Hughes
has not told us is how this half million pounds is to be
allocated. The works of the Electrolytic Zinc Co. Pro-
prietary Ltd. at Mobart, in course of erection, will call
for the expenditure of £1,000,000: the Mount Lyell Co.
is also considering the erection of an electrolytic plant
for the treatment of the Mount Read-Rosebery ores;
Gilbert Rigg, metallurgist, is investigating the subject
of zinc reduction both by the retort and electrolytic
methods ; while a scheme for utilizing the brown coal
deposits of Victoria in connection with the industry
has been mooted. The need for such works is urgent,
as, under present circumstances, it is imposible to find
a market for the current production, notwithstanding
the shipments going to the United States and to another
of our allies. As a consequence large tonnages are
being stacked for future treatment. It will therefore
be realized that the allocation of the money obtained
from the British government for this purpose is a mat-
ter of great public interest and importance, and an
announcement of the government's policy in this re-
spect should not be longer delayed. With respect to
the Electrolytic Zinc Co. it may be said that the erection
of the first unit capable of producing 10 to 11 tons of
zinc per day is proceeding satisfactorily, and, provided
no delays are experienced due to non-delivery of cer-
tain equipment under order in Great Britain, it should
be in commission in August next. The experimental
test-unit capable of producing 250 to 300 lb. of electro-
lytic zinc per day is now running, and the results con-
firm those obtained in America. This unit is supplying
useful data, and will facilitate the earlier successful
operation of the first unit. The Zinc Corporation, Ltd.,
has acquired a one-fifth interest in this company.
David Meredith has been appointed general manager
of the Amalgamated Zine Co., in place of H. W. Gepp,
who has been appointed general manager of the Elec-
trolytic Zine Co.
Fereo-uranium produced from the uranium oxide ob-
tained as a by-product in the extraction of radium from
its ores is being investigated by the Bureau of Mines.
Ferro-uranium is used in making uranium steel, em-
ployed in Germany for the linings of big guns, which, it
is claimed, stand up at a rate of fire so rapid that other
steels fail. Work will be started on the production of
sample lots of uranium steel and other special steels, for
test by the Bureau of Ordnance of the War Department
as to their suitability for use in guns. The work on gun-
steel will also require the use of electric furnaces.
*The Win. & Eng. Review.
96
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21. 1917
Recent Patents
1.228.183. FLOTATION 01 Miniums. Harry P. Corliss, Pitts-
burgh. Pa., assignor to Meials Recovery Company, New York,
N. Y.. a Corporation of Maine. Filed .Mar. 21, 1917. Serial No.
156.491.
1. The method of effecting t lie concentration of minerals by
flotation, which comprises adding to the mineral pulp a small
amount or alpha uuphiliylamin and subjecting the resulting
mlxtun '■"" operation; substantially as described.
8. The method of effecting the concentration of minerals by
flotation, which comprises adding to the mineral pulp a small
amount ol alpha-naphthylamin and of oil and subjecting the
lug mixture to a flotation operation: substantially as
described.
1,228,184. Flotatiok 01 Minerals. Harry P.Corliss, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., assignor i" Metals Recovery Company, New York,
N. Y.. a Corporatl I Maine, riled Mar. 21. 1917. Serial No.
156,4
1. The nieiliiiil Hi effecting the concentration of minerals by
notation, winch comprises adding to the mineral pulp a small
amount Ol nltro-naphthalene and subjecting the resulting
mixture tn a dotation operation: substantially as described.
2, The method o! effecting the concentration of minerals by
flotation, which comprises adding to the mineral pulp a small
amount of nltro-naphthalene and of oil and subjecting the
resulting mixture to a flotation operation; substantially as
described.
1,212,824. Tia oral NT OF Nickel ORES. Frederick A. Eustis,
Miltnn, M usb.
1. The met hod ol recovering nickel from oxidized or silicate
nickel-bearing ores, which comprises mixing the ore with a
small proportion of sulfur-bearing material such as pyrite, and
roasting the mixture In its raw state In a suitable furnace at
such temperature and tor such a time that a relatively large
i n! i In nickel Is made soluble while a relatively small
amount of the gangue is made soluble.
2. The method of recovering nickel from an oxidized or
silicate nickel-iron ore. which comprises mixing the ore with
B small proportion of sulfur-bearing material such as pyrite.
and roasting the mixture in its raw state In a suitable furnace
at Buch temperature and for such time that a relatively small
amount of the iron Is made soluble.
1,227,615. Treatment of Ores. Arthur Howard Higgins.
London, England, assignor to Minerals Separation Limited,
London. England. Piled Nov. 14, 1913. Serial No. 800,966.
1. A process for the concentration of ores which consists In
treating an ore pulp conjointly with a mineral frothing agent
lor the separation Of metalliferous constituents by flotation
and with a chemical agent that facilitates the separation of
some metalliferous constituents by flotation and dissolves
other constituents.
5. \ process for the concentration of ores which consists in
first roasting the ore and thereafter agitating it with water
containing a mineral frothing agent and also a chemical agent
that facilitates the separation of some metalliferous constitu-
ents by notation and dissolves certain other constituents and
thereafter precipitating the dissolved metal in such a manner
as to regenerate the chemical age)
1,228,608, Psoases fob Making Insulating Matkbiai fbom
Basic Maonesicai Carbonate \nh Fibrous Substances. Karl
Schmld, Alt-Mugeln. near .Mugeln. Leipzig, Germany, assignor
to the Firm of "Lipala" Chemlsche Fabrlk, utien-Gessell-
schaft. Mugeln. Leipzig. Germany. Filed Nov. 9, 1916.
1. The process of making insulating material from basic
magnesium carbonate and fibrous substances, consisting in de-
positing basic magnesium carbonate on fibrous substances tn
statu nascendi.
5. The process of making insulating material consisting in
depositing normal magnesium carbonate on a mass of fibrous
substances suspended in a solution containing magnesium
hydroxid by the reaction of a carbonate compound of ammonia
therewith, thereupon filtering off the liquid and drying the re-
maining mass, the said normal magnesium carbonate being
thereby converted into the basic magnesium carbonate.
1,228,078. Recording-Sampler. Arthur E. Truesdell. Adams.
Mass. Filed June 15, 1912. Serial No. 703,803.
In a recording sampler, the combination with a chute or
passageway through which the material to be sampled passes
and which is provided with an opening, of a permanently-open
spout communicating with said opening and adapted to re-
ceive material therefrom, a sample-receiving element rotatable
in a horizontal plane beneath the delivery end of said spout
and closely adjacent thereto, said element having projections
extending from its periphery, automatically, operative means
acting on said element and tending to rotate it forwardly, a
pivoted escapement level cooperating with said projections and
normally restraining said element from movement, and time-
controlled electric means for periodically actuating the escape-
ment lever to release the sample-receiving element and per-
mit it to rotate one step forward.
1.227,867. Crude-Oil Buhner. John Young. New Westmin-
ster. British Columbia. Canada. Filed Jan 6, 1917.
5. A crude-oil burner, comprising in combination, an outer
burner member axially bored and threaded at one end to fit an
oil service pipe and therebeyond conically reduced to a cylin-
drical bore which at the farther end is abruptly reduced to a
circular delivery outlet threaded with a screw thread, an in-
ner burner member the outside diameter of which is at one
end larger than the cylindrical bore of the outer member and
at the other end has a diameter slightly less than the said
cylindrical bore and Intermediate of its ends is reduced below
the diameter of the outer end. the reduction of the larger end
being conical to correspond with the conical reduction in the
bore of the outer member, the outer end of the inner member
terminating a short distance from the outlet reduction of the
outer member so as to leave a chambered interspace, the inner
member being axlally bored to a short distance from its outer
end and having a series of small apertures through it at the
intermediate reduced portion, and means for delivering a
steam service to the bore of the Inner member.
1,216,617, Process fob Obtaining Potash fbom Potash-
Rocks. Frederick C. Gillen. Milwaukee. Wis., assignor to Wil-
liam A. Krasselt. Milwaukee. Wis.
1. The process of decomposing potash rock which consists in
July 21. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
97
mixing ground potash rock with, an excess of fixed alkali
hydrate, adding water to this mixture and heating It under
pressure to form a solution of fixed alkali silicate and potas-
sium alumlnate, adding alkaline borate to this solution to
temporarily prevent the formation of the double salt of alkali
aluminum silicate, and then adding a reagent to this solution
while it is under the temporary" action of the alkaline borate to
separate the silica therefrom and to form a solution of potas-
sium salt and fixed alkali carbonate from which the potassium
salt may be separated.
2. The process of decomposing potash rock which consists in
mixing ground potash rock with an excess of fixed alkali car-
bonate, adding water to this mixture and heating it to form a
solution of fixed alkali silicate and potassium aluminate. add-
ing alkaline borate to prevent the formation o£ a double sait
of alkali aluminum silicate, and then adding carbon dioxid to
ution to form a solution containing potassum carbon-
ate, fixed alkali carbonate and alkaline borate from which the
potassium carbonate may be separated.
!3S. Centrifugal Impact Pulverizing Apparatus.
Donn O. Marks, San Francisco, Cal., assignor of one-half to
Lynn S. Atkinson, Los Angeles. Cal. Filed Dec. 11, 1913.
1. In an impact pulverizing apparatus having an annular
impact wall; a rotor provided with impellers pivotally con-
nected to the rotor body at one side of their centers of gravity
and extending only part of the way from their pivots to said
wall, so as to leave at all times an unobstructed space between
the impeller and the wall, and so that the impellers are free to
swing their longitudinal axes to and fro across those radii of
the rotor in which the impeller pivots are located, respectively,
without touching the impeller wall; for the purpose of yield-
ingly taking on the material to be impelled outward for disin-
tegrating impact with the surrounding wall.
5. In a centrifugal impact pulverizer; a rotor comprising a
shaft, a head on said shaft, said head being constructed with
two disks spaced apart, one above the other; centrifugally
cushioned impellers pivoted between the disks; a universal
joint; a bearing for the shaft; said bearing located near the
lower end of the shaft and supported by the universal joint,
and power applying means connected below the bearing to
drive the shaft.
1,214,991. Peoductios of ALtMiNA a>d Potassium Sulfate
fbom Alt-site. Earl Blough and Thomas Mcintosh, Pittsburgh,
Pa., assignor to Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh,
Pa.
1. The process of treating alunite, comprising mixing the
alunite with common salt, heating the mixture whereby the
salt is decomposed, dissolving out sodium sulfate and potas-
sium sulfate from the reaction product separating the latter
sulfate from the solution, heating together sodium sulfate
thus obtained and the residue from the solution, whereby the
sodium sulfate Is broken up, and from the residue of the latter
heating dissolving out alumina as sodium alumlnate.
M6. Air-Lift-Pump Booster. Frank S. Miller, de-
ceased. Indianapolis, Ind., by Donald S. Morris, administrator
de bonis non, Indianapolis, Ind.. assignor to William I-angsen-
kamp, Jr., trustee. Filed May 20. 1916.
•5. In combination, a closed chamber, a pipe leading from a
well into such chamber, an air nozzle in such pipe below such
chamber, a pipe leading from such chamber and opening into
such chamber below the liquid level therein, said chamber
having a restricted air outlet opening therefrom which air out-
let opening communicates with the chamber at a point higher
than the water level therein so as to permit a restricted escape
of air while maintaining the pressure of the retained air above
atmospheric pressure, and a safety valve responsive to an ex-
cessive pressure within said chamber for permitting a greater
escape of air from the chamber.
1.227,831. Bhiquettixg-Machine. Grant W. Rigby. Pitts-
burgh. Pa. Filed Aug. S, 1913.
1. A plunger mechanism for a molding machine having a
reciprocating feed box for the material, comprising recipro-
cating plungers cooperating with said feed box and having
material-receiving cavities in the end thereof, movable resist-
ing plungers in line with said first-named plungers and having
material-receiving cavities in the ends thereof, said resisting
plungers being held normally stationary against pressure and
having fluid cylinders therein, ejector bars within said resist-
ing plungers for expelling the molded material from the cavi-
ties thereof, and differential piston heads connected with said
bars and contained in said cylinder.
4. In a molding machine, a receptacle for containing a quan-
tity of material considerably greater than the quantity molded
at each operation, a pair of opposed molding plungers having
mold-cavities at their opposing ends and arranged, when
brought together, to form a mold complete in itself, means for
effecting a relative movement between said plungers to effect
the molding operation and the discharging operation, and
means for effecting a relative movement between said recep-
tacle and said plungers such that the molding operation takes
place within said receptacle and the discharging operation
takes place outside said receptacle.
98
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
2II1II1IIIINIIIUI 1NIIII1NI l!l!lllllllllllll!i{|[l!!ll!llllll!lll
!ill!llllllllllllllllll[l!!!IIII!l!lllll:
i:il.'[ll!lllli;!lll!ililllillllllil![!illllllilllll]!lltlllllilll
173^W OP MINING
§
As seen at the world's great mining centres by our own correspondents.
LOBDSBURG, NEW MEXICO
An Old District Resumes Operations Under the Stimulus of
High Price for Metals. — Large Production in 1917. —
Character of tile Ores and Geology of the District.
Among the copper producing camps of the South-west that
have lately come into prominence owing to the entrance of new
companies and the enlarging of operations by the established
companies, Lordsburg, situated in southern Grant county,
stands out prominently.
The ore of the district is in most cases of shipping-grade.
There are no treatment plants in the district. Owing to the
highly silicious character of the ore it is in demand at both
the El Paso and Douglas smelters. Occasionally it is shipped
elsewhere. The ores contain copper, gold, and silver, the first
j.iiE
The Lordsburg district is favored with an excellent geo-
graphical location. It is near the smelters and larger supply
points. Mexican and skilled American labor may be readily
obtained. The climate is mild, high, and dry. Fuel-oil is
comparatively cheap, being on the main line of the Southern
Pacific railroad. No labor troubles have ever arisen in the
district. The people of Lordsburg stand ready to encourage
and aid new mining enterprises. The proverbial camp-knocker
is dying out in this section.
The production of the Lordsburg district in 1916 was about
$2,100,700 from 186,000 tons of ore shipped. The forecast of
ore shipments for 1917 probably will total $2,800,000 at the
present rate of shipment.
The ore-bearing lodes of the district occur as fissures in
diorite changing in places to andesite and andesite-porphyry.
LORDSBURG, NEW MEXICO, AND THE S5 MINE
named predominating. I would estimate the average assay
at 0.11 oz. gold, 4.07 oz. silver, and 3% copper.
During the years past the district was hindered, as many
meritorious districts are in the South-west, by the lack of
transportation. Up until 1915 all ore had to be hauled from 3
to 5 miles by wagon, truck, caterpillars, and other traction
methods. Wet weather, bad roads, and breakdowns caused the
usual delays. In 1915 the Arizona & New Mexico railroad
built a spur from their main line to the S5 mine. From that
time on the production of the camp was continuous and has
increased monthly. The demand for the local ore has also been
steady. The camp is now in a position of permanency and
many new operators are taking hold of the dormant and half-
dormant properties.
The largest producer in the Lordsburg district is the 85
Mining Company. The Lawrence Mining Co., operating the
Bonney mine is second in output. These two companies are at
present producing practically all the ore shipped from the
camp. Lessees ship occasional lots but to no great extent. At
the present time the Atwood mine, near the So property, is
being unwatered and cleaned out for producing by the 85 Ex-
tension Copper Mining Co. The Valedon Mining Co., Octo
Mining Co.. Monte Rico Mining & "Milling Co., Hecla Mining
Co., and individual property holders have valuable developed
and undeveloped claims in the Virginia district; none of
which, however, are shipping ore. In the Pyramid district
the Nellie Bly, Robert E. Lee, Last Chance, Viola, and other
copper, gold, and silver claims are operated occasionally. The
production from the Pyramid district, however, will be light
this year.
There are at irregular intervals intrusions of the diorite into
the andesite. Where these intrusions occur the ore is gener-
ally in large quantities and of high value. The fracturing of
the rocks, resulting in the fissures, was followed by ascending
solutions, which deposited the ores. Later, descending solu-
tions have percolated through the silicious vein-matter de-
positing the mineral. This is more fully verified by the fact
that the richer gold and silver ores are nearer the surface.
There has been no intricate faulting where development work
has opened up the lodes although a slight shearing has taken
place. The dip of the veins on the 85 property, in the Virginia
district, is 76° south-west and the strike is north 40° east. The
width of the veins is from 5 to 50 ft. and the value ranges
from $7 to $25 per ton. The character of the ore is oxide,
chloride, and sulphide, with occasional high-grade ehaleocite
pockets occurring as ore-shoots in the vein.
The entire district is traversed by prominent dikes, which
caused miners to first turn their attention to the district.
These dikes or wall-like veins have an east-northeast trend
intersecting at about Lee's peak. The dikes are highly silicious
and brecciated, occurring in the porphyry and withstanding
erosion.
In the western part of the field diorite-porphyry is common
and in the eastern exposure of andesite they are noticeable.
The Pyramid range of mountains are of Tertiary age, the
characteristic country rock being andesite-porphyry.
No attempts have been made in later days to treat the ore
locally, although a number of experiments in flotation have
been made by the 85 Mining Company. A test-plant was
erected at El Paso, Texas, by J. W. Crowdus, the smelter repre-
July L'l. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
seutative. and a number »f experiments made. At the present
time the company is experimenting at the mine with roasting
and precipitation.
A dry-mill was erected in 1916 for the treating or some low-
grade lead ore found on the east side of the mineralized zone.
The mill did not prove successful and was soon closed down
after several months' testing was done. Save for an abandoned
stamp-mill in the Pyramid camp, there are no further treat-
ment-plants in the district.
Almost ns well known as the district itself is the 85 mine
and adjoining developed property owned by the S5 Mining Co.,
which is employing about 600 men and shipping on an average
10,000 tons of ore per month to the smelters. The 85 mine is
situated three miles south-west of Lordsburg.
In 1915 the S5 Mining Co. turned in to the State Tax Com-
mission of New Mexico a gross production value of $762,921.78,
and in 1916, $1,456,587.29. The net value determined by the
State Tax Commission for the S5 Mining Co. was $566,613 for
1916.
The company has 12 patented claims in the Virginia district.
The most extensive work, however, is being, done on the '85,'
'99,' Superior, Emerald, and Mohawk claims.
The ore of the 85 mine is mined by the shrinkage-stope
method, with chutes every 20 ft. There are six levels, the low-
est being 550 ft. from the adit-level and about 820 ft. from the
surface. A main adit has been driven from the east side of
the 85 mountain, a distance of 1500 ft. to the winze, from which
all hoisting is done. The adit connects with the ore-bins and
power-plant. Haulage is done with gasoline-locomotives, being
a recent innovation here.
Mining is in progress on practically all the levels and espe-
cially the 450 and 550-ft. levels. On the 450-ft. level lateral
work extends about 2000 ft. The property is connected with
the Superior and other mines on the west.
The shaft has three compartments with double-deck cages.
The hoist is electrically driven, Ottumwa type. Driving is
done under contract, with Leyner drills. There are four elec-
trical pumps in the mine lifting about 550 gal. of water per
minute.
The company intends to continue shaft-sinking until the 950-
ft. level is reached. This work is now under way.
A handsome new store building has been constructed ; also a
large number of houses for employees. A hotel for the single
men, and a hospital, which will be used jointly between the
85 Mining Co. and the Lawrence Mining Co., are to be erected
this year. Strict attention is being given the sanitation of the
camp.
A. J. Interrieden, manager for the S5 Mining Co., is con-
stantly looking out for the welfare of the employees. He has
found this a paramount factor in the success of mining. In
every way he has bettered the living conditions of the men and
is using every means to make it an ideal camp. As a reward
for his efforts there has never been any labor trouble in the
camp and an efficient working force has been organized.
The 85 Mining Co. is composed of Wisconsin capitalists and
business men. Arthur P. Warner and Charles H. Warner, in-
ventors of the auto-meter, are president and secretary, respec-
tively, of the company. B. P. Yates, president of the Berlin
Machine Co., manufacturers of wood-working machinery, is
vice-president, and a large interest in the company is held by
James Barclay, of Hot Springs, Arkansas. J. A. Leahy, W. F.
Eitter, and John Gleeson are other large owners of stock in
the company.
The power-house of the 85 Mining Co. is one of the most
complete and modern of any in the South-west. Power is gen-
erated by two 450-hp. Lyons Atlas Deisel-type crude-oil engines
which are installed in a new steel power-house 200 by 100 ft.
A 250-kva. Allis-Chalmers generator is installed to generate
electricity for the mines, and air-pressure is secured from a
late type Ingersoll-Rand compressor with an air displacement
of 1600 cu. ft. Leyner machine-drills are used in the mine,
also Aldrloh pumps. Than is an auxillarj power-plant
equipped with an 80-hp, Falrbanks-Morea crud I
6600-volt iRMH-nitor, and a compreBBor. -i. ii. Clark is maater
mechanic and G. A. Hlersach Is his assistant.
PLATTEVILLE, WISCONSIN
A Falling Mauki i DISAPPOINTS Hoi in us of Zim am. Lead
Ore. — Ootput of the Mikes i\ Jim.— ni-.w Strikes ako
Diamond-Drill Development.
Metals in general, with the exception of spelter, prospered
during June. Zinc was neglected. The situation in the spelter
industry could be described in few words — smelters carried
unsold stocks. The softening of the spelter market toward the
end of June met with a sympathetic response in the offerings
for blende.
Operators viewed the situation at the close of the month
with misgivings. Such as were protected in their deliveries by
long-term contracts are resting quietly. Others affiliated with
smelter interests, or magnetic-separating plants, operating in
the field, were enabled to produce consistently. The independ-
ent joint-stock corporation, compelled to solicit bids, fared
badly except in the Linden district, where nearness to reduc-
tion-plants at Mineral Point obviated excessive transportation
costs. The independent producers that had facilities for rais-
ing ore to top grade have been successful in disposing of the
finished product but have not always had a free field. Only
when competition becomes accentuated between the large
buyers, and there is a keen demand for high-grade ore for
ready metal, have they been permitted to enjoy a period of
real prosperity. The high cost of living leaves the large em-
ployers of mining help fearful to even hint at reductions in
wages.
Lead, the last metal to respond to the War's demands, has
shown increased activity, but with, a price movement com-
paratively slow, that has given way to a market full of inter-
est. In the Wisconsin field prices of lead ore advanced steadily
during the first half of June until offerings at one time stood
at $132 per ton, base of 80% metal. Competition developed
between buyers and for a time some ore came out of unexpected
places, and it looked as if miners would clean-up but the nature
of the pig-lead market encouraged many to hold in the belief
that still better prices would be obtainable. With pig-lead
almost three times as high in price as before the War, and
ready metal scarce for prompt and nearby shipments, pro-
ducers considered that they were safe In holding. In the
midst of the hour of greatest hope came a drop to $120 per ton.
Deliveries of ore from mines direct to reduction-plants in
the field and to smelters from May 2S to June 30 were: Zinc,
48,605,000 lb.; lead, 1,190,000 lb.; and pyrite, 6,230,000 pounds.
High-grade blende from refining-plants to smelters was sent
out as follows: Benton, 6,968,000 lb.; Mineral Point, 5,706,000
lb.; Cuba City, 5,066,000 lb.; Linden, 342,000 lb. Total, 18,082,-
000 pounds.
The total recovery of mine-run product for the field from
May 28 to June 30 aggregated 24,510 tons; total net deliveries
out of the field to smelter, 15,430 tons. The reserve in the
field at the close of June exceeded 2000 tons of raw ore at
all mines; no high-grade ore was carried over; 1000 tons
of lead ore and 2500 tons of pyrite.
Sales and distribution of zinc ore made during June was
as follows: to Mineral Point Zinc Co., 7106 tons; Wisconsin
Zinc Co., 4989 tons; Grasselli Chemical Co., 4689 tons; Na-
tional Separating Co., 4691 tons; American Zinc Co., Hills-
boro, Illinois, 4009 tons; Linden Zinc Co., 1465 tons; American
Metal Co., 927 tons; Illinois Zinc Co., 869 tons; Matthiesen &
Hegeler Zinc Co., LaSalle, Illinois, 666 tons; Lanyon Zinc Co.,
Joplin, Missouri, 602 tons; Benton Boasters, 551 tons; Edgar
Zinc Co., 175 tons; total, 30,739 tons; the period being con-
sidered one of the best showings yet made in the Wisconsin
100
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
field and far below normal outputting capacity, there being a
dearth of mining labor at all points in the field.
During June local producers of carbonate zinc ore at High-
land had few offerings for this class of ore, and shipments
were negligible, but the New Jersey Zinc Co., operating with
new producers, increased its deliveries. The Linden district
found a ready demand for its low-grade sphalerite with the
Mineral Point Zinc Co. The Optimo Mining Co. had an un-
usually successful month. Mine No. 3 produced at the rate
of 125 tons of raw concentrate per week. Mine No. 4, just
cpened up on the James J. Rule lease of 120 acres, discovered
an extensive deposit of rich zinc ore. Drill-squads were em-
ployed on the lease all month and will continue exploration
until the range has been fully prospected. The Spring-Hill
Mining Co. struck new deposits on the William Ross land,
and drills were kept at work proving the ground. Kletszch
Bros, drilled a vein of zinc ore on the John Wasley farm and
found sufficient to warrant both mine development and sur-
face-rig. A new local mining enterprise, organized as the
Super-Six Mining Co., developed a lead-ore producer on the
Frank Bottoms farm. The Weigle mine, recently developed,
reached, through underground workings, a new deposit of zinc
ore after months of effort and recoveries are running from 10
to 12 tons of 40% zinc concentrate per shift of nine hours
daily. The new producer is owned by the Milwaukee-Linden
Development Co. The local magnetic-separating plant, con-
trolled by the Zinc Concentrating Co. in New York, finished
blende assaying as high as 62% zinc, calling for top prices.
Official announcement was made that this plant, and that
operated by the same company at Cuba City, will be doubled
in capacity. Additional Dings separating-machines are to be
installed. New devices for consuming gases will be a feature
of the plants. The O. P. David Mining Co., in the Montfort
district, drove west toward the zinc deposits found by drilling
during May, and increased output was the result. Several
new mining companies were organized to explore and develop
new leases that are presumed to be on the trend of the main
range.
In the Dodgeville district the North Survey Mining Co.. in
50 working days from the time ground was first broken for
foundations, built and set in operation a new 150-ton concen-
trator. Shipment of the first car of blende was made June 28,
ore assaying over 50% zinc. The deposit occurs at a depth
of 50 ft. Electric power is used throughout the mill.
Mineral Point and its vicinity, which has shown little ac-
tivity in mining for many years, is being rejuvenated through
the efforts of the Utt-Thorne Mining Co.. which has a re-built
mill in operation, a heavy pump installed, and three con-
tiguous leases being explored. The mill makes a concentrate
assaying 55% zinc. Magnetic-separation is rarely undertaken
here where such a quantity of zinc is shown. Sometimes
operators mix high-grade mill-feed with the low-grade to in-
sure a better recovery.
MEXICO
New Law Regi/lating Oil Industry. — Petroleum Committees'
Recommendations. — Operation of Law Will be Almost
Equivalent to Confiscation. — Productive Capacity of
the Oil District.
Printed copies of the first draft of the proposed law for the
control and regulation of practically all phases of the oil
industry in Mexico have been distributed among the interests
that are to be affected. Provisions of this measure which will
soon be laid before Congress are of such a drastic nature that
their enforcement would mean the virtual confiscation of the
landed holdings of foreign as well as native investors through-
out the oil-producing region. The bill in its present form
contains more than 150 printed pages. Most of these are de-
voted to new regulations which, if put into law, would make
the oil industry of that country so complicated as to almost
prohibit it being continued, it is claimed. The proposed
law is entirely separate and distinct from the taxation decree
which went into effect on July 1 and which imposes a heavy
burden upon oil producers. The new bill as now drawn is
largely devoted to the land feature of the oil industry. As one
illustration of its possible far-reaching effectB it may be stated
that it places the oil of the country in the same category as
the metalliferous minerals, and it applies to oil development
many of the regulations now contained in the mining law of
that country. All land that has been leased or is owned in
fee simple for the purpose of exploiting oil is required, under
this proposed new law, to pay to the Government an annual
tax of five pesos per hectare, which is equivalent to a tax of
$1.01 gold per acre on the land. Several of the larger oil com-
panies own 1,000,000 to 4,000,000 acres of land and the imposi-
tion of this tax would mean an enormous annual outlay. It
is estimated that approximately 25.000,000 acres of land are
situated in what is known as the proved oil region bordering
that part of the gulf coast around Tampico. At a tax of $1.01
gold per acre it would mean the bringing to the Government
of an annual revenue of about $25,000,000 from this source
alone: but this is not the worst and most drastic provision
of the bill. Placing oil under the mining law makes all
privately and publicly owned lands subject to denouncement
for its possible oil wealth. In other words, if this pending
measure is enacted into law, any person can go upon the land
of another, whether the oil-rights upon it be already leased
or not, and locate a claim of a certain size upon which to
bore prospect wells, and if he happen to strike oil, which is a
posible result in nearly all parts of the Tampico territory, he
will have a clear title to it. It is provided, however, that the
producer of the oil shall pay to the Federal government one-
half of whatever royalty the original lessee may have agreed
to pay the owner of the land. The new law gives to the
Government a royalty on all oil that may be produced.
It is claimed that if the oil lands are made subject to de-
nouncement by anyone who may want to go upon them and
put down a well, it will mean the financial ruin of every
large American and British oil-producing company now oper-
ating in that country. It is reported to be the announced
purpose of President Carranza and those that occupy high
positions under his administration, to cause the dividing of the
oil-land holdings of the foreign investors in the Tampico
region. The application of the mining law to oil development
will cause a great rush of prospectors into the different fields,
and instead of this enormous underground wealth being in the
possession of a comparatively few concerns, it would be
divided among many, and in this way the Mexicans them-
selves, who have up to this time neglected their opportunities
for engaging in this industry, will be placed in a position to
acquire, with but little cost to themselves, valuable oil hold-
ings.
The preparation of this drastic bill was begun by a specially
appointed congressional commission about six months ago and
it is said to be now ready for final action of Congress. Al-
though there has been comparatively little done in the matter
of boring new wells during the past two years, a careful
survey which has just been taken of the completed wells shows
that they have at this time a total available output of about
365,000,000 barrels per annum. The exportations aggre-
gate about 4,500,000 barrels per month or at the rate of about
54,000,000 barrels per annum, which leaves an underground
developed supply of approximately 311,000,000 barrels. It is
stated by leading oil operators here that it would be an easy
matter to more than double the oil production of the Tampico
territory and that this could probably be brought about within
a period of six months. In fact it might be done in that many
weeks as it has already been proved that it is possible to
bring in wells with a daily flow of upward of 200,000 barrels
each. It is not a problem of available or possible production
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Hll
there, but it is one of transportation and marketing tacllltlee
which has to be met before the present export figures can be
materially increased.
LBADVILLE, COLORADO
a General Strike ok Union Men Threatened, and State
Troops Ake Quietly Being Sent Into the District to Pro-
■ > • i property. — The Principal minks Continue to Work,
THOUGH Many Men Have Left the District.
Cloud City Miners' Union No. 33 of the International Union
of Mine. Mill, and Smelter Workers, by a referendum vote
taken July 3. declared in favor of a strike in the mines of the
Leadville district, by 641 to 72. The strike has not yet been
called, as the local organization is waiting for the arrival of a
member of the executive committee of the International Union.
President Carpenter and Secretary Follett, of the Cloud City
Union, also stated after the result of the voting was announced
that a strike would not be called until every effort to bring
about a settlement with the operators had failed. This de-
cision has tended to release the tension of the situation, al-
though it is the general opinion that a strike will be declared,
as the operators persistently refuse to make any concessions
or to offer a compromise.
President Charles H. Moyer of the International Union of
Mine. Mill, and Smelter Workers, predicts that a settlement
will be reached before it becomes necessary to call a strike.
After having been informed of the situation here showing that
a majority of the union members favor a strike, he wired the
following statement to the union headquarters.
"I advise and earnestly request that you rturn to your em-
ployment Thursday morning. Also that you elect a committee
with full power to act with representatives of your inter-
national with regard to the wage demands that you have made
to your employers."
This caused many men to return to work who had previously
decided to draw their time-checks, or to remain away from
the mines until a settlement had been reached. Nearly all of
the mines continue to operate with nearly full crews. A num-
ber of Austrian miners failed to return to work, many of them
having drawn their time. A few non-union men have left the
district. The general opinion among the operators is that the
Austrian element in the union is controling its action, and
that they have determined upon trouble that will cripple the
mines. The union leaders claim that the organization has
over 1000 members. If this is true, the vote taken on the
strike was light, and there is no doubt that the members who
did not vote were the men not favoring a strike. It was
noticed that those who went to the polls were mostly for-
eigners, which bears out the contention of the operators that
the Austrian element is in control.
A strike at this time is unpopular here among business men.
mechanics, pump-men, and engineers in the mines, non-union
miners, and miners generally. It is estimated that there are
2300 miners in the district, and the union leaders only claim
to have 1035, many of them being smelter-men. Sentiment is
not against the demands of the union, as it is conceded that
under existing living costs the men are running to the limit
of their wages for general expenses, and that they must have
relief before long; hut it is believed that action which would
permanently cripple the mines of the district, throw 3000 men
out of work, bring hardship to the families of as many more,
possibly destroy millions of dollars worth of property, and stop
the revival of mining in the Leadville district, at a time when
it promises so much for the future.
On the morning of July 4, following the day of voting, one
of the guards patroling at the power-station of the Colorado
Power Co., near the Yak tunnel, was fired on by a sniper
hiding behind one of the buildings. The bullet pierced the
hat of the guard but did him no injury. He returned the fire,
but as it was dark, he could see nothing to shoot at. A search
for the sniper followed but no clue was found. On the night
of July 4, a heavy charge of dynamite was exploded In an old
shaft on the Sixth Street property, one of the Down Town
mines that is Idle. The shock broke windows In surrounding
residences and store-bulldlngs and caved the shaft.
State troops are being quietly brought Into the district and
stationed to protect the city light and water-plants, the smelter,
and other important points.
The operators held a meeting July 6 to discuss the situation,
but nothing was done that would tend to bring about a settle-
ment. They are awaiting the action of the union, believing
that should a strike be called it will prove ineffective, as many
of the miners will continue to work.
New development in the district is retarded because of the
pending labor trouble. A number of large enterprises that
had planned to start operations about July 1 have made no
attempts to proceed. On the borders of the district, however.
a few companies are taking up development regardless of the
situation, as it is necessary to pay higher wages to men in
these out-of-the-way places than at the properties near town.
At a meeting of the union held July 9, it was decided to call
the strike at noon on the 14th unless a settlement is reached
in the meantime. It has also been announced that former
Judge Musser, of the State Supreme Court, and Verner Z.
Reed, both of Denver, have been appointed by Secretary of
Labor Wilson to act as mediators in the situation. The union
officials have stated their willingness to call a special meeting
and further postpone the strike if the government mediators
find that they need more time.
A. S. Sharp, cashier for the Leadville Water Co., and asso-
ciates, have secured a long-term lease on the Houston claim in
Iowa gulch, lying immediately south-east of the Ella Beeler
property; and have started work cleaning out the adit.
KENNECOTT, ALASKA
Striking Miners at Kennecott Make Arbitrary Demands on
the Manager of the Kennecott Copper Co., Which De-
mands are Refused. — Federal Troops Guard the Com-
pany's Property.
E. T. Stannard, manager for the Kennecott Copper Corpora-
tion, returned from New York on June 25. The miners, about
200 in number, that had walked out about two weeks ago, in
his absence, renewed their demand for $5.75 per day, flat wage,
and gave notice through their committee that they would not
even agree that that scale would obtain for any definite period.
Under such an uncertain demand the management refused
further to deal with the committee and immediately posted a
new scale of wages effective June 16, 1917, as follows: The
standard wage-scale will continue as the base-rate — that is
$4.25 per day for miners and $3.75 for shovelers when copper
is under 15c. per lb. ; copper between 15 and 18c. per lb., bonus
25c. per day; copper between 18 and 21c. per lb., bonus 50c. per
day; copper between 21 and 24c. per lb., bonus 75c. per day;
copper between 24 and 27Jc. per lb., bonus $J per day; copper
over 27Jc. per lb., bonus $1.25 per day; settlement to be made
on the average price of copper for the preceding month as given
in the Engineering and Mining Journal quotations. Mess
employees on a monthly basis will receive a bonus of $4 per
month for each 25c. change in bonus for employees on daily
basis. The men agreed to return to work on this scale if the
manager would take them all back. This the manager refused
to do, reserving the right to reject any individual. None of
the strikers have returned to work yet. The management is
preparing to resume work at the mines as soon as the necessary
men can be secured.
A squad of 24 United States soldiers was sent from Fort
Liscum, near Valdez, to Kennecott on June 27, and are now
guarding the company's property. It seems to be the general
impression that plenty of men can be had within a week or two
to resume operations at the mines.
102
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
,_ ■ : . :■■ :■:■:■:.■;::;.;:■ . ; :■. ■■■.■.■.- : : - !'
Ii-Mi-Mi ' ■- ■ ■: :■:::',! J
The news of the week as told by our special correspondents and compiled from the local press.
ALASKA
(Special Correspondence.) — Charles Davis, of the Alaska
Petroleum & Coal Co., is authority for the statement that his
company will be prepared to deliver coal to the towns along
the Alaska coast early this fall. A railroad from the mines
to a point on Controller bay, where the coal can be picked up
by barges, is now under construction. The length of the rail-
haul is 25 miles.
Clark Davis, vice-president and general manager of the
company, is expected at Katalla at an early date.
Katalla, July 1.
In view of the disappointing results at the Alaska Gold prop-
erty, the ore running 50 to 75c. per ton below expectations, the
starting of the mill on the Alaska-Juneau property adjoining
has been awaited with much interest. The results to date show
a very low yield of gold and compare with an average assay
at Alaska Gold of $1-19 in 1916 and $1.15 in 1915. F. W. Brad-
ley, president of the Alaska-Juneau company, says to the Bos-
ton News Bureau: "One unit of the new mill started up March
31, and in April a few additional units were started, resulting
in a total crushing for the month of April'of 7046 tons, having
an average gold assay-value of 72.6c. per ton. In the month of
May, 37,000 tons was crushed, having an average gold assay-
value of 77c. per ton. For the first 10 days of June, 17,229 tons
were crushed, and during the second 10 days 16,000 tons were
crushed. All starting-up troubles should be gradually over-
come during this summer and the mill will be in full operation
by the end of the year. The milling and auxiliary surface-
equipment has cost to date a total of $2,532,027. The ore, as
hauled from the mine, is first delivered for coarse crushing to
a rock-house, following which is the mill proper composed of
12 units with a primary-crushing ball-mill at the head of each
unit. These ball-mills were originally designed to have a
capacity of 700 tons each; but it was afterward planned to
push this capacity up to 1000 tons each per day. if possible; so
the whole plant should have an eventual capacity of anywhere
from 8400 to 12,000 tons per day. At an average daily capacity
of 11,000 tons, we expect to recover SOc. per ton at a cost of
between 40 and 45c. per ton."
ARIZONA
There has been a great deal of excitement in the copper dis-
tricts of Arizona the past week, every important copper pro-
ducing district except Ray being affected. At Jerome an at-
tempt to call a strike was promptly defeated and one of the
I. W. W. contingent killed Orson P. McRae, shift boss in the
Copper Queen mine at Bisbee, by shooting through a door. The
murderer was promptly killed by deputy sheriffs.
A citizens committee and deputy sheriffs loaded over 1100
I. W. Ws. in box and cattle-cars and took them into New
Mexico, where they now are guarded by Federal troops near
Hermanas.
At Globe, John McBride and G. W. P. Hunt, ex-governor of
Arizona, Federal mediators, appealed to President Wilson to
take action to stop further deportati6ns of strikers from Bisbee
and other copper districts of Arizona. Governor Campbell
wired President Wilson to send Federal troops into Arizona
mining regions where strikes are in progress. These are at
Clifton, Morenci, Bisbee, Jerome, and Ajo copper districts;
Humboldt smelter in Yavapai county, and two districts in
Mohave county.
President Wilson directed General Parker, commander of
the Southern Department, to take whatever steps were neces-
sary to protect life and property in Arizona.
Drastic action was urged in Washington against the lawless
element that seems bent on destruction of industries and crops
in the West.
It is reported that the Western Union Telegraph Co. will in-
vestigate the alleged censorship of its lines leading out of
Bisbee by Robert Rae, general auditor for the Copper Queen
Co., and H. H. Stout, superintendent of the smelter.
Mohave County
(Special Correspondence.; — A strike described by J. A.
Burgess, J. L. Mclver, and other competent authorities, as
MAP OF AKIZO.NA
second only in importance to that of the United Eastern was
made last week on the Telluride property, which lies south-
west of and adjoining the Tom Reed. The Telluride is con-
trolled by J. L. Mclver, one of the discoverers of the United
Eastern. The vein is presumed to be an extension of the
Aztec-Tom Reed vein, which is faulted near the end-line of the
two properties. A drift had been advanced for 300 ft. from
the shaft on the 535-ft. level along the hanging wall of a well-
defined vein carrying ore intermittently. At the point of the
discovery referred to the vein widened and became more solid,
being composed of quartz and spar. High assays are reported.
In order to explore the vein at greater depth a winze is now
being sunk.
Oatman, July 10.
July -M. 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
103
CALIFORNIA
The scarcity of oil-well casing is resulting in the abandon-
ment of various old wells for the purpose of salvaging the cas-
ing. The State Mining Bureau insists on strict compliance
with its recommendations as to methods of abandoning wells
so as to prevent future damage to oil lands. Each well re-
quires special treatment and no general rules can be issued.
Owners of land upon which such wells may be situated are
particularly cautioned to see that the work complies with reg-
ulations, as the land is made liable under the law for the cost
of remedying improper work.
Reports filed with the State Mining Bureau for the week
ended July 7. show L'O new wells started, making a total of
697 since the first of the year; 1G wells were reported ready for
test of water shut-off, 12 deepening or re-drilling, and two
abandoned.
Calaveras County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Lockwood mine, situated
two and one-half miles north-east of West Point, is controlled
by W. O. Pray, who is also superintendent. He is putting in a
cyanide-plant. There is in the mine thousands of tons of ore
in sight that averages $7 to $9 per ton. The Rehfus Bros,
are cyaniding their tailing at the Gilbertson mine, near West
Point. The Extension of the Comet mine near Railroad Flat
has started a small crew of men working two shifts. The
Black Wonder mine, situated in the Blue Mountain mining
district, has started operations. It is a contact vein of slate
and granite and assays well. From the Eureka Gold Mining
Co. at Virginia City, Nevada, the owners bought a 60-hp. hoist-
ing-engine and a compressor. The ore though base is high-
grade. Some Eastern capitalists, reported to be Kansas peo-
ple, are sampling the Sawyer claims, which are owned by Wm.
Foltz of Seattle. The Comet mine is still working and pros-
pects are getting better every day. The owners of the Mason
& Phillips mine have just taken out a large quantity of ore,
which was hauled to the Porteous custom-mill and the bullion
shipped to the San Francisco mint. Both walls of this mine
are granite. It is situated in the East Belt.
The Secretary mine has just cleaned up and the mill returns
went $50 per ton. W. 0. Pray, of the Lockwood mine, has
an option on the Lone Star mine two and a half miles from
West Point on the Mokelumne river. The difficulties at the
Blazing Star mine, which has been in litigation for many
years, have been finally adjusted and in the transaction which
followed, W. O. Pray & Co. have acquired the controlling inter-
est and now virtually own it outright. It will soon start up.
A new strike has been made by a miner, doing assessment
work at the Camille, or 'Corn-Meal' mine, who uncovered a vein
14 ft. wide in slate. A moderate excitement took place locally
over this development. Wendell Phillips, of Lodi, has
cleaned-up 20 tons of free-milling ore, which averaged $30 per
ton. Judge Condon is doing assessment work at the Enter-
prise mine for Fred Plagemann, and has found rich sulphide
ore. At the North Star mine, situated midway between the
Lockwood and the Blazing Star, the shaft has reached a depth
of 57 ft. The vein is 22 in. wide with a greenstone hanging
wall and a granite foot-wall. The vein consists of blue quartz
with sulphide, assaying all the way from $2 to $110 per ton.
The pay-shoot goes $100 per ton. The present owner has had
the claim for 33 years. It would seem a good proposition for
some company to develop it, as the owner is unable to do the
work that the mine justifies. At the Deerfoot mine, con-
trolled by the Rehfus Bros., they are cyaniding 500 tons of ore
that runs from $5 to $9 per ton.
West Point, July 10.
Del Norte Cotjnty
(Special Correspondence.) — Chrome ore mining is becoming
increasingly important in the hills back of Adams station on
the Crescent City stage-road. This station is on Smith river,
just west of Gasquet. A large uumber of claims are leased by
R. J. Rowen, M. E. Young, and Geo. S. Barton, all of Grants
Pass. Oregon. About 40 openings have been started, in most of
whirh a good showing of chrome haB been made. At one place
5000 tons of ore has been developed. The claims are on what
is locally called French hill. Shipments will be made by trucks
to Crescent City and from there by water to San Francisco.
Development work has been in progress only two months, but
the ore developed warrants the commencement of shipments.
The ore runs from 50 to 62% chromium oxide.
Near the Old Altaville mine, in the Low Divide district, John
L. Childs and Mr. McMurray have located what is proving to
be a large body of chrome. This property adjoins the Tysen
Chrome and produces the highest grade of ore in the district.
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TABT OF CHROME REGION OF CALIFORNIA
Several auto-trucks are now hauling ore to Crescent City from
this district.
W. J. Ehrman has been in Grants Pass for the past week
making arrangements to get machinery hauled in to his Dia-
mond Creek cinnabar property. There is a good road to the
mine from the main stage-road, and the machinery is to be at
the mine this week. This is the only developed cinnabar prop-
erty in this district. Most of the ore is high-grade and it is
thought that it will soon be a profitable producer.
Crescent City, July 6.
El Doraoo Countt
The Noble and Farmer chrome mines are employing more
than 100 men in mining and transporting chromite to the rail-
road, and the industry is growing as other deposits are being
opened in various places.
( Special Correspondence.) — The Teddy Bear gold-quartz mine,
situated on the main Mother Lode, between the old Church-
Union and the Laus Padre mines, about three miles south of
El Dorado railroad station, will be extensively developed by
the EI Dorado Exploration Co. of Seattle, under the manage-
ment of John W. Cover. Five men have been working in the
mine for some time, and Mr. Cover recently returned from
Seattle for the purpose of pushing the development of the
property. June 29 a 5-ft. vein of ore, similar in appearance to
the high-grade ore of the old Church-Union mine, was found
in sinking a winze, on the Teddy Bear claim, near the face of
the 150-ft. cross-cut adit, at a vertical depth of about 160 ft.
below the surface. The average assay-value of the ore is $60
gold per ton. Burr Evans, consulting engineer, of Placerville,
who recently visited the mine, states that the management will
sink the winze to a depth of 500 ft. and open up the pay-shoot
by driving north and south. After the orebody is developed a
raise over the winze will be cut, thus making a shaft to the
surface, and a mill of 50 tons daily capacity will be installed.
A mill-test run of a dozen tons or more of the rich ore from
104
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
the vein in the winze will be made in a 5-stamp mill on Grant
Busick's mine.
William Vaughn, of Georgetown, arrived at Placerville on
July 9 with his six-mule team loaded with two and a half tons
of high-grade chrome ore in sacks, from the Bald Mountain
chrome deposit, 23 miles north-east of Placerville. Over 250
tons of ore has been shipped from this deposit, and there is a
large amount still to be mined. The ore averages 63% chrome
oxide and less than 3% silica.
Placerville, July 10.
Into County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Darwin Development Co. is
steadily increasing the development of its group of minis near
Darwin and has blocked out an extensive tonnage of gold-
bearing ore. A 25-ton mill, using flotation and a magnetic
system of separation, is in operation and its capacity is to be
increased to 75 tons daily. Late mine developments have been
reported as satisfactory.
The lower tunnel of the Santa Rosa, in the White mountains,
26 miles from Keeler, has cut the orebody at a vertical depth
of 400 ft. Approximately 200 veins and shoots have been cut,
ranging from a few inches to 8 ft. wide. The ore contains
silver and lead, and heavy shipments are being made to the
Mldvale smelter. Ten leases are also active. In all 55 men
are employed.
Shipments from the Cerro Gordo are averaging around 50
tons daily, with much of the ore running high in silver, lead,
and zinc. Shipments of slag from the old smelter-dumps con-
tinues to be profitably made. The large zinc deposit recently
uncovered is stated to be developing well.
Keeler, July 10.
Nevada County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Cherokee and Columbia Hill
districts, near the famous old hydraulic mining camp of North
Bloomfield, are active. Fully 100 men are employed in prospect-
ing gravel deposits and tailing from pioneer hydraulic opera-
tions, and several drills are in operation. It is reported the
area will be drilled to Lake City. Many of the properties in
this field have been idle since the anti-hydraulic mining laws
went into effect. It is understood the Guggenheims are inter-
ested in the new work, and that it is purposed to work the
lower gravels with dredges.
The Roger group of quartz claims at Beauty Flat, near Wash-
ington, is being developed by the North Star Mines Co. of Grass
Valley. The tunnel is advancing in promising ground and
equipment will be installed. The company is understood to be
considering the purchase of several placer properties in this
district. The passing of the June dividend by the North Star
Co., due to increased mining costs and lower gold content of
the ore, has caused alarm in Grass Valley, where the regular
quarterly dividends have come to be taken as a matter of
course.
Dewatering of the Allison Ranch mine is proceeding and
considerable work has been commenced above the 400-ft. level.
Rich shoots have been exposed and the management expects to
have the mill in operation shortly. The company has acquired
the Benoit tract of 168 acres, adjoining the Allison Ranch on
the east, and plans a thorough exploration of the area. The
company, the Grass Valley Consolidated Mines, now owns 300
acres of mineral land, all to be worked from the Allison Ranch
shaft. C. K. Brockington is manager.
Fifteen men are working the Goodwin placer property at
You Bet, under management of Iiouis Gidette. It is said Aus-
trian capitalists have purchased the property and that an effort
may be made to work the gravel by hydraulicking, as other
methods have not proved satisfactory.
Grass Valley. July 11.
The Golden Centre Mining Co. at Grass Valley has decided
to discontinue all stoping and milling operations and to devote
all energies to development of orebodies. The board of directors
has authorized the expenditure of $200,000 to carry on this
campaign of development, which includes the sinking of the
shaft an additional 1000 ft. This will give the mine a total
depth of 2000 feet.
Shasta County
(Special Correspondence.) — At the electric smelter at Heroult,
the blast-furnace will be completed by the end of the month.
This furnace will have a capacity of 30 tons per day, and smelt-
ing will be done by blast as well as by electricity. Great incon-
venience is caused by the inability to get electrodes for the
electric process, as they are needed. The electric furnace is
turning out ferro-manganese at the rate of 8 to 10 tons per day,
the ore coming from Livermore and Mendocino county. Ferro-
manganese is selling in New York around $450 per ton.
The Afterthought Copper Co. at Ingot is employing 150 men.
The flotation-plant will be completed by the close of the month.
When that comes about the mining of ore will begin. The
mine and smelter had been idle since January 1908 until re-
cently. George L. Porter is superintendent.
At the Bell Cow mine, twelve miles west of Ono, on Arbuckle
mountain, C. L. Wilson, who has the property under bond, has
completed an assay-office, which with equipment has cost
$1000. The 5-stamp mill is being overhauled and will be in
operating condition by the end, of the month. The mill has a
daily capacity of 25 tons. It will be used in making a working-
test of the ore taken out in development work.
The Mountain Copper Co. keeps 20 men at work on its New
Year's claim in the heart of Balaklala ground. Ore shipments
are made regularly by way of Coram to the smelter at Mar-
tinez.
At the Silver King mine, four miles west of Redding, L. C.
Parker has put in heavier machinery and will soon begin to
sink 125 ft. deeper to open up a new level.
The Star shaft at Bully Hill has been unwatered to the
900-ft. level. J. Barnes, operating the Summit mine west of
French Gulch, has leased the Black Tom mine in the same
neighborhood.
Redding, July 9.
Trinity County
(Special Correspondence.) — The Trinity Star Co. is hauling
lumber to the site of its new dredge to be built at Lewiston,
on the Paulsen ranch. The pit for the dredge has been dug.
It is 100 ft. square and 9 ft. deep. The dredge will have a
wooden hull. Most of the machinery is in Redding awaiting
transportation.
Redding, July 9.
Tulare County
(Special Correspondence.) — Approximately 72,000 tons of
magnesite has been taken from mines in the district around
Porterville, in Tulare county, during the six months ended
June 30. The total value of this magnesite is nearly $1,000,000,
about $160,000 being the average amount paid out monthly for
magnesite both crude and calcined during the past six months.
This is an increase of 200% over the output of ore for the same
period last year.
From 600 to 700 men are employed at present in the various
phases of the magnesite industry in this district, mining and
trucking the ore, and in and around the calcining-plants and
offices of the several companies operating in the Porterville
district. This number of employees represents an average
monthly pay-roll of about $85,000 during the past six months.
The American Refractories Company, of Pittsburg, Pennsyl-
vania, is the biggest buyer of magnesite in this district at
present, handling approximately two-thirds of the output. Daily
shipments of magnesite from Porterville now average about
400 tons. This district is at present producing from one-third
to one-half the total output of magnesite in the United States.
Porterville, July 10.
Siskiyou County
(Special Correspondence.) — W. R. Beal, of Happy Camp, the
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
105
owner of the Know-Nothing sold quartz mine on Know-Nothing
creek. In the Salmon River district, adjacent to Happy Camp,
recently took the mine under lease. It had been idle for 20
years. He i9 now having the S-stamp mill overhauled and re-
modeled, and has bought a compressor and will use macliinc
drills. The machinery Is operated by water-power, which is
ble throughout the year. He Is purchasing a large quan-
tity of pipe and auxiliary machinery and has contracted with
the Ladd Bros., of Happy Camp, to pack the machinery 7 miles
to the mine from Forks of Salmon. He contemplates having
the mine and mill running within six weeks. There is enough
good ore in sight to operate for three years.
The Fledderman Bros., of Etna, have purchased a 3-ton
Packard truck and are hauling chrome ore from their mine
near Etna to the railroad. They have shipped two car-loads of
ore and are loading the third car.
J. B. Nesbit and Wm. Magill, of Happy Camp, have made a
road and established a camp at their copper mines on Deer
Lick gulch on Indian creek. This property adjoins the Gray
Eagle mines.
Harry C. Dannehower, of Philadelphia, who represents cap-
ital from that city, is investigating the copper deposits in
Happy Camp district.
Dan. L. Harrington, manager for the Sullivan Machinery
Co. of Chicago, has been superintending the drilling for his
company on the Gray Eagle mine on Indian creek near Happy
Camp. He reports that the contract for 6000 ft. of drilling on
the property is about completed, and that his company has
entered into a new contract for several thousand additional
feet.
Harry Wilson, of Happy Camp, who has been employed at
the Clear Creek copper mines, which were closed down, has left
for his holding on Elk creek, which he will further develop.
While freighting a massive boiler up the Indian Creek road
one of the Reichman freight teams crashed through the bridge
at the George Crumpton ranch, completely demolishing the
bridge, but with little damage to the freighting equipment or
machinery. A new and safe bridge was constructed without
delay.
Hornbrook, July S.
Tuolumne County
O. A. Ellis, manager of the Chaparral mine, which adjoins
the Buchanan mine on the south, has placed a Chile mill of
novel design on his property for the purpose of testing the ore,
and later to regularly operate the property if results are satis-
factory. The mill weighs 5500 lb. and instead of the usual
upright grinding mullers that roll around the basin, iron balls
weighing 400 lb. each have been substituted. The upper part
of the mill, which revolves, rests on the balls and causes them
to roll around the groove at the edge of the basin of the mill,
crushing the ore as it falls beneath them.
COLORADO
Park County
(Special Correspondence.) — Because of the lateness of the
opening of summer, work here has been held back more than
a month. However, the good weather during June has made
the resumption of mining possible and several properties are
working, and many more will receive attention during the
summer. C. R. Welsh and associates, who have been working
the Wheeler mine since August last, are planning the installa-
tion of a compressor and air-drills. The power will be fur-
nished by a gas-engine. A new adit is to be driven to cut the
ore 140 ft. below that now opened up in No. 2 level. The ore
contains from 25 to 48% lead, 2 oz. gold, and 2% copper per
ton, and occurs as a Assure vein in the granite. Besides the
shipping ore the mine contains a fair tonnage of milling ore.
Mr. Welsh has purchased a burro train for his own use, but
will be able to do considerable packing for other miners.
W. J. H. Milller is removing the ice from the adits of the
Atlantic and Pacific properties which are reported to contain a
large tonnage of low-grade gold ore. Any milling ore found In
these properties will be treated by the Commonwealth Mining
Co. The Hock Hocking mill was started June 1 and Is exceed-
ing the expectations of the management. The new oil-engines
are satisfactory. Development work at the mine Is being car-
ried well in advance of the daily mill capacity. The Common-
wealth Mining Co. has again started work on the tramway,
which will he completed about August 1. The mill soon will
he ready and will handle custom ore In addition to that from
the company mine.
Alma, July 10.
San Juan County
The United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Exploration
Co. has acquired controlling interest in the Sunnyside and
Gold Prince groups of mines on Hanson's peak near Silverton.
The properties are extensively developed and are reported to
have blocked-out 850,000 tons of ore. The Sunnyside and No
Name are the important veins, and these have been explored
for a horizontal distance of 4590 feet. There are eight levels
in the Sunnyside that aggregate 11,580 "ft. of work. The veins
run from 6 to 7 ft. wide. The ore is uniform in character and
averages approximately 0.1 oz. gold, 6 oz. silver, 5J% lead, }%
copper, and 9% zinc per ton. At Eureka, the town nearest the
mines, a 500-ton flotation mill is being built. Much of the
steel frame work of the old Gold Prince mill is being used in
the construction of the new mill.
IDAHO
Shoshone County
(Special Correspondence.) — The million-dollar smelter of the
Bunker Hill & Sullivan M. & C. Co., at Kellogg, was blown-in a
few days ago. There was not a hitch of any kind, everything
working smoothly from the start. Ingots bearing the initials
of the company, 'B. H. S.,' were run from the first metal han-
dled, and distributed among the visitors as souvenirs. The
smelter has been so constructed that it may be enlarged from
time to time. The next improvement will be a zinc electrolytic
plant.
Spokane, July 11.
(Special Correspondence.) — On the 400-ft. level of the Giant
Ledge Mining Co.'s property, on the North Fork of the Coeur
d'Alene river, 25 ft. of good milling ore has been developed
and the company has decided to build a mill of 150 tons
capacity, to be enlarged later if a greater output can be made.
Charles G. Taylor, of Murray, Idaho, is manager of the prop-
erty. This mill and the development of the property was made
possible by the Washington Water Power Co., of Spokane,
which extended its power-line into the Murray district to sup-
ply the Guggenheim dredging operations. The power-line will
pass over the ground of the Giant Ledge company and is ex-
pected to be completed by early fall.
Stockholders of the Northern Light Mining & Milling com-
pany at their annual meeting at Wallace elected directors and
decided to build a 150-ton concentrator at the property on Pine
creek. Plans already are being prepared and the plant will be
built this summer. This is a lead-zinc property which has
been well developed. It has three veins, on one of which work
has been done to the 400-ft. level, where an ore-shoot 250 ft.
long with an average width reported of 57 ft. The stockholders
are mostly Eastern men.
The flotation-plant in course of construction for the Consoli-
dated Interstate-Callahan company will increase the production
25%, according to an announcement by John A. Percival, the
president, at Wallace. The shipment of 8000 tons monthly is
expected when the flotation-plant is completed. The lead ship-
ments for June aggregated 1000 tons, the largest in the history
of the mine. It is believed this output can be maintained.
When the flotation-plant is in service the zinc output is ex-
pected to be 7000 tons monthly.
106
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Lead producers of the Coeur d'Alene have agreed to divert
one-sixth of their July output to the Government. A meeting
was held in response to a call issued by Harry L. Day, member
of the lead committee, at the request of Chairman Crane.
Nearly all big producers of the district were present.
Spokane, July 2.
MONTANA
Silvee Bow County
Press dispatches indicate that the mining industry at Butte
is almost at a standstill, thousands of men being idle as a re-
sult of the strike of electricians, who are demanding of the
Montana Power Co. a higher scale of wages. The power com-
pany has made concessions and there is hope that the difficul-
ties soon will be settled.
The Butte Miner states that letters have been received from
a high official of the American Federation of Labor urging a
speedy termination of the strike and that the men return
peaceably to work, for there is good reason to believe that if
this is not done the Federal authorities at Washington will
conscript the strikers, take control of the copper mines, and
require the miners to work for a much lower rate of wages
than they have ever received at Butte. It is argued that the
Government would not be willing to pay men that were thus
drafted to serve at their occupation as miners a much higher
rate of wages than is paid men in the trenches, where the
risks are infinitely greater. Foreseeing that the liberal wages
now paid in the Butte district are in jeopardy, the high officials
of organized labor are urging the men to take a common-sense
view of the situation, to cease agitation, and hold on to their
jobs.
As a result of a disagreement between the striking miners
and electricians at Butte, it was proposed to form a new union.
At a meeting of the Metal Mine Workers' Union, held July 12,
a resolution was passed without a dissenting vote, to the
effect that one delegate for every 500 men in the union be sent
to Denver not later than August 1 for the purpose of meeting
to form an international union.
NEVADA
Esmeralda County
(Special Correspondence.) — The east cross-cut from the 320-
ft. level of the Cracker Jack mine has entered what appears to
be the Columbia Mountain fault-vein 700 ft. from the shaft.
The rock is badly crushed and appears to be a widely shattered
zone. It is stated to assay around $7 gold per ton. Cross-
cutting continues in expectation of intersecting the Rabbit
Trail vein.
The main north drift from the SSO-ft. level of the Jumbo
Junior is being extended through the leased section of the
Kewanas mine to connect with the main workings of the latter.
The orebody has been exposed for about 150 ft, ranging from
1 to 3 ft. of good ore. The latest assays average $56 per ton.
It is planned to make a small shipment.
The Red Hill Florence Co. is developing the Florence vein
on the 500-ft. level and reports encouraging results. Work is
also proceeding from several points higher. Negotiations for
control of the Florence mine continue and most of the large
stockholders and creditors are said to have signified their
approval of the project.
The Goldfleld Consolidated Co. is using the aerial-tramway
between the tailing-pond and mill and is treating some of the
old mill material in its cyanide-plant. Developments are now
largely confined to the deeper levels for the purpose of aug-
menting the reserves of copper-gold ore. Recent work in the
deep levels of the Laguna and Mohawk are reported to be par-
ticularly satisfactory. The company has not yet begun to treat
ore from the Atlanta, although arrangements to this end were
made several months ago.
Goldfleld, July 12.
Personal
jtfote: The Editor invites members of the profession to send particulars of their
work and appointments. This information is interesting to our readers.
H. R. Wagneb has returned from Chile to New York.
F. Le Roi Thurmond has opened an assay-office at Anchorage,
Alaska.
L. A. Parsons has returned from Cobalt to Copper Cliff,
Ontario.
John H. Banks has returned to New York from Jerome,
Arizona.
Milton A. Allen is now with the Arizona Bureau of Mines
at Tucson.
Homer L. Care, of New York, is visiting the mining districts
of California.
A. O. Gates has obtained a commission in the U. S. Naval
Reserve Forces.
J. B. Tyrrell now represents the Consolidated Mines Se-
lection Co. in Canada.
E. B. Hopkins, geologist, has gone to Mexico for the Asso-
ciated Geological Engineers.
S. E. Woodworth has become an ensign in the Navy and is
undergoing training at Annapolis.
George J. Young, professor of metallurgy in the Colorado
School of Mines, is in Tuolumne county.
E. C. Gamble and W. S. Stewart of Oakland, California,
have been examining mines in Mariposa county.
S. C. Dickinson is now safety engineer with the Arizona
State Bureau of Mines, with headquarters at Tucson.
F. C. Frey, manager of the Redjang Lebong mines, in
Sumatra, has returned to Reno, Nevada, on a holiday. -
Richard B. Moore, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, passed
through San Francisco on his way from Denver to Tucson.
Arthur C. Terbill has returned to Lawrence, Kansas, from
inspection of Osage City coal mines and Blue Rapids gypsum
mines.
Walter R. Vidleb, of Cripple Creek, has been in the Llano-
Burnet district of Texas, and at Bowie, Arizona, on profes-
sional business.
F. J. Hoenigmann and W. G. Farnlacher have returned to
San Francisco from Nevada and Utah, respectively, to do
military service.
H. J. Sheafe, superintendent of the Globe Mines, California,
has obtained a commission as captain in the Engineer Officers
Reserve Corps.
Forest Rusherford has resigned as general superintendent
of reduction works for the Copper Queen Co. at Douglas, Ari-
zona, and will open an office as consulting metallurgical en-
gineer after a summer's rest. His present address is Pueblo,
Colorado.
Obituary
Frank M. Murphy, a prominent mine and railroad operator,
of Arizona, died at Prescott, on June 24, at the age of 62 years.
For many years Mr. Murphy had been identified with the de-
velopment of northern Arizona. In 18S7 he succeeded in inter-
esting "Diamond Jo" Reynolds in the Congress mine, near
Wickenburg, and for years Mr. Murphy was the successful
manager of that famous gold mine. It was largely through his
efforts that the Santa Fe built its connecting line between Ash
Fork and Phoenix, and was for a long time its manager, and
secured the building of a number of important branches of the
road. He also established the Prescott National Bank, and
was prominent in many other important business enterprises,
including the extensive operation of several groups of mines
in the Bradshaw mountains and elsewhere in Arizona. He was
a man of recognized business ability and integrity. His loss
will be sincerely regretted by all who knew him.
Julv 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
107
THE METAL MARKET
::'ii.:Il' raWltllli.! V! . ■ h,. |],;,f|i
liiimmi'iiniiimii.iiuiniiiiiiiii i ,:
METAL PRICES
Sao Fram-isco, July 17
Antimony. OttntS per pound 20
olytic copper, cents per pound 33
Pur lead, cants per pound 13.96 — L2.50
Platinum, soft and hard metal, per ounce $105—111
Quicksilver. per ll.isk of 7."> lb $105
Sin-lttT. cento pit pound 11
Tin. cents per pound 80
Zinc-dust, cents per pound 20
OKE PRICES
San Francisco, July 17
Aluminum-dust (100-lb. lots), per lb $1.00
Aluminum-dust (ton lots), per lb $0.95
Antimony. 50% metal, per unit $1.35
Chrome. 40% and over. fob. cars California, cents per unit. . 50 — 55
Masnesite. crude, per ton $8.00 — 10.00
Tin. cents per pound 60
Tungsten. 60% W0 3 . per unit $25.00 — 30.00
Molybdenite, per unit for MoS. contained 40.00
Manganese. 45% {under 35% metal not desired), cents, unit. 33 — 37
Manganese prices and specifications, as per the quotations of the Car-
negie Steel Co. schedule of prices per ton of 2240 )b. for domestic man-
ganese ore delivered, freight prepaid, at Pittsburg, Pa„ or Chicago, 111. For
ore containing
Per unit
Above 49% metallic manganese $1.00
46 to 49% metallic manganese 0.98
43 to 46% metallic manganese 0.95
40 to 43% metallic manganese 0.90
Prices are based on ore containing not more than 8% silica nor more
than 0.2% phosphorus, and are subject to deductions as follows: II) for
each 1% in excess of 8% silica, a deduction of 15c. per ton. fractions in
proportion: (2) for each 0.02% in excess of 0.2% phosphorus, a de-
duction of 2c. per unit of manganese per ton, fractions in proportion;
(3) ore containing less than 40% manganese, or more than 12% silica, or
0.225% phosphorus, subject to acceptance or refusal at buyer's option;
settlements based on analysis of sample dried at 212° F., the percentage of
moisture in the sample as taken to be deducted from the weight Prices
are subject to change without notice unless specially agreed upon.
EASTERN METAL MARKET
{By wire from New York)
July 17. — Copper is weak and nominal at 30 to 29.75c. Lead is dull
and easy at 11 to 10.87c. Zinc is inactive and lower at 9c. Platinum
remains unchanged at $105 for soft and $111 for hard metal.
Prices
Date
July 11 .
i3:
COPPER
of electrolytic in New York, in cents per pound.
Average week ending
Sunday
.30.75
.30.50
.30.50
.30.25
.30.00
. 29.75
June 5 32.62
12 32.75
19 32.58
" 26 32.42
July 3 32.25
" 10 31.50
" 17 30.29
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apr.
May
June
1915
.13.60
.14.38
.14.80
.16.64
.18.71
.19.75
1916
24.30
26.62
26.65
28.02
29.02
27.47
Monthly Averages
1917
29.53
34.57
36.00
33.16
31.69
32.57
1915
July 19.09
Aug 17.27
Sept 17.89
Oct 17.90
Nov. . . 18.88
Dec 20.67
1916
25.66
27.03
28.28
28.50
31.95
32.89
Secretary of the Navy Daniels has agreed to pay for copper 75% of 25c.
per lb. for 60,000,000 lb. of copper and leave 25% of 25c. per lb. for
adjustment when cost of producing copper shall have been determined by
the Federal Trade Commission. It is not known whether the copper pro-
ducers will accept, without further parleys, the offer of Secretary Daniels
to purchase 60.000,000 pounds of copper at what is the equivalent of
18%c. (75% of 25c). with adjustment later on the 6He. (25% of 25c),
which is the balance of the 25e. figure named by the producers. Any
price less than 25c would involve serious labor controversies and just
now labor is demanding more than it has already agreed to accept on the
sliding-seale basis, and has tied up the copper producing industry of Ari-
zona, the biggest producing section of the country, in order to force its
demands.
SILVER
Below are given the average New York quotations, in cents per ounce.
of fine Bilver.
Date
July 11 80.00
" 12 80.25
" 13 80.75
14 80.75
" 15 Sunday
" 16 81.25
" 17 80.67
Average week ending
June 5 74.80
12 75.83
" 19 77.00
" 26 78.12
July 3 77.98
10 78.70
" 17 80.62
Jan.
Feh,
Mch.
Apr.
May
1915
.48.85
.48.45
.50.61
.50 25
.49.87
June 49.03
1916
56.76
56.74
57.89
64.37
74.27
65.04
Monthly Averages
1917
75.14
77.54
74.13
71.51
74.61
76.44
1915
July 47.52
Aug 47.11
Sept 48.77
Oct 49.40
Nov 51.88
Dec 55.34
1916
63.06
66.07
68.51
67 86
71.60
75.70
As high as 83c per oz. has been paid for silver in San Francisco, ac-
cording to the Boston 'News Bureau,' against an 80c market in New York,
the cost of transportation from the Pacific Coast to New York being but
one-half cent per ounce. The premium paid for the metal over New York
was 2%e. per oz. over the New York quotation.
The absence at Btlfl war riak premiums, prevalenl between mi mi,
;"" BM' 1 ' '•- ■')■• route to the Far Bast, h. n the d
factor in BwttcbJu* - n - actlyltj in il„. diver market from
",' "l 1 " """"V'' v ll "' '' r market, o centr. , that city i
Banding the tool hat United States pr iced i , „ h.
output, has shifted her,. Such a large proporl
,,» country's yield of silver bul In conjunction a lanada Mexico
the North American stiver output under normal conditions rank, hSth
At the present lime ,!„■ -ilv.-.- market has no rea atra ,,
worlds price. The actual metal itselr. however, does not go tin gl, tin
"","/ ■''" '"■■ni.'Hy and spread ,„„ ,„ „„„:,. China, and r SXumta.
Scm,mt W posiSon n<,W ' """* '° " ""•" *** "' « '""•"• ">'
.1™ , w ° 1 : l,l , 1 w " k ' ^"V"" 1 '"'' silv '' 1 ' "'■' coinage purposes taken in eonji -
tion with the curtailment in output in Mexico and elsewhere must be re-
garded as the chief cause for the present strength in silver which has
century ""'* S tha " " l any other time in tl,c Dast Quarter"
The president of a prominent silver-producing company says- "The world
rLnH n ' 0nnt ' S v Ve C'- and m ' odu « i ' Jn is not up to requirements. As a
result pn.-es are climbing and are going higher. Gold is light and the
S^lve^nS £^257 ta,te " d °< ™ N "'' »" h «• ™™
LEAD
Lead is quoted in cents per pound. New York delivery.
Date
July 11
11.12
12 11.00
13 11.00
14 11.00
15 Sunday
Jg 11.00
17 10.87
Jan.
Feb.
Mch.
Apr
May 4.24
June 5.75
1915
. 3.73
. 3.83
. 4.04
4.21
1916
5.95
6.23
7.26
7.70
7.38
6.88
Monthly Averages
1917
Average week ending
June 5 11.46
„ }~ 11.83
,. Jg 12.00
' 26 11.75
July 8 11.57
10 11.25
17 10.98
7.64
9.01
10.07
9.38
10.29
11.74
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1915
. 5.59
. 4.67
. 4.62
. 4.62
. 5.15
. 5.34
1916
6.40
6.28
6.86
7.02
7.07
7.55
Zinc is quoted as spelter, standard Western brands. New York delivery
in cents per pound
Da
July
e
11
12
13
14
15
Sunday
9.12
9.12
9.12
9.00
June
July
Average
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Avf
19
10
8
rage weefi
ending
"
"
1915
1918
18.21
19.99
18.40
18.62
16.01
12.85
Monthly
1917
9.75
10.45
10.78
10.20
9.41
9.63
1915
20.54
14.17
14.14
.14.05
. 17.20
16.75
1916
9.90
9.03
9.18
9.92
11.81
11.26
1917
Mch.
. . 9.78
May
June
. . 17.03
22.20
QUICKSILVER
1916
1917
1915
1916
222.00
81.00
July . .
. . . 95.00
81.20
295.00
126.25
Aug. . .
. . . 93.75
74.50
219.00
113.75
Sept. . .
. . . 91.00
75.00
141.60
114.50
Oct. . .
. . . 92.90
78.20
90.00
104.00
.. .101.60
79.50
74.70
85.50
Dec. . .
. . .123.00
80.00
The primary market for quicksilver is San Francisco. California being
the largest producer. The price is fixed in the open market, according to
quantity. Prices, in dollars per flask of 76 pounds:
Week ending
Date I July 3 86.00
June 19 82.00 " 10 100.00
" 26 80.00 | " 17 105.00
Monthly Averages
1915 1916 1917 1916 1916 1917
Jan 51.90
Feb 60.00
Mch 78.00
Apr 77.50
May 75.00
June 90.00
Spain's production of cinnabar in 1915 was 20,717 tons, an increase
of 3003 tons over 1914. In the Province of Ciudad Real, containing the
famous mine of Almaden, 10,094 tons was mined, 1062 tons less than in
1914: but the decrease was offset by the increased output of Cranada's
two mines and Oviedo's 14. all much smaller. At Almaden 297 excava-
tions were made in the mineral deposits consuming 125 days and costing
about $70,000 for labor.
The mines of Oviedo yielded 8153 tons of ore, which also contained
arsenic and those of Granada 2407 tons in 1915. The output of refined
quicksilver at these works was 22 tons,, 20.6 tons coming from Ovedo.
The Oviedo works — La Pena, El Terronal. La Margarita — also produced 83
tons of arsenic The mones of Granada are the Ella and Resurreccion.
These and the mines of Oveida are the property of private companies.
TIN
Prices in New York, in cents per pound.
Monthly Averages
1916 1917
41.70 44.10
42.60 51.47
50.60 64.27
51.49 55 63
49.10 63.21
42.07 61.93
1915
Jan 34.40
Feb 37.23
Mch 48.76
Apr 48.25
May 39.28
June 40.26
1915
July 37.38
Aug 34.37
Sept 33.12
Oct 33.00
Nov 39.50
Dec 38.71
1916
38.37
38.88
36.66
41.10
44.12
42.65
108
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
Eas&sm Metal Market
New York, July 11.
Decided weakness is manifested in nearly every metal, ex-
cept tin which is higher. Continued uncertainty as to pur-
chases by the Government and the Allies is the main cause.
Copper is stagnant and weaker.
Tin is higher hut not specially active.
Lead is dull, uncertain, and lower.
Zinc is almost paralyzed and is again lower.
Antimony has declined and the demand is very poor.
Aluminum is a little lower, hut still inactive.
The chief market influence in the steel-world is the expecta-
tion that some form of price-regulation, either by the Govern-
ment or by producers under Government sanction, will be
effected. A dictatorship of steel manufacture and distribution
seems less a possibility today than last week. Estimates, by
steel-makers, of the Government and Allies' total buying of
steel-products, expressed in terms of ingots, approximate
12,000,000 tons for the coming year, or about 30% of the coun-
try's present steel-production. Government use of plates and
shapes is expected to reach 40 or 50%. New business is less
than in two years and export dealings are being held up by
Washington. The actual effect of the embargo, set for July 15,
in the domestic market, is not expected to be important, since
exports of the principal steel-products to neutrals have been
small.
COPPER
The market is stagnant and weaker. Yesterday, after a
week or so of easy tendencies, decided softness was discernible,
and both Lake and electrolytic were again lower at 30.75c,
New York. One explanation of the fall to lower levels is that,
in the absence of business, some sellers may have become tired
of sitting still and may be offering at concessions. Whether
this is coming from first or second-hands is difficult to decide.
One reason for this change in prices and sentiment is at-
tributed to the possible conviction on the part of some that
future prices for copper, purchased by the Government and its
Allies, will he lower than 25c. per pound, perhaps as low as
cost-price plus a reasonable profit. The continued haggling at
Washington on this subject may result in a dead-lock, in which
case the Government would take a hand and have its own way
and the copper producers would be deprived of the expected
cinch. Added to this consideration is the reported rejection by
the Government of the proposal of the aluminum producers to
furnish that metal at 27Je. per lb. While the market is with-
out features, there is at the same time much less gossip.
Strikes among metal miners and producers continue disturb-
ing. Quotations for later positions have also eased off about
ic. per lb. to 29.50c. for the third quarter, and to 28.50c. for
the fourth quarter. There are no changes in the London quo-
tations as reported last week.
TIN
The tin market, while stronger, has developed some peculiar
features. Demand has been varied and spotty during the past
week. While inquiry for futures one day has been good, with
that for spot poor, the next day the contrary has been the
case, with futures neglected and nearby metal in demand.
For instance, on July 5 there was a |ood future demand amount-
ing to 200 to 250 tons, which ended in business, but spot de-
livery was dull. On the 10th, however, futures were neglected,
with nearby inquiry for tin afloat resulting in fair sales, but
the spot market was quiet. Prices have consistently advanced
the past week to 63c, New York, yesterday for spot Straits,
an increase of lc per lb. since July 2. This has been due
largely to the fact that stocks of spot Straits are now light and
it is easier to buy 5 tons than 25 tons. The cable situation has
continued to be disturbing. With hardly an exception London
cables have been delayed almost daily, hampering business here
decidedly. The weekly complaint regarding Government in-
decision as to taxes and other matters is also a factor, and
these two elements have almost caused a halt in general
business. Tin arrivals to July 10 inclusive have been 700 tons,
with the quantity afloat at 4354 tons. The London market
has advanced £3 over that of July 2, spot Straits being quoted
at £247 there yesterday.
LEAD
Lead is again lower and yesterday was quoted at lie, St.
Louis, or 11.124c, New York. Demand has declined almost
daily and lower prices have consequently resulted. Some lots
to large Duyers have been offered at under lie, St. Louis.
There is very little if any difference now between the trust and
the outside market, the quotation of the former still being
unchanged at lie. New York. It is reported that some of the
large producers have no metal to sell for July, while others
have, and the situation is unusual. The attitude of the Gov-
ernment is a disturbing feature, and while more orders from
this source are expected, developments may be such in the near
future as to cause a decided reaction further downward.
ZINC
The entire market is extremely dull and is weakening. De-
mand is almost nothing and sales scarce. Attempts are being
made to hold the quotation for early delivery at not much
under 9c, St. Louis, but it is believed that some quiet scalping
has been done and that sales have been made at 8.87Je, St.
Louis, or 9.12JC, New York. At these prices, however, some
producers are certain to be operating at a loss and many may
have to shut-down soon entirely. Some have already done so,
giving needed repairs as the excuse. Futures continue a little
higher than early deliveries, perhaps ic higher, but demand is
quiet and there is not much inclination to sell for this posi-
tion. It is not unlikely that labor troubles will be an im-
portant factor in the not distant future. Labor difficulties of
great seriousness are reported from the Butte and Lake Su-
perior districts. No details are yet available as to the re-
ported purchase by the Government of 11,000 tons of high-grade
spelter at 13.50c per lb. Some credit it; others believe it is
not a fact. Continued uncertainty as to Government needs
and prices exert a demoralizing influence and the prospect is
not bright. According to statistics completed by W. R. Ingalls
of the Engineering and Mining Journal, the production of
spelter in the last quarter of 1916 was 189,572 net tons, the
largest of any quarter since or before the War, the largest
just before the War having been 92,816 tons in the second
quarter of 1914. His classification of the 1916 consumption of
spelter shows 207,849 tons as consumed for galvanizing, 175,435
tons for brass, 40,053 tons for sheet zinc, with the balance of a
total of 450,<s04 tons for other purposes.
ANTIMONY
The antimony market is not only dull but lifeless. Demand
is so slack that quotations have fallen to 17c to 17.50c, New
York, for Chinese and Japanese grades.
ALUMINUM
No. 1 virgin metal, 98 to 99% pure, is a litlte lower because
of the slack demand and for early delivery is quoted at 57c
to 59c, New York. It is reported that the Government has
rejected the producers' proposal to furnish aluminum at 27.50c
per lb. — the 10-year average price plus 2c per pound.
July 21, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
109
Company Reports
TONOPAH MINING COMPANY OF NEVADA
The fifteenth annual report o£ the Tonopah Mining Co. of
Nevada for the year ended December 31, 1916. states that a
total of 81.7S2 tons of ore was milled, containing 15,636 oz. of
gold and 1,387,557 oz. of silver, of a gross value of $1,279,157.86.
The average recovery of the value was 94.2% of the gold and
90.3% of the silver. The recovery of value based on net smelter
returns was 90.1%. In October the crusher-plant was almost
totally destroyed by fire. The plant was re-built upon a less
elaborate plan, but sufficient to meet present requirements.
In the meantime the crushing-plant of the Western Ore Com-
pany at Millers was used where all the ore was crushed and
sent to the mill. By this arrangement little time was lost.
Operating statistics follow:
Operating Statistics
Tons of ore mined 74,991
Tons of ore shipped from dump 5,542
Tons of ore treated at Desert mill 81,782
Costs Pee Ton
The average cost to mine and mill the ore and market the
products for the past year was as follows:
Mining costs and costs of handling dump ore $ 4.61
Milling costs 3.16
Freight on ore milled 0.72
Marketing mill products 0.22
Total costs per ton $ 8.71
Metal losses in milling and refining 1.34
Profit per ton ' . 5.60
Average gross value of ore milled .$15.65
Subsidiary Companies of the Tonopah Mining Company of
Nevada
Tonopah Placers Company
Operating at Breckenridge, Colorado
The three dredges were put in operation during the month
of March, and continued in operation until the end of De-
cember, at which time the two large dredges were closed down,
and the smaller dredge continued in operation until the latter
part of January 1917. The dredges were closed down on ac-
count of the winter weather and for necessary repairs. An
indebtedness of $56,000 to the Tonopah Mining Co. was paid
off during the year 1916. No. 2 dredge was operating during
the whole season upon property owned by the Farncomb Hill
Gold Dredging Co., under a contract with that company. The
net earnings of the dredge, while on this property, will be
divided equally between the Farncomb Hill Gold Dredging
Co. and the Tonopah Placers Company.
The Mandy Mining Company
Operating in Manitoba, Canada
A property located in the Province of Manitoba, Canada, was
acquired during the past year, and the Mandy Mining Co. was
organized to own and operate it. The Tonopah Canadian
Mines Co. owns 85% of the stock of the Mandy Mining Co.
About 20,000 tons of high-grade copper ore has been developed
on this property, and shipments of this ore to the smelters
are being made.
The Eden Mining Company
Operating in Nicaragua
The electric-power plant of the Tunky Transportation &
Power Co. was completed and put into operation during the
month of May, and has been in continuous operation since that
time.
The mill made its first run on ore March 1, 1917,
In the month of June, J. L. Phillips resigned as general
superintendent, and Robert Hawxhurst, Jr., was appointed as
his successor.
Tonopah Nicaragua Company
Operating in Nicaragua
A property known as the Santa Rita Mines, located about
thirty miles from the property of the Eden Mining Co. in
Nicaragua, was purchased during the past year for $10,000,
and the Tonopah Nicaragua Co. was organized to own and
operate this property. A force of men is now engaged in
clearing the property and in development work, and it is ex-
pected that shipment of the products from this property will
be made during 1917. The Tonopah Mining Co. owns about
92% of the stock of this company.
The Tonopah Canadian Mines Company and Brutus Mining
Company
Mining claims adjoining those of the Mandy Mining Co. were
acquired and located during the past year, and the Tonopah
Canadian Mines Co., and the Brutus Mining Co., which is con-
trolled by Tonopah Canadian Mines Co., were organized to
own and operate these properties. The Tonopah Mining Co.
owns about 92% of the stock of the Tonopah Canadian Mines
Company.
The option upon the property of the Mispah Extension Co.
was extended in January 1917, for one year, and work is being
continued upon the property, but no decision has as yet been
made as to its acquisition.
THE GREAT BOULDER PROPRIETARY GOLD MINES, LTD.
The annual report of the Great Boulder Proprietary Mines,
Ltd., in Western Australia, for the year ended December 31,
1916, shows the following:
£ s. d.
Expenses in opening up 120,900 tons of ore 7,574 6 10
Expense stoping 175,787 tons of ore 112,271 2 8
Sulphide mill expense, 175,787 tons of ore 73,912 17 2
Cyanide mill expense, 175,787 tons 33,376 17 8
Residue re-treatment, 206,443 tons 14,958 13 1
General charges 8,917 6 3
Sundries 5,418 18 2
Total expense 256,430 1 iO
Gold realized 442,629 18 6
In process of realization 81,767 7 8
524,397 6 2
Less cost of minting 916 3 8
523,481 2 6
Sundry receipts 101 9 7
523,582 12 1
The total cost per ton of ore treated in 1916 was 27s.l0d.
Extensive diamond-drilling operations were carried on dur-
ing the year, a total of 54,921 ft., equivalent to 10.401 miles
having been bored.
There is estimated to be still available in the mine 372,791
long tons, having a total gross value of 271,706 oz., equivalent
to about $5,434,000.
Labor shortage was responsible for less development having
been done than had been planned. With a view to acquiring
another property, many mines offered were examined, but, so
far, none was found sufficiently promising to warrant develop-
ment. Dividends paid during the year were as follows :
June 22 £65,625
Sept. 29 65,625
Dec. 23 65,625
A fourth dividend of £65,625 was paid March 24, 1917,
making a total within a year of £262,500.
110
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
The Pliocene Citeonelle Formation of the Gulf Coastal
Plain and Its Floea. By George Charlton Matson and Ed-
ward Wilber Berry. Professional Paper No. 9S-L. U. S. Geo-
logical Survey. Pp. 41. 111., Index.
The Inorganic Constituents of Marine Invertebrates.
By Frank Wigglesworth Clarke and Walter Calhoun Wheeler.
Professional Paper No. 102. U. S. Geological Survey. Pp. 56.
Washington, 1917.
The Oregon Basin Gas and Oil Field of Park County,
Wyoming. By Victor Ziegler. Bulletin No. 15 of the office of
the State Geologist of Wyoming. Pp. 32. 111. and maps.
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1917.
This bulletin describes the location, physiography, and
geology of the oil-gas fields of Park county, together with a
brief description of numerous wells.
A Bibliography of the Geology and Mining Interests of
the Black Hills Region. By C. C. O'Harra. Issued by the
South Dakota School of Mines, as Bulletin No. 11. Pp. 216,
with index and map. Rapid City, 1917.
This will prove to be a useful volume to those who are in
search of information relating to the greatly varied mineral
resources of that wonderful mineral province known as the
Black Hills.
Notes on the Geology and Iron Ores of the Cuyuna Dis-
trict of Minnesota. By E. C. Harder and W. A. Johnston.
Bulletin 660-A. U. S. Geological Survey, prepared in co-
operation with the Minnesota Geological Survey. Pp. 26.
Maps. Washington, 1917.
Describes the general geology of Minnesota and more par-
ticularly the rocks and geology of the iron deposits of the
Cuyuna district.
Geology and Mineral Resources of the Reefton Subdi-
vision, the Westpokt and North Westland Divisions of New
Zealand. By J. Henderson. Bulletin 18 (new series) of the
New Zealand Geological Survey. Pp. 232. 111., maps, and
index. Wellington, N. Z., 1917.
This publication is a general geological treatise on the ore
deposits, geology, and mining industry in the several districts
mentioned in the title.
Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Ontario Bureau of
Mines. Pp. 311. 111., maps, index. Toronto, 1916.
This publication reviews the mineral industry of Ontario
in 1916, devotes a chapter to mining accidents, describes the
mines of Ontario, giving a detailed geological description of
numerous deposits. One chapter is devoted to a scientific
study of certain minerals of the Cobalt district. The metal-
lurgy of the ores is also described with flow-sheets of some of
the mills.
The following publications have recently been issued by the
United States Bureau of Mines. Washington, D. C:
Bulletin 124. Sandstone quarrying in the United States, by
Oliver Bowles. 1917. 143 pp., 6 pi., 19 fig.
Technical Paper 82. Oxygen mine-rescue apparatus and
physiological effects on users, by Yandell Henderson and James
W. Paul. 1917. 106 pp., 5 pi., 6 fig.
Technical Paper 135. Bibliography of recent literature on
flotation of ores, January to June, 1916, compiled by D. A. Lyon,
O. C. Ralston, F. B. Laney, and R. S. Lewis. 1917. 20 pp.
Technical Paper 140. The primary volatile products of the
carbonization of coal, by G. B. Taylor and H. C. Porter. 1916.
59 pp., 1 pi., 25 fig.
Technical Paper 143. The ores of copper, lead, gold, and
silver, by C. H. Fulton. 1916. 45 pp.
Technical Paper 160. The determination of nitrogen in sub-
stances used in explosives, by W. C. Cope and G. B. Taylor.
1917. 46 pp., 1 pi., 4 fig.
Technical «Paper 166. Motor gasoline; properties, labor-
atory tests, and practical specifications, by E. W. Dean. 1917.
27 pp.
lB@©lk MmiMmm
The Efficient Purchase and Utilization of Mine Supplies.
By Herbert N. Stronck. Pp. 97. 111. diagrammatically. John
Wiley & Sons, New York and London. For sale by the Mining
and Scientific Press.
This little book will be found most useful to mine superin-
tendents who wish to handle their mine-supplies in a method-
ical and economical manner. It includes chapters on the pur-
chasing department; the receiving and testing department;
the stores system with accurate accounting; the issuing sys-
tem; reports on consumption of supplies, and methods of pre-
venting waste. There are numerous styles of blank forms for
all purposes connected with the warehouse and stock-rooms of
a mine, and many valuable suggestions to the store-keeper and
accountant.
Steam Turbines. By James Ambrose Moyer. Third Edi-
tion. Pp. 460 and index. 111. John Wiley & Sons, New
York and London. For sale by the Mining and Scientific
Press. Price, $3.50.
This excellent work is a compendium for power users,
being a practical and theoretical treatise for engineers and
students. It reviews completely the recent improvements in
the economy of steam-turbines, and as the author says: The
low cost of power where fuel is cheap makes the large turbine-
electric generating-plant almost an unrivaled competitor of
water-power for metallurgical purposes. Many changes have
been made in some departments of the book and it is in every
sense up-to-date. All who contemplate large power installa-
tions should secure this book in order to be fully informed in
the most modern practice in the generation of power for any
purpose whatsoever. In an appendix is a series of questions,
with answers, for the student who soon may have these very
questions presented to him in actual practice.
Properties of the Calcium Silicates and Calcium Alumin-
ates Occurring in Normal Portland Cement. Technologic
Paper of the Bureau of Standards, No. 78. By P. H. Bates and
A. A. Klein. Pp. 38, ill., has no index. Washington, D. C,
1917.
This pamphlet is replete with new data concerning the char-
acteristics of cement, revealing by microscopic investigation
the constitution of the clinker obtained from different mixes,
and the resultant compounds after wetting, and setting in
briquettes. It throws light on the conditions that give
strength and weakness to cements, and should be carefully
studied by engineers. The conclusions are succinctly set forth
in a summary which shows among other things that tri-calcium
silicate has all the important properties of Portland cement,
especially those of the rate of setting and strength developed.
It also shows that plaster of paris when added to any of the
compounds or mixtures studied generally increased the
strength at all periods. The authors state that the ideal ce-
ment should apparently have an excess of di-calcium silicate,
which would give a moderately dense hydrated material that
will gain strength with aging of the concrete.
July Jl. l!H7
MINING and Scientific PRESS
L'l
mmmmmmmammmmmmsmmmtamea
INDUSTRIAL 2PI&<D@!ri!g*}£J
Use of the Cement-Gun at the Anaconda Mine
For the following description of t tie cement-gun we are in-
debted to C. H. Aballng, E. M., of Butte. Montana.
The ores of the Butte district carry a high sulphur content.
Fires occur, at times, from spontaneous combustion and from
other causes. Areas of smoldering ore, though they be rela-
tively small, emit sulphur fumes and gases that are dense
enough in the confined spaces of drifts and stopes to prohibit
any mining operations near these areas.
A number of mines operated by the A. C. M. Co. are con-
nected in their underground workings. The fumes from a
small area of smouldering ground will, therefore, penetrate
to the workings of several mines.
The only feasible way thus far found to overcome these fires
is first to seal the affected area from other workings. This is
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
22
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 21, 1917
accomplished by building cement-bulkheads' at all openings
leading from the burning area. Working in such a small
space, it is next to impossible to place this cement by hand in
a short time. When in place it is found to be porous and
cracked, due to shrinking and settling. Sealing with the
cement-gun later is accomplished in one-fifth the time re-
quired by hand-work.
The cement-gun has solved this difficulty and made possible
the construction of bulkheads under conditions where hand-
placing would have been impossible. These bulkheads are
absolutely tight and were constructed in record time.
The cement-gun was first used in February 1917, and in the
construction of all bulkheads since that date the cement-gun
has been used wholly or in part. The limited number of guns
obtainable on short notice prohibit the building of all the
bulkheads with the gun.
In February 1917 fumes from an area in the Leonard mine
necessitated the construction of several cement-bulkh ads.
Other emergency bulkheads were constructed beyond these
points closer to the shaft; these being built as a precaution-
ary measure in case fire or fumes should enter the area be-
tween the two bulkheads.
Views No. 3 and 4 show the upper and lower parts of a large
bulkhead built on the 2000-ft. level of the Leonard mine. This
bulkhead is over 13 ft. wide, 18 ft. high, and 5 ft. thick, and
contains over 1200 cu. ft. of concrete.
Six inexperienced operators of the cement-gun constructed
this bulkhead in 36 hours. The men were distributed as fol-
lows: One man operating the gun, one man operating the noz-
zle, two men mixing, and two men screening sand. All ma-
terial was delivered at the gun.
The longitudinal-section, A, and elevation, B, of this bulk-
head gives a clear idea of its construction. As the cement
was shot into place by the cement-gun, rock was placed in the
form to aid in its rapid construction.
The cement-gun plays its most important part in the joining
of the bulkhead to the back of the drift or stope. The finished
work shows that the mixture of sand and cement has been shot
into every crack and fold of the rock until it can hardly be
distinguished from the rock itself. In some instances, on
account of fumes, it was necessary for the norzle-man to wear
a compressed-air hood.
View No. 2 is an emergency-bulkhead on the 2000-ft. level of
the Leonard mine. This bulkhead is approximately 9 ft. 8 in.
high, 9 ft. wide, and 4 ft. 6 in. thick. The passageway is 6 ft.
high and 4 ft. wide. A heavy sheet-iron door is provided to
place over this opening on short notice. The upper half of
two of these bulkheads were completed in 8 hours. This in-
cluded moving, conecting-up of machine, and laying of the
mixing-floor.
In preparing the ground for these bulkheads, no other work
than picking out the loose rock on the bottom, sides, and back
was done. The loose rock in the bottom extended from 16 to
24 in. below the track-level.
In some cases there were large loose boulders in the back
which it was not feasible to remove. They were held in place
by stulls and cement was shot in the crevices between them.
When this had set, the stulls were removed and the bulkheads
built from the floor up to meet them.
In some cases, after the completion of these emergency-bulk-
heads, cement was shot on the entire back and sides of the
drift on either side of the bulkhead for a distance of 16 to
18 ft. in length. This sealed all seams that were likely to by-
pass fumes around the bulkhead. Heavy blows will not cause
this coating to sliver off nor to show any line of cleavage. The
only result is a powdering of the cement directly under the
hammer-head. Immediately above the passageway in these
bulkheads, pipes were cemented in to allow of passing air,
water, and electric-wire through the bulkhead.
View No. 1 shows a 50-ft. approach to the 2200-v. trans-
former-station on the 1200-ft. level of the Leonard mine, pro-
tected with gunite placed with the cement-gun. The object of
this work was to fire-proof that section from possible fire at
the transformers.
The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. is contemplating the con-
struction of 1^)0 lineal feet of this work in the near future.
This is in drifts through which high-tension electric-cables are
installed.
Preparatory to guniting this approach, mine-lagging was
placed behind the posts and on top of the caps. On this was
placed horizontally, No. 24-gauge, AAA grade, flat herring-
bone steel expanded-lath. The ends were sprung outward and
bent to fit the contour of the posts. On this lath was shot 1
to 1} in. of cement. In this way every crack, however small,
on any flat surface or in any angle has been thoroughly sealed
by the cement-gun.
Considering that the nozzle-man was obliged to stand at
from two to three feet from the wall upon which the cement
was being placed, the finished surface is remarkably smooth
and presents a very neat appearance.
On account of the dimensions of the N-l gun, allowing of its
being lowered on the cage without being dismantled, and of
its easy passage into drifts and cross-cuts, this size was
adopted.
The wheels and trunnions were removed and the machine
fastened to a sheet-iron plate mounted on an ordinary mine-
truck.
The Anaconda Copper Mining Co. has six of the N-l size
cement-guns and two more are on the way from the factory.
It is the intention to equip each of its mines with a sufficient
number of these guns adequately to take care of all bulkhead-
construction.
The data and views used in this article were obtained
through the courtesy of C. L. Berrien, assistant general super-
intendent of mines, Anaconda Copper Mining Company.
Smelter Stacks
The metal-stacks of smelters are subjected to particularly
severe conditions. It is known that chemical activity in-
creases rapidly at high temperatures and it is a common sight
to see smelter stacks rusty. Paints have been sought to pro-
tect these surfaces from rust, as the cost of replacement is
high. Smelter stacks are subjected to high temperatures, from
600 to 800° F., and to severe conditions due to the fumes
incident to smelting. Oronite enamel-paint has been success-
fully used by some of the large copper-smelting companies in
Arizona and Nevada and has proved its worth. Oronite is
made by the Standard Oil Company.
Commercial Paragraphs
The Lidgeewood Manufacturing Co., of 96 Liberty street,
New York, has issued a new bulletin, No. 20, descriptive of its
electric hoists. These machines are made in a great variety
of shapes and sizes, from small portable hoists, mounted on a
4-wheeled truck, to large hoisting machines designed for
mines. It also includes hoists for quarries, ships, buildings,
and for other purposes, such machines being designed to meet
the requirements of their particular use. The catalogue can be
secured by application to the manufacturers.
The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., of East
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, has issued illustrated folders and
sheets descriptive of the following electric or electrically op-
erated devices: A new recording-demand watthour meter;
crane protective panels; headstock equipments for wood-
working lathes; harmonic analyzers; outdoor metering equip-
ments; electric-speed indicators; type HB overhead relays;
portable fault localizers (DS-959); potentiometers (DS-990),
for hot spot temperature measurement; synchronous booster
converters; and motors for paper-finishing mills.
EDITORIAL STAFF:
T A FUCKARD - - Editor
COLRTENAY DE KALB.
AMOCUte Editor
\V. H. STORMS • New. Edict
Mining sc-l Press
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Published hi -l_'i» Market Si., Son Kraticleco, by lite I heavy ntblfwltfiijl i totnpatu
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Incited Every Saturday
San Francisco, July 28, 1917
$4 per Year — 15 Cents per Copy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EDITORIAL
Sni i. (in the PMUFIO Coast
Work of the Council ok National Defense.
Page.
. . 123
Page.
.. 112
High iirice of pig-iron bringing iron industry to the
West: Merrimae Steel & Smelting Co. constructing
plant in Nevada; Crocker-Thane syndicate financing
large steel industry in State of Washington. M. &
S. P., July 28, 1917.
Sampling Larue Low-Gkade Orebooie.s 113
Summary of opinions by Messrs. Loring, Webber, Par-
sons. Burch, Parker, Leggett, and others; discrepan-
cies between sampling and exploitation; how to ap-
praise a mine. M. & S. P., July 2S, 1917.
DISCUSSION
Sampling Lakge Low-Gkade Orebodies.
By Albert Burch 115
Agrees with Mr. Webber that pockety mines exist
which it is needless to sample; valuation on basis of
past production erroneous; moil-sampling ordinarily
most advantageous, but should be checked by mill-
tests. M. & S. P., July 2S, 1917.
California Field Artillery 116
Announcement of a new branch of the service for
speedy training of officers. M. & S. P., July 28, 1917.
ARTICLES
Relief from Annual Assessment Work.
116
Outlook fob Iron and Steel on the Pacific Coast.
By Ernest A. Hersam 117
Steps to promote a Pacific Coast steel industry desir-
able; no supply of cheap pig-iron available in the
West; iron-ore deposits in California; fuel resources;
oil, gas, and coke compared; methods for making pig-
iron without coke should be thoroughly studied; manu-
facture of f erro-compounds ; high prices offer oppor-
tunity to establish a Western steel industry. M. & S.
P., July 2S, 1917.
Summary of leading features in a report of work
accomplished, issued by the Council. M. & S. P.. July
28, 1917.
Need of Chemical Research 124
Importance of research-work in pure science; without
science to apply there can be no applied science. M. &
S. P., July 28, 1917.
Mill-Tests v. Hand-Sampling in Valuing Mines.
By Morton. Webber 125
Two methods open to the mine-sampler, hand-sampling
or mill-tests; type of orebody will determine course to
pursue; mill-tests should be limited to ascertaining the
sampling-error. M. & S. P., July 2S, 1917.
Flotation — The Butte & Superior Case — I.
By W. A. Scott 130
Part of argument for the defendant; shifting of ground
by Minerals Separation. M. & S. P., July 28, 1917.
Rapid Shaft-Sinking 132
Gadsden shaft, Warren, Arizona, 3-compartment, sunk
at rate of 9 ft. daily. M. & S. P., July 28, 1917.
Blasting-Caps and Delay-Electric Igniters 133
DEPARTMENTS
Review of Mining 135
Special Correspondence from Cripple Creek, Colorado;
Toronto, Ontario; Juneau, Alaska; Yerington, Nevada;
Leadville, Colorado; and Sutter Creek, California.
The Mining Summary 139
Personal 144
The Metal Market 145
Eastern Metal Market 146
Company Reports 147
Mining Decisions 148
Books Received 148
Established May 24, 1860. as The Scientific Press; name changred October
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Entered at the San Francisco post-office as second-class matter. Cable
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Price. 15 cents per ■ copy. Annual subscription, payable in advance:
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20
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 28, 1917
Prospecting
Gold
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unknown for a drill having its capacity.
The Type B Drill shown in the bottom illustration
weighs 2150 lb. Drills of this type are drilling (i0 ft.
ground and deeper, at the rate of 20 to 25 ft. a day,
using 6-in. casing, which cuts a 6% in. diameter hole.
The engine burns n /w of a gal. of gasoline per hour.
Kvcry Drill guaranteed.
Bulletin, givinfr complete 'description, on request
Union Construction Company
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San Francisco
H. G. PEAKE W. W. JOHNSON
Engineers and Dredge Builderi
Aurnta for Bucyrun Placer Dredeca on th«
Pacific Coul, in Britlah Columbia and Alaaka
July 88, i:»l7
MINING and Scienlific PRESS
III
D I T O
I A L
R I C K A R D , Editor
SUBMARINE "is the last argument of kings," said the
Crown Prince. We believe that to be true, but we do
not place the emphasis ou 'kings.'
"VTAKK SULLIVAN, in Collier's, speaks of "Thou
-*-" slialt not make money out of the War" as "an
ethical hallelujah." Most men would rather make their
money and then have the privilege of giving it to pa-
triotic purpose; but when they have made it, some of
them are eoutent with the 'hallelujah.'
A LTHOUGH the embargo on exports may prove an-
•**■ noying not only to neutrals but to our own people,
it must be noted that the value of exports of the more
important commodities to Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Holland, and Switzerland increased from $66,053,595 in
1913 to $177,144,085 in 1916, whereas other exports, not
required by the Enemy, decreased slightly, from $201,-
000,000 to $192,000,000. These figures wiU take a lot
of explaining by neutral governments.
"C^ROM the acting Chief Inspector of Mines at Cairo
■*- we have received a letter objecting to the statement
made by Mr. Ernest H. S. Sampson in our issue of
March 3, saying that the Egyptian government "has
wisely made laws that preclude any possibility of in-
dividual enterprise." We are informed by the Chief
Inspector that "this statement is incorrect and liable to
create misapprehension," so he sends us a copy of the
'Rules and Regulations as to Mining,' published by the
Department of Mines of the Ministry of Finance, Egypt,
for the year 1916. The text of these regulations shows
a willingness on the part of the Government to facilitate
individual mining enterprise in Egypt.
/""•H AIRMEN of English mining companies sometimes
^-* make technical statements such as are authoritative
only when backed by the name of a responsible engineer.
Unfortunately, shareholders are apt to swallow asser-
tions of a technical character when made by untechnical
gentlemen prominent in finance. Thus Sir Lionel Phil-
lips, at the Central Mining meeting, made sundry posi-
tive assertions concerning deep developments on the
Rand, rich zones being said to succeed poor zones in
depth. Now, if in giving such information he had quoted
Mr. H. F. Marriott or some other reputable engineer
in the employ of the Central Mining Corporation, we
would be inclined to consider the information as having
scientific value. Under the circumstances, we do not;
for we remember that Sir Lionel said, in March 1910, at
the East Rand Proprietary meeting, that "there seemed
to be no evidence whatever that the gold contents at the
deepest levels are not fully as high as they were at the
surface, or within 300 ft. of the actual surface." At that
time he had the evidence of Mr. Frederick Hcllman, the
manager of the East Rand Proprietary, to the very con-
trary. We read in a recent copy of the Financial Times
that the present chairman of this same company, Mr.
E. A. Wallers, at the last annual meeting had to an-
nounce that owing to "the extremely poor development
experienced during recent years", it was impossible to
supply the mills with adequate ore, and that there was
"no prospect of dividends for some time to come."
TN the evening paper that published the details of the
-*- draft for an American army, we were given part of
the text of the new German Chancellor's speech before
the Reichstag, in which he sneered at our military effort.
A lack of the sense of humor is the mark of "the beast
with the brains of an engineer," as Upton Sinclair
phrased it; otherwise the recollection of the former
Chancellor's unfortunate reference to another "con-
temptible little army" might have prevented Dr.
Michaelis from repeating a stupidity. His predecessor
has gone into the discard with his "scrap of paper" and
it is now the task of General Pershing and his brave men
to make the present exponent of Prussianism feel the
force of another organized democracy. Our Allies have
'done their bit,' our men will 'do their durndest'
TVTE publish a letter from Mr. W. G. Devereux, an en-
' * gineer known to our readers as the manager of the
Melones Mining Company, in which he makes a bid for
volunteers to serve in the regiment of Field Artillery
now being raised as a Californian unit in the army going
to Europe. This is to be a Western regiment of Western
men fighting under the sign of the Bear. We commend
the service to our young mining engineers and miners.
The artillery is a technical branch of the military organ-
ization and one for which the members of our profession
are particularly fitted. We hope that they will become
keenly interested in the opportunity offered to them and
that they will get some of the younger men in their em-
ploy to enlist in the same regiment. Everybody cannot
obtain a commission, but those that are capable and keen
can feel assured of promotion in due course. In the
fighting of today the intelligent and skilful soldier is not
overlooked, as we know from the rapid promotion that
has eome to our mining-engineer friends already in the
field. Rally to the Californian Field Artillery !
A CCORDING to press reports, the Secretary of the
-^*- Navy has offered to purchase 60,000,000 pounds of
copper at 18f cents per pound with an adjustment later
112
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 28, 1917
by the Federal Trade Commission for the difference be-
tween this price and the 25 cents quoted by the pro-
ducers of the metal. The latter are said to claim that
they should receive not less than 25 cents per pound, in
view of the rising cost of labor. Moreover, the Govern-
ment has agreed to pay 8 cents for lead in contrast with
the average of 4.59 per pound for the last 15 years. A
price of 18$ cents for copper would, it is said, entail
further labor controversies, because wages would have to
be reduced in accordance with the sliding scale, but this
is an ingenuous argument, seeing that 60,000,000 pounds
represents only about 3% of the annual production or
about one-third of the monthly production of copper in
this country at this time, disregarding the temporary
effect of current labor disturbances. The President has
said that such prices should be fixed by the Government
as "will sustain the industries concerned in a high state
of efficiency, provide a living for those who conduct them,
enable them to pay good wages, and make possible ex-
pansion of their enterprises," all of which depends upon
the definition of 'efficiency,' 'living,' 'good' wages, and
' expansion. ' It seems to us that this can be effected better
by allowing the market to take its course and then im-
posing a heavy tax on excess profits. The lowering of
price may not be much more artificial than the process
by which the quotation for copper has been raised so
high, and kept so high, during the last three years, but
in the effort to treat everybody equitably it must be con-
ceded that a drastic lowering of price will fall unequally
on the various producers. One produces copper for 10
cents and another for 20 cents per pound, so that a lower-
ing of 5 cents in the price from 30 cents reduces the
profit of the first by 25% and of the other by 50% ; and
if the intention be to promote intensive exploitation of
our copper resources it is best to give everybody a nearly
equal inducement to go ahead. By the way, we are be-
ginning to get new estimates of the cost of production.
The Boston Neivs Bureau, for example, says that "the
average cost of producing American copper is not far
from 15 cents per pound," Whereas not long ago this
same paper published plentiful statistics to show how the
principal copper-mining companies were winning copper
for 6 to 8 cents, and even as low as -i cents per pound.
Most of these low figures were fictitious, because they
represented the bare operating cost, disregarding much
of the 'overhead' expenditure, most of the development
and equipment, and ignoring amortization of capital.
Our Boston contemporary remarks piously: "Unfor-
tunately many producers have not heretofore made due
allowance on their cost-sheets for construction and de-
velopment expenditures and depreciation, to say nothing
of any allowance for depletion of^mineral assets," and
yet the Boston News Bureau has publlished such essen-
tially fictitious statements with infinite gusto. "When
the Devil was sick a monk he would be." In these days
of stress we shall learn real economics, just as in England
the mining financier has succeeded at last in persuading
the tax-collector to understand that a mine is a wasting
assH and that a dividend is not necessarily income.
Steel on the Pacific Coast
One year ago pig-iron was selling at $18 per ton. The
steel-makers we're excited when the price touched $20 in
February. The market has grown so used to the excuse
of the War for boosting prices that it no longer thrills
when the current price of pig-iron is over $50. These
fancy prices, which are not in any respect an expression
of cost plus a reasonable profit, now turn to the advan-
tage of the Pacific Coast and may effect a permanent
change in the industrial relationships between the two
sides of the continent. It might have been otherwise
had the Government committed itself frankly and fairly
to price regulation. That is one aspect of the situation.
Prom the standpoint of the man in the street it was
hoped that a plain, sensible, democratic principle would
be applied, but he is now disillusioned. Certain com-
modities only are to be regulated, and we are not sure
that, under the law, these can be controlled effectively.
For awhile Congressional committees dallied with amend-
in. nts that included the iron and steel industry, and
then, when the Administration undertook to hurry Con-
gress in order to get some kind of a food bill, the steel
incumbrance to legislative speed was thrown to one side,
in consequence of which, whether the legislation be demo-
cratic or not, a new chapter in the industrial history of
the Pacific Coast may be written. At $50 per ton for
pig-iron, and on the assumption that the War will last
for two years, it would seem possible for blast-furnaces
established in California or in the State of Washington
to produce sufficient steel in one year of active operation
to gain a profit that would amortize at least the larger
part of the capital required. Even though only 5% of
the total steel output of the country is consumed on this
Coast, this proportion represents a big quantity. Just
what the cost of producing pig-iron would be is difficult
to say, but it is evident that there is an opportunity to
establish enterprises of this character on this Coast that
would survive the War. One corporation has already
broken ground for an iron furnace on the Carson river,
in Nevada. This is the Merrimac Steel & Smelting Com-
pany. The coke will come from Utah and the iron ore
will be derived from magnetite mines in the vicinity. De-
posits of hematite also exist near-by, and these could be
utilized if necessary. This plant will be in operation
within about nine months. A still larger enterprise is
contemplated by one of the strongest capitalistic groups
in California, including Messrs. W. H. Crocker, S. F.
B. Morse, and B. L. Thane. It is hinted that Mr. D. ('.
Jackling and his friends also are interested in the ven-
ture. For two years these gentlemen have been making
a survey extending from San Diego to Alaska. They
have examined every iron deposit along the Coast, and
have made elaborate investigations into the available
source of iron ore and have completed arrangements for
making by-product coke. The smelting-plant will be
established at Lake Washington on the outskirts of
Seattle. The plans of the company have not been made
public, and. in fact, we understand that the financing of
.Inl\ 28, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
118
il Deration baa tiol yel been perfected. This seems,
however, to be a mere detail, tor n is certain thai ground
will soon !»■ broken for a plant if arrangements oan be
made to insure delivery of the o ssary equipment with-
in such a period of time as will enable them to lake ad-
vantage of the prevailing high prices. It is this great
margin thai offers the opportunity Eor establishing an
enterprise that may endure.
The in. Tease in the manufacture of steel on the West
( 'nasi has beoome important. Four years ago there was
mil a single sieel-plaui fronting the Pacific Ocean. To-
day lti open-hearth furnaces are in operation, mainly on
scrap, which is selling at the rale of $29 f or cast-iron and
$42 for steel. The Noble Electric steel Company, which
began many years ago to experiment on the manufacture
of steel with the Iieroult type of furnace, has passed
through a costly experimental stage to one of profitable
production as a manufacturer of ferro-silicon and ferro-
manganese. A special type of furnace has been de-
veloped known as the Friekey, possessing features said
to introduce greater economy than was possible by tbe
original Heroult process. Each of these is equipped with
four graphite electrodes manufactured at Niagara Falls.
In the production of ferro-silicon they use a local supply
of exceptionally pure siliea and a remarkably high-grade
magnetite, which, as charged into the furnace, assays
70% metallic iron. The same company is erecting three
single-phase furnaces,- each of 2| tons capacity, for the
manufacture of ferro-chrome. The two larger furnaces
making ferro-silicon and ferro-manganese have a ca-
pacity of eight tons each per diem. All of these products
are being sold to steel-makers on the Pacific Coast that
ventured to engage in the industry under the stimulus
of War prices. In view of the fact that the expected
benefit from the Panama Canal in low freight-rates for
our domestic inter-oceanic commerce is not to be re-
alized, the new iron and steel industry developing on the
West Coast will always enjoy the protective differential
corresponding to the trans-continental freight-rate on
pig-iron. An academic discussion of the iron and steel
problem on the Pacific Coast by Mr. Ernest A. Hersam is
printed elsewhere in this issue. It will be read with
interest because it reveals the difficulties under which
the development of such an enterprise has hitherto
labored. Professor Hersam is justified in saying that
the special process for producing iron without the use of
blast-furnaces and high-grade coke deserve to be care-
fully investigated with reference to Western needs, and
it would seem, furthermore, that the great abundance of
electric power cheaply available in the mountains of the
West presents an opportunity for a greater development
of the electric iron and steel industry than is possible
anywhere else in the world, with the exception of Nor
way. About 44% of the total available water-power in the
United States lies west of the Sierra Nevada, neverthe-
less, it is interesting to see that the starting of the iron
industry on the Pacific Coast will be along old lines, sus-
tained by a favoring margin of profit made possible be
cause of inflated prices due to the War.
Sampling Large Low-Grade Orebodies
The editorial article published in our issue of .May 'Jti
on this subject has elicited the discussion desired. Mr.
\V. .1. Loving lays emphasis on the fact thai it is nol
the number or weight of the samples, lint their repn-
seiitativcness that eiiunls in the appraisal of a mine.
The two examples he quotes, and the description of the
method by which the work was done, should prove help-
ful to our young engineers, for Mr. Luring has 'made
good' on the samplings he describes by developing profit-
able enterprises on both of them. The collection of evi-
dence is only half the task: the deduction from that
evidence is at least as important. The first must be ac-
curate in order that the second may be correct; but it
is easier to make a careful sampling than a true diag-
nosis; therefore the personal equation continues to be
the basic factor in mine-appraisal. Next we have the
letter from Mr. Morton Webber, who also contributes a
thoughtful article to this issue. We are grateful to an
engineer so busily engaged for finding time to enrich our
pages so effectively. In his letter, which followed Mr.
Loring's, he returns to his former friendly controversy
with Mr. L. A. Parsons, whose article we re-published in
our issue of May 26. Mr. Webber insists that there are
mines that cannot be sampled ; in such mines the dis-
tribution of rich ore is so sporadic and irregular that no
rigid system of sampling is of use as a means of obtaining
reliable data for valuation. The argument is that if a
large cake contains a dozen raisins distributed at random,
no two, nor even four, cross-sectionings of the cake by a
knife would furnish a basis for estimating the number of
raisins in that cake. The only way to find out would be
to eat the whole cake. Skill in sampling, therefore, is
wasted on a 'pockety' mine. Mr. Albert Burch, who
writes in this issue, agrees with Mr. Webber, instancing
the Tightner as a case in point. He also describes a
similar mine in Oregon. A wise man knows the limita-
tions of his technique. To Mr. Richard A. Parker we
are indebted for the suggestion that sub-sampling is
necessary for discriminating inferences ; he states a truth
known to experienced practitioners, like himself, that any
pronounced departure from the normal average of an
orebody should be investigated by re-sampling the ab-
normal length of lode, taking fresh samples at short in-
tervals, in order to ascertain the importance that should
be given to the abnormality. Mr. Parsons contributes a
valuable article, in the writing of which, he informs us,
he consulted Mr. William W. Mein. These engineers are
vigorous exponents of the moil and hammer, although
recognizing the proper function of the mill-test. Samples
must be representative and accurate, he says rightly.
The mill-test may be representative, but it represents only
one or two parts of the mine; it is likely to be "broad-
ly selective." That is a true word and right worthy of
acceptation. On the other- hand, the mill-test is more
accurate because the bulk of it is so large as to minimize
the aberrancy caused by particles of gold. Such free
gold vitiates the accuracy of a 50-pound sample much
114
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 28, 1917
more than that of a 100-ton mill-test. In the one it may
be abnormal ; in the other it and others like it are normal.
The accuracy of the moil-sample is dependent upon the
human factor; mind no less than muscle is required
for taking a true sample. On the other hand, the
breaking of many moil-samples distributed at uniform in-
tei vals over the length and breadth of the orebodies
gives an opportunity for collecting much collateral in-
formation concerning the geological structure and other
peculiarities sure to exert an important influence upon
the subsequent exploitation of the mine. All these points
are brought out by Mr. Parsons most lucidly. Next, our
friend Mr. T. H. Leggett lays stress on the word 'repre-
sentative,' and thereupon suggests that mill-tests may
lack this quality because the ore mined for milling usu-
ally does not come from a sufficient number of places, or,
rather, that not a sufficient number of mill-tests of ore
from various parts of the mine are made. That is why
moil-sampling is usually more reliable. To make mill-
tests so numerous as to be representative may entail a
costly scheme of development. The engineer has to out
the garment according to his cloth ; for time and money
are two basic factors in engineering. Mr. Leggett says,
a mine that cannot be sampled is a good one — for the
owner — to keep. With this opinion we are inclined to
agree. It is unwise to buy a pig in a poke. The un-
samplable mine is rarely appraisable ; the element of
risk is so large ; the venture is so much of a gamble, that
such mines are best left to men that have plenty of
capital and their own experience to guide them. If
Messrs. A. DeW. Foote and William Hague made money
out of the Tightner mine, for example, it was because
they were living in the district and knew not only the
past history of the mine, but the idiosyneracies of the
deposits in that locality. Mr. Burch encores Mr. Leg-
gett in the emphasis upon ' representative ' and closes his
own contribution with the sensible advice that where re-
liable data are available a preliminary moil-sampling
may be set aside in favor of mill-testing, although it is
clear from the context that he does not expect the data
furnished by the vendor to be often so reliable as to
warrant abstention from the moil-sampling. He refers
to the ' cleaning-up ' of the mill as a source of error. Of
course, it is ; and one that always predisposed the present
writer against mill-tests on a small scale.
The foregoing summary of the high lights in the pre-
ceding discussion of a most practical subject will serve
to increase interest in the article by Mr. Morton Webber
on the respective merits of moil-sampling and mill-tests.
He has gone to some pains to make clear his argument by
citing three examples taken out of his own recent ex-
perience. He lays stress on the fact that the terms of an
option necessarilj' influence the choice of method; the
mine-valuer must have business acumen as well as tech-
nical skill if he is to prove a safe adviser to the buyer of
mines. The choice between the moil and the mill is con-
ditioned upon the circumstances of each option and of
the mine optioned. In making a representative shipment
of ore, it is necessary that each stope shall contribute its
representative weight, says Mr. Webber. That is a point
well taken ; so also is the suggestion that the comparison
of the moil-sampling with the mill-test of a stope gives a
sampling-factor, or ratio of sample-assay to mill-bullion,
that is most valuable. He lays stress on a detail usually
overlooked, namely, the uniform mixing of samples after
they have been crushed, by allotting a definite period
for the operation. He believes that a mill-test is useful
for ascertaining the metallurgical character of the ore
and for establishing the sampling-error, and in his third
example he shows that moil-sampling of ore already ex-
posed may not furnish the information most requisite
for estimating the future prospects of a mine. His
article is one of the most useful we have had the pleasure
of publishing; it is a clear gain to the technology of the
subject. It remains to state once more that sampling of
any kind must be made to yield results indicative of
future mining operations, those operations anticipated
by the purchaser of the mine. Sampling misleads be-
cause it is done on a laboratory scale and style, as it were.
That is why sometimes a mill-test furnishes a check, be-
cause in blasting ore for a mill it is broken in a manner
more nearly like ordinary stoping. As Mr. Parsons sug-
gests, the moil-sampling of a narrow width of ore is
likely to disregard the stoping-width. The moil breaks
the ore more cleanly than the dynamite in a drill-hole;
the sample is free from the casing, wall-rock, and other
diluents that create discrepancies between the report
on a mine and its subsequent life-history. What we
need today is a sufficient collection of post-mortems, say,
two or three hundred reports by capable engineers sup-
plemented by the later records of the mines themselves,
to furnish us with the factors of error, and the reasons
for them. One factor is incontestable, and that is the
lowering of the grade. Most reports on most mines give
a grade of ore lower than is subsequently mined. This
is due not only to the cleaner breaking of ore by the
samplers, but to the advancement of metallurgy, the bet-
terment of ore-breaking, and other improvements that
enable the mine-manager to reduce the grade below that
of the appraising engineer's report and to prolong the
life of the mine economically, that is, within limits that
recognize the value of money and the need for amor-
tizing capital. Finally, we suggest to the profession that
there is an inherent discrepancy between the sampling
of a mine and the actual exploitation of it. The sam-
pler's ideal is to obtain a true average, to be non-selective,
whereas the miner, the manager of a mine, inevitably
selects, he extracts ore that will yield the profit on which
the enterprise is predicated. That is why the sampling
of a mine under option so rarely corroborates the esti-
mate based on past production. To be a good appraiser
therefore the engineer must be a man of constructive
imagination, a man with foresight, able to foresee how
the mine is going to be worked. He must be able, in a
measure, not only to write last year's almanac but also
to predict the future; and to do that he must have been,
at some time, a mine-manager himself.
We shall be glad to publish further discussion.
.Inly 28, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
115
DISCUSSIO
(htr naden nrt invited to use this department for the discussion of technical and other matters pt riaining to
minim] nwl metallurgy. The Editor welcomes expressions of views contrary to his own, believing thai <-unjnl
criticism is more valuable than casual compliment.
Sampling Large Low-Grade Orebodies
The Editor:
Sir — I have read with considerable interest the dis-
cussion of this subject, as printed in recent issues of your
paper, which. 1 understand, had for its inception articles
from the pens of Messrs. Morton Webber and L. A.
Parsons.
Mr. Webber took the ground in the beginning that
there are mines (his class 5) the sampling of which is
useless and on this point Mr. Parsons takes issue, but I
decidedly agree with Mr. Webber, though I also think
that, fortunately, mines of class 5 are rare and there-
fore relatively unimportant. They are "freak" mines,
but. they do exist and, in a later letter, Mr. Webber cites
the well-known case of the Tightner as an example.
Prom my own experience I might mention one that is
even more extreme than the Tightner, being a mine in
eastern Oregon which I visited several years ago.
At the time of my visit, the un-stoped portion of the
vein was well blocked out by drifts, cross-cuts, and raises,
which could have readily been sampled, but the mine
had been well managed and an examination of the well-
kept records of production extending over a period of
several years showed that sampling would have been en-
tirely useless. These records showed that the average
ore had about paid expenses, and that the dividends paid
coincided almost exactly with the combined values of
two pockets of extremely high-grade ore totaling less
than two tons in weight. I understand that a few other
mines of a similar character have been found in the
same district, but this is the only one of which I have
personal knowledge. Such examples would seem to me to
establish the existence of mines belonging to Mr. Web-
ber's class 5, and nothing that has been said by his
critics, including Mr. Parsons, has convinced me that it
is not useless to sample them. The discussion, com-
menced in this way, has been broadened by your edi-
torial of May 26 and applied to mines of a different and
more important class, namely, those containing large
bodies of rock which, taken as a whole, constitute pay-
able ore, but within which the gold is so unevenly dis-
tributed as to render them difficult but not impossible of
sampling, and the question has narrowed to one of moil
versus mill-test sampling. On this question, I believe,
Mr. Leggett has hit the nail squarely on the head by the
use of the word "representative"; for if the mill-tests
can be made on rock as truly representative of the aver-
age ore as the moil-samples, then it would seem that the
mill-test method should be more accurate than that by
moil-samples, because of the elimination of many of the
minor inaccuracies incident to such sampling. The
three most frequent causes of error by this method are
probably (1) tendency of operator to cut a dispropor-
tionate amount of either hard or soft rock, (2) liability
to mixture of sample with particles of dust and pieces of
rock falling from points outside the sample cut, and (3)
danger of salting from a single small piece of gold
which finds its way into the very small proportion of the
original sample that finally goes to the assayer's crucible.
Admitting then, for the sake of argument, that the
mill-test can be made the more accurate of the two meth-
ods, if it is quite as representative, how can it be made
representative? First, the openings to be sampled must
be in such positions within the vein as to develop ore of
the same average grade as that of the entire orebody,
and this applies quite as much to openings which are to
be sampled by hammer and moil as to those from which
mill-tests are to be made ; and in the failure to so make
the preliminary openings upon the vein, I believe we find
the source of future disappointments more often than
in inaccurate sampling. Given properly placed openings
the next step in sampling by mill-test should be to cut a
sample of uniform width, but this must also be done in
moil-sampling, and except in cases of soft or caving
ground is quite as easy in the one case as the other. It
is true that the length of a cut for a mill-test must be
made several times as great as that of a single moil
sample in order to avoid frequent cleaning up of the
mill, which is itself a source of error, but, as the object
is to determine the average value of a large orebody
which previous development has shown to be probably
valuable and not to pick out pay-streaks, for selective
mining, there could be no objection to including within
a single mill-run all of the samples from an entire cross-
cut, or a long section of a drift.
As to the valuation of a mine upon the basis of past
production, there can be no doubt that such a method
is erroneous unless the past production has come from
workings uniformly distributed through sections of the
orebody to be mined in the future. Otherwise such past
production is representative of nothing except the part
of the mine already exhausted, and as you have very
well pointed out, a good miner is quite likely to select
the best part of his mine for his first stoping. I have
frequently said that one could pick out the best part of
any orebody by examining a longitudinal section of the
workings and noting what portions had been carried in
advance of the remainder.
Regarding the questions of cost and of time consumed,
111!
MINING and Scientific PRESS
Jul) 28, 1917
there would seem to be no doubt that ordinarily tl
vantage I i<*M with moil-sampling, though this advantage
in the matter of coat Deed not be so verj great, if,
usually the >'iinc under mining options, the purchaser has
the right to retain all of the mineral recovered,
small royalty. Furthermore, it ooata a great deal of
iiiiun m operating |>l«ut for a large low grade
mine, and no one financially able to build Buch a plant
should negleot to forestall the chance of losing liis entire
investment l>y failing to use the best means availabl
determining in advance the value of his mine, even
though t lio beat method should be more expensive than
the next best
in conclusion, 1 would advocate for a large low grade
mine al which no reliable data suits of develop-
ment are available, a preliminary moil-sampling fol-
low,-, I by mill-teal sampling, but, where anch data are
available, l believe one might safely dispense whh the
tampling and depend solely upon mill-tests for de
termining the value of the property.
Sim Franoisco, Julj 18 Albert Buroh.
California Field Artillery
The Editor;
sir it ma \ be interesting to those of your readers
who contemplate military service, but have not as yet de-
termined in what arm or branch they prefer to serve, to
know thai a Field Artillery unit of four batteries
mthori ed to be raised through the National Guard
of California which will, in effect, be a volunteer organi-
sation. The recruiting of this organisation lias been
given to the San Franoisco Cavalry Troop, which is an
officers' training organisation that has been commanded
and trained by a regular army officer for the past twq
ami which will be us,-,l to form the nucleus of the
commissioned personnel
The movement has the hearty endorsement of such
tuninent officers as Major General John J. Pershing, and
Major-General Hunter Liggett, Commander of the West
,in Department
The commander of the new organisation will be an
expert artillery officer from the Regular Army. Some
of the commissioned positions are open to be filled from
the enlistments, as well as most of the non-commissioned
personnel.
The Field Artillery is the branch of the service that
pre-eminently appeals to the mining profession and to
the technical man. and in the present war has rapidly
grown to he the most important arm.
The most desirable qualifications, second to actual
military experience, are a knowledge of horses, and the
mental and manual training obtained from having han-
dled machinery, but any able>1mdied man is acceptable.
It is expected that tl - ttion w ill see act i\ a service
-. soon as in training reaches the required degree
o( perfection, and it is hoped that the quality of the men
who will join will reduce this period to a minimum.
Full information can be obtained at the Recruiting
Headquarters, 310 Montgomery St.. where enlistments
are rapidly coming in. We have assurance that as fast
as batteries are recruited to the neeesaary strength, they
"ill !' ed Slid the men "ho have enrolled will
mpt 4rom the draft.
t'u.iFOHNu Field Abtillebt.
By Wiu.iwi c, Dkvebeux,
Vice-Chairman Recruiting Committee.
Relief From Annual Assessment Work
[The following resolution exempting enlisted men
from the obligation to perform annual labor on mining
■ us has passed both houses of Congress, and is
merely awaiting die signature of the President to be-
come la". For the benefit of those whom it may affect
we reproduce it verbatim.- Burros.]
Join
lieve the owners of mining claims who have been
mustered into the military or naval service of the
United States as officers or enlisted men from per-
forming assessment work during the term of such
I ICC.
Resolved by thi Se-natt and / //inn
of the United States of Atneriea i» Congress assembled.
That the |- ■'. section twenty-three hundred and
twenty four of the Revised Statutes of the United v
which requite that on each mining claim located after the
tenth day of May. eighteen hundred and seventy-two.
and until patent has been issued therefor, not less than
$100 worth of labor shall lie performed or improvements
made during each year, shall not apply to claims or parts
of claims owned by officers or enlisted men who have
mustered into the military or naval service of the
United States, so that no mining claim or any part there-
of owned by such person which has been regularly lo-
cated and recorded shall be subject to forfeiture for
nonperformance of the annual assessments until six
months after such owner is mustered out of the service
or until six months after his death in the service:
/'roc/,/,,/. That the claimant of any mining location, in
order to obtain the benefits of this resolution, shall tile,
or cause to he tiled, in the office where the location notice
or certitiiM irded, within ninety days from and
after the passage and approval of this resolution, a notice
of his muster into the service of the United States and of
his dltflim to hold said mining location under this i -
t ion.
Mvnovn . iii large quantities are character-
istic of a number of the silver deposits at Philipshurg.
Montana, notably in the Cliff and Trout mines. The
mineral occurs as pyrolusite derived from the alteration
of rhodocrosite, which is abundant in the gangue of the
Philipshurg ores The accumulations o( pyrolusite in
these deposits have again attracted attention owing to
the high price o\' manganese, and the shipments of this
ore from the district now amount to approximately ">IH1
Ions weekly.
July 88, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRF.SS
11"
Outlook for Iron and Steel on the Pacific Coast
By ERNEST A. HERSAM
Whether or not the Pacific (.'oast states can profitably
produce iron and stool from the ore, or can develop later
an extensive iron industry, is a question that demands an
answer. If the industry is practicable, steps to promote
it are important and should be encouraged. If there are
qualifications or limitations to iron smelting in the West,
the people ought to know of it. To consider the possi-
bility of developing an extensive iron and steel industry
through the actual smelting of iron ore, leads to some
fundamental scientific and economic considerations. It
is an easy matter to define the requirements of iron man-
ufacture as represented in present practice, and to ob-
serve whether or not these can conform to given local
conditions in future practice. It appears at once to be
extraordinary that the iron ores of the West Coast have
not contributed more abundantly toward the iron-output
of the United States, yet the Pacific-Coast States are im-
porting from the East and from abroad practically all
of the iron used by them in local construction and manu-
facture. This backwardness is seen to limit the local
expansion of manufacturing industry, dependent as it is
upon pig-iron and the iron and steel products derived
from pig-iron.
In the ordinary process of iron and steel manufacture
the mills and foundries designed to supply the metal in
the forms required in commerce are based upon supplies
of pig-iron that are easily accessible in ample quantity.
Without such an abundant supply of pig-iron, no well-
developed and extensive manufacturing industry can
exist. Foundries and rolling-mills that rely on distant
sources, produce only with difficulty and at high cost, and
the manufacture of small articles, machinery, and varied
appliances, in which iron and steel are essential, is monop-
olized by districts favorably situated.
As a fundamental commodity pig-iron ranks with tim-
ber, food, and fuel ; and these elements of the commer-
cial world are the determinants of industrial growth, as
are air, water, and sunlight of human life. An available
supply of iron indicates that a region will become densely
populated, that the harbors will be crowded with ship-
ping and that great cities will be built. The industries
on the western coast of the United States, that started
from resources other than iron, and have grown despite
the absence of a local iron-supply, have remained at the
limit set by the local cost of iron and steel.
There are some who hope for an abundant supply of
Californian pig-iron in the near future, at a price not
higher than that prevailing in the iron regions of the
Bast. Others believe that the Pacific Coast does not pos-
sess the essentials for a self-supporting iron-industry, and
that no relief from the high prices would result even if
local production were attempted. A potential supply of
iron does not consist solely in the presence of the ore. but
requires also a fuel sneh as can be used to smelt it. The
economic tendency of the iron-industry, the world over,
is toward centralization, and is opposed by the extension
of iron-production to the West. Though there are ores,
and oil, and electric power, and markets on the Pacific
Coast, similarly there are hundreds of millions of tons of
unmined ore available in the densely peopled states of
the East, but remaining unused because of cheaper ore
1000 miles distant.
The ore resources of the Pacific Coast appear to war-
rant the development of an iron-smelting industry. The
hematite deposits of Eagle mountain, in southern Cali-
fornia, have been shown to be ample for operating a blast-
furnace for 200 years. Some of this ore is pronounced
to be of the finest quality. Much is judged to be capable
of being enriched by sorting. Shasta county, in Califor-
nia, is also capable of supplying iron ore for an impor-
tant industry'. In Madera county. California, there is a
body of ore estimated at 50 to 100 million tons of good
quality. Elsewhere, as in San Bernardino county, in the
Kingston mountains, and also in Oregon and Washing-
ton, there is ore said to be suitable in quality and amount
for smelting operations. While the deposits of iron ore
on the western coast are small compared with the great
reserves in the East and in the Lake Superior region,
they are adequate, so far as the ore is concerned, to meet
the local demand, and are worthy of attention. In recent
years the extensive deposits of black-sand, which abounds
on the Pacific Coast and elsewhere, has been looked to
as an attractive source of iron. These sands are known
to contain, amongst other minerals, a small proportion
of magnetite. While there is little possibility of using
widely scattered material of this character for extensive
iron-manufacture, yet the improvements in separation
and the demand for the contained minerals, other than
the magnetite, suggest using the material for iron or
steel-manufacture in a small way. The backwardness of
the iron-industry in the "West is the direct outcome of the
economy of production in the East ; and it is the relative
cheapness of the Eastern supply that renders the western
condition tolerable. Moreover the demand for iron and
steel in the West covers a wide variety of forms; and
plants to supply the Western needs are called upon to
furnish shapes difficult to produce at any single estab-
lishment. The local consumers would be limited if made
dependent upon a local supply. A single blast-furnace
would fail to supply the varied demand for local con-
sumption. The limitation, however, that is most serious
to production in the West is the absence of fuel of the
118
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 28, 1917
kind commonly required in iron smelting. To obviate the
cost of transportation of coke there arise the problems
of novel metallurgical methods utilizing the heat-energy
that locally can be had.
The sources of coke available in the West are those
from China or abroad, the development of the coking
coals of Alaska, the coke of Utah and Colorado, and
finally there arises the question of adaptation of practice
to permit of employing coke that can be made from the
coals of Washington. There remains the possible sub-
stitution of other fuels for the needed coke. The produc-
tion of a satisfactory coke has been claimed to be possible
as a by-product from petroleum, when treated by a
special process in gas manufacture, with this end in
view. Commercial demonstration of the possibility of
doing this, however, is as yet wanting. The use of nat-
ural oil, with regenerative appliances, is possible, but
only under important limitations and with diminished
heat-efficiency. California, which is one of the most
productive oil fields of the world, would be in a position
to profit by the use of its natural resources in this way.
The use of electric energy in iron-smelting has been
demonstrated as not only possible, but practicable, under
certain limitations. In this particular the West, possess-
ing available water-power in the Sierra Nevada and the
Cascade ranges, offers a cost comparing favorably with
such power elsewhere, and is in a position to profit by
this extension of the industry.
The treatment of iron ores, by the standard processes,
is an industry involving large tonnages and broad mar-
kets, while the mining, transportation, and smelting are
circumscribed by the low value for a given weight. The
average value of iron ore, such as is now derived from
the Lake Superior region, or from Cuba, Spain, Canada,
and elsewhere, is normally about $3 per ton at seaboard,
or at the smelting-centers. The cost of the ore at the
mine may be rated at 50c. to $1 per ton. The cost of ore,
at $3, at the Eastern smelting-centers consists, therefore,
largely in the cost of transportation, which commonly
amounts to two or three times the cost of mining. The
handling and transportation of large tonnages of iron
ore of this relatively low value calls for accessibility,
either through natural ways of transportation or the
actual proximity of the ore to regions where the metal is
consumed. The average value of coke at tidewater, for
example, at Baltimore, may be taken as normally about
$2.50 per ton. Coke in the State of Washington costs
twice this amount. Nearly two tons of ore and one ton
of coke are required to produce one ton of pig-iron. This
ton of pig-iron, of average grade, and at normal times, is
worth approximately $15. The price at present is three
times this sum. In terms of normal operation, over a
long period, three tons of ore and fuel, having a value of
$8 or more, are required to produce one ton of pig-iron
valued at $15. When such prices and production are
contemplated for the West, the cost of transportation
eclipses all other items. The increment in the ton-value
of the material affected by the transportation and smelt-
ing, based upon the combined weight of fuel and ore, is
less than $2 per ton. A slight increase in the cost of
transportation easily consumes any allowance for the
cost and profit in smelting. Water-transportation in the
movement of»iron-ore has been rated at 0.09c. per ton-
mile, and land-transportation at 0.66c. on well developed
lines. At this rate, the entire increment of operation
would be consumed by a land-haul of the coke of 1000 to
1100 miles, or of the ore for 500 miles or more, or of the
ore and coke for about 333 miles. In water-transporta-
tion, the distance would be seven or more times as great
at a corresponding cost.
The freight-cost on pig-iron, at 60 to 75e. per hun-
dred, from Pittsburg or New York, or 55c. from Chicago,
brings war prices to the western coast in times of peace.
Iron produced locally can be marketed, normally, at
nearly $30 per ton. At any time, however, local smelting
brought into competition only with existing prices, with
the freight-costs added, brings no relief to local indus-
tries as a whole. The cost of production in the West
must more nearly approach that in the East to warrant
interest in the turning of industry from its established
channels.
The extension to the West Coast of the standard in-
dustry of iron-smelting with coke is seen to require, not
so much a gradual growth of many industrial interests
as a single independent and energetic interest. By the
standard methods of treatment, we could consider the
iron industry to comprise five dependent steps. The ore
is reduced to metal and manufactured into rails, rods,
bars, plates, sheets, and structural shapes, or cast into
forms for the consumer. The first, and primary opera-
tion, that of smelting the ore in the blast-furnace, is the
only missing element to a complete chain of independent
production in the West. This operation, carried on ex-
tensively in the Central, Eastern, and South-eastern
parts of the United States, and in the West as far as
Colorado, supplies pig-iron for the iron-foundry and the
steel-plant, which may be regarded the second and the
third branches of the industry. No large-scale substitute
for the production of pig-iron in the blast-furnace has
been demonstrated, as yet, to be practicable. The iron
foundries are commensurate with the local need. By
these the waste cast-iron, gathered from the surrounding
country, is brought again to useful application. In the
West, many foundries are relatively small, and are op-
erating at a profit. Coke is the fuel commonly employed,
but while a superior quality is to be preferred, grades
inferior in some regards can be used. Oil fuel has been
used in the foundry-cupola with the promise of economy
and success. In experiments at one of the foundries in
San Francisco, it was stated that about 8 gallons of
crude oil per ton of iron would serve the cupola. The
steel-plants on the Pacific Coast are relatively small, but.
for some years have been growing in importance. Plants
of the open-hearth and bessemer types are represented.
In the open-hearth plant, as operated in the East, pig-iron
furnishes the greater part of the metal for the steel prod-
uct, but with the pig-iron is used a suitable proportion
of pure iron ore and also steel and iron scrap. So far as
July 28, 1917
MINING and Scientific PRESS
11!)
F.LECTRIC FURNACES AT HEROUI.T, CALIFORNIA, PRODUCING EERRO-SILICON
NOBLE ELECTRIC STEEL PLANT, HEROULT, CALIFORNIA
120
MINING and Scientific PRESS
July 28, 1917
ore is used, this furnishes metal direct to the steel. The
plant, to this extent, becomes a direct producer of steel
from ore. The fuel commonly desired is producer-gas,
but for the manufacture of gas a wide variety of fuels,
including oil, can be used. The adaptation of the process
to the West has led to the use of oil-fuel direct, with much
sucee s. Since, however, the tonnage of metal produced
at the steel-mill practically equals that received in the
raw condition, there is always the competition of steel
made in proximity to the iron-furnace. The limitation
falls more seriously upon the bessemer process than upon
that of the open-hearth. The rolling-mills may be re-
garded as the fourth division of the industry. These
supply the smaller shapes of structural steel to the build-
ing-trades and to the manufactories of machinery, in-
cluding bolts, nails, rivets, and a great variety of iron
and steel articles. These industries are acquiring im-
portance in the West. The steel-foundries may be con-
sidered the fifth branch of the industry. There is an
increasing demand for steel castings, which gives reason
to believe that the time will come when light steel-cast-
ings will replace much of the heavy iron-structure in
machinery. Waste steel has offered a supply of metal at
a price not before equalled. The local supply of iron
and steel is becoming depleted, however, by the heavy
demand and high prices prevailing. The cost of pro-
ducing steel from scrap in the West has been such that,
in the past, in spite of the local supply of waste metal,
manufacturers have found it less costly to purchase
steel from the Bast than to produce the metal locally
from the scrap-material available. The steel-foundry
can operate with coal, coke, producer-gas, oil, or with
electric energy. In these plants throughout the country
the labor is skilled, and the demand for the products is
largely local. The plant in many cases is an adjunct of
a factory for making special machinery. The appliances
are varied in which the melting of steel is performed.
Much cast-steel is made by the crucible process. In the
past few years 
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